Im sharing my ppt based on IMMOBILIZED CELL REACTOR EXPERIMENTS-EXPERIMENTAL REACTOR SYSTEM & and their TYPES

1. IMMOBILIZED CELL REACTOR
EXPERIMENTS-EXPERIMENTAL
REACTOR SYSTEM TYPES
PRESENTED BY:
G.DILIP KUMAR
M.EVANGELIN FLORA
S.GAYATHRI

2. IMMOBILIZED CELL BIOREACTOR(ICB)
• These are the Bioreactors that involves
Adsorption, Entrapment, Microcapsulation,
covalent binding and cross-linking
• Following can be immobilized,
- Enzymes
- Viable cells
- Plant Cells
- Animal Cells

3. TYPES OF IMMOBILIZED
BIOREACTORS
• Fixed/ Packed Bed Reactors
• Fluidized Bed Reactor
• Bubble – Column Reactor
• Trickle-Bed Reactor
• Airlift Reactor Systems--- Special type reactor
system

4. PACKED-BED REACTOR
• Also known as Fixed-Bed Reactor
• Consists of cylinder of large diameter with
multiple catalyst bed or many tubes in parallel
packed with catalyst and encased in Large
shell
• These reactors are widely used with
immobilized cells
• These reactors Catalyze Gas Reactions

6. • Purpose- Synthesis of Large scale basic Chemicals &
Intermediates
• Reaction type- Heterogeneously Catalyzed Gas
Reactions take part on surface of catalyst
• Catalyst Forms Used:
- Chemisorption or Active centers
- Surface Reactions
- Desorption of products
- Back Diffusion of products into Gas Space

7. • Catalyst Used:
- Granular/Granules
- Pellets
- Cylindrical or Spherical
• Gas Flow- Continuously through Stationary
bed
• Large Size Catalyst Particles- For low pressure
Drop

8. • Packing- Provide Good Contacting Phase
• Chemical Reaction- Takes place on surface of
catalyst
• Three types of Packed/Fixed Bed Reactors:
- Single-Bed Reactor
- Multi-Bed Reactor
- Multi-Tube Reactor

9. • SINGLE-BED REACTOR- All particles are
located in the same vessel
• MULTI-BED REACTOR- Several serial Bed with
intermediate cooling/ heating stages
• MULTI-TUBE REACTOR- Several tubes of Small
diameter filled with Particles

10. ADVANTAGES
• Higher conversion per unit
mass of catalyst than other
catalytic reactors
• Low operating cost
• Continuous operation
• Catalysts stays in the reactor
• Reaction mixture/catalysts
separation is easy
• Effective at high temperature
& pressures
DISADVANTAGES
• Undesired heat gradients
• Poor temperature control
• Difficult to clean
• Difficult to replace catalyst
• Undesirable side reactions

11. FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR
• Type of reactor used to carry out Multiphase
Chemical Reactions
• Fluidization- Operation by which solids are
caused to behave like a fluid by blowing gas or
liquid upwards through the Solid-filled reactor
• Material Fluidized- Solid
• Fluidizing Medium- Gas or Liquid
• Purpose- solid separation, Fluid-catalytic cracking
, Fluidized bed combustion, Heat or mass transfer
or interface modification

13. • REACTION PROCESS:
- Combination of attached Growth &
Suspended Growth
- Cylindrical with perforated distribution plates
and conical entry sections
- Slime Film- This is biological film that is
developed and maintained on Solid support
- Catalyst Used- Tiny Granules

14. • Purpose- solid separation, Fluid-catalytic cracking
Fluidized bed combustion, Heat or mass transfer or
interface modification
• Intermediate between CSTR and PBR
• TYPES- Circulating Fluidized Bed(CFR)& Fixed
Fluidized Bed(FFR)
• CFR- Both in Axial & Radial ozone concentration is
present, For lower emission of pollutants
• FFR- Catalyst remains stationary until discarded,
due to plugging and high pressure drop

15. ADVANTAGES
• Uniform particle mixing
• Uniform temperature
gradients
• Ability to operate reactor in
continuous state
DISADVANTAGES
• Increased reactor vessel size
• Pumping requirements &
pressure drop
• Particle entrainment
• Lack of current
understanding
• Erosion of internal
components
• Pressure loss scenarios

16. BUBBLE-COLUMN REACTOR
• Has large aspect Ratio- Those with High Height
to Diameter Ratio which takes forms of column
instead of more squat tanks
• MIXING- Forcing Compressed Gas that rises
through the liquid
• OPERATION- Batch or Continuous mode with co-
current or countercurrent flow of liquid relative
to rising Gas
• Large conversion- High height to Diameter Ratio
reactors

18. • BUBBLE COLUMN- Are Multiphase contactors
• CONSTRUCTION- Cylindrical vessel with Gas
distributor at bottom
• Liquid- Flows from top part of reactor and Gas-
Flows from bottom part of reactor of the
reactor cross-section
• GAS- Sparged in form of bubbles into liquid-
liquid or liquid-solid phase

19. • Length to Diameter ratio :
-Normal Reactors- Atleast 5
-Biochemical Reactors- Between 2 and 5
THREE MAIN PHENOMENA OF DESIGN &
SCALE-UP:
- Heat & Mass transfer characteristics
- Mixing characteristics
- Chemical kinetics of Reactor systems

20. • HYDRODYNAMIC PARAMETERS:
- Specific gas-liquid interfacial area
- Sauter mean bubble diameter
- Overall Heat-transfer coefficient between slurry
and immersed heat transfer internals
- Mass transfer coefficients for all species
- Gas hold-ups
- Physiochemical properties of liquid medium

21. ADVANTAGES
• Excellent Heat and Mass-
transfer characteristics and
coefficients
• Have high volumetric
productivity
• Better utilization of Plate
area and flow
• Self regulating
DISADVANTAGES
• Less efficient than other
Bioreactors
• Does not have Draft tube
• Higher Catalyst
consumption than others
• Higher installation costs and
difficult to Design

22. TRICKLE-BED REACTOR
• Three phase reactor systems containing a packed
bed of heterogeneous catalyst and flowing gas
and liquid phases
• Depends One or more reactant is provided in
each feed liquid and gas phase
• Biochemical Reaction-Depends on contacting of
fluid , Containing sparingly soluble reactant
• Performance- Influenced by physical state of gas-
liquid flow through the Bed

24. • PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
- Surface Area of Packaging
- Efficiency of wetting of catalyst by flowing liquid phase
- Gas-Liquid flow pattern
- Mass transfer of sparingly soluble reactants from gas to
liquid phase
- Mass transfer of both reactants to the catalyst surface
- If it is porous/permeable catalyst , diffusion of reactants to
intraparticle catalytic sites may occur

25. PROCESS:
• The gas and liquid co-currently flow downward
over a fixed bed of catalyst particles
• Liquid trickles down, while Gas phase is
continuous
• In trickle bed, various flow regimes are
distinguished, depending on gas and liquid flow
rates , fluid properties and packing
characteristics

26. • REACTION TYPE:
- Co-current- Downward movement of liquid
- Counter-current- Downward or upward
movement of gas over a packed bed of
Particles(Catalyst)
- Liquid is sprayed onto the top of packing and
trickles down through the beds in small
rivulets

27. ADVANTAGES
• Opportunity to develop
continuous process
• Better control possibilities
• Higher productivity
• Possibility of conducting
multi-phase reactions
• Refined research tool for
enzyme mechanism
DISADVANTAGES
• Leakage of enzymes
• Fouling
• Loss of enzyme activators or
cofactors
• Concentration polarization
• Deactivation of enzyme by
shear-related effects

28. AIRLIFT REACTOR SYSTEMS
• Typical motionless Bioreactor where the Internal
Circulation and Mixing are achieved by bubbling
Air
• EMPLOY- Forced/ Pressurized air to circulate cells
and nutrient medium
• GAS STREAM- Facilitate exchange of material
between the gas phase and the medium
• OXYGEN- Usually transferred to the liquid
• Unwanted (Accumulated) products are removed
through exchange with gas phase

30. STRUCTURE/DESIGN:
• Entire reactor is divided into 2 halves by Draft
tube,
• RISER- Inner GASSED Region, has Gas Injection
connected and Air moves upwards
• DOWN COMER - Outer GASSED Region, Has
Degassed media and cells
• Mean-Density Gradient- Between Riser and
Down comer causes continuous Circulation

31. • PARTS:
-BASE- Connected to Perforated Nozzle
Bank/Plate/Sparger to pump pressurized air
-HEADSPACE- Gas release region, flocculation,
foam accumulation etc
- GAS SEPERATOR:
*Facilitates gas/liquid recirculation
*Maximizes gas residence time
*Reduces gas friction in down comer

32. TYPES:
INTERNAL LOOP ALR:
- Baffles are placed strategically in a single vessel create the
channels required for the circulation
-Shortest part that a bubble cover from the riser to down
comer in a straight line
EXTERNAL LOOP ALR:
- Circulation takes place through separate and distinct
conduits
- There is usually a minimum horizontal distance to be
covered , increases the chance of disengagement of the
bubbles

33. ADVANTAGES
• Simple design with no
moving parts
• Less Maintenance
• Less risk defects
DISADVANTAGES
• Greater Air throughput and
Higher Pressure needed
• Inefficient break the foam
when Foaming occurs
• Bubble breakers are Absent