This is presentation of basics of Electrocardiography and its fundamentals specially for beginners of medical professions. The content is intended keeping first year medical professionals as center point.
6. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Dr.Aniket Shilwant, GJPIASR
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Basic introduction of ECG
ECG Paper
ECG Leads
ECG Axis
ECG Wave
ECG Intervals / Segments (within Physiological limits
only)
Determination of Heart Rate by ECG
Wave & Intervals Pathologies
7. Common Terms to get through
while studying ECG
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Ischemia & Infarction
Depolarization & Repolarization
Hypertrophy
Stenosis
Incompetence / Regurgitation / Valvular Insufficiency
Hypertension
Coarctation of Aorta
8. Basic Introduction of ECG
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Electrocardiography – Technique or Methodology used
to study of Electrical activities of Heart.
Electrocardiograph – Graphical presentation of
Electrical activities of Heart.
Electrocardiogram – Instrument or Machine used to
study the Electrical activities of Heart.
9. Uses of ECG
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Heart rate
Heart rhythm
Chemical or Electrolyte imbalances
Heart chamber abnormalities
Defective electrical conduction
Defective perfusion to Heart musculature (IHD)
Valve defects
10. ECG PAPER
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Standard paper divided into 1mm squares of thin lines.
Every 5th line is thick both horizontally & vertically.
Speed of paper – two settings / calibrations
25mm/sec
50mm/sec
11. ECG PAPER
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X- Axis – Indicates Time Duration – Measured in Seconds
On X- Axis –
1 Small box = 0.04 sec
5 Small box = 0.2 sec
25 Small box = 1 Large box = 1 sec
1500 Small box = 300 Large box = 1 min
12. ECG PAPER
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Y- Axis – Indicates Amplitude (current supply) – Measured
in millivolts
On Y- Axis –
1 Small box = 0.1 mV
5 Small box = 1 Large box = 0.5 mV
10 Small box = 2 Large box = 1 mV
13. ECG LEADS
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Types of leads based on Polarity & Location
Classification based on Polarity – Unipolar & Bipolar
Classification based on Location – Chest & Limb
Total leads – 12
Bipolar Limb leads – 03
Lead I, II, III
Unipolar Limb leads – 03
aVR, aVL, aVF
Unipolar Chest leads – 06
V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6
15. Lead I
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ECG LEADS – BIPOLAR LIMB LEADS
I – Rt. Arm & Lt. Arm
II – Rt. Arm & Lt. Foot
III – Lt. Arm & Lt. Foot
Rt. Foot – Ground conductor /
Zero electrode / Earthing
electrode
16. Lead II
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ECG LEADS – UNIPOLAR LIMB LEADS
Unipolar Limb Leads –
One electrode is active while other is kept as
indifferent potential.
aVR – Rt. Arm positive
aVL – Lt. Arm positive
aVF – Lt. Foot positive
20. ECG – Cardiac Axis
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Cardiac Axis – Cardiac Vector – Direction at
which electrical
potential generated in the heart travels at an
instant.
Direction of spread of depolarization wave
defines – Cardiac Axis.
Normal axis – Normal depolarization wave
starts from SA node travels downwards
towards left lower end at apex.
Normal axis – from 11’O clock – 5’O
clock position
Cardiac axis deviation indicates mainly –
Ventricular chamber enlargements
& Bundle branch block – conduction
problems
23. Normal Axis
Sr.
No
Lead I Lead III Axis
1 Dominantly +ve Dominantly +ve Normal
2 Dominantly +ve Dominantly -ve Left Axis
3 Dominantly –ve Dominantly +ve Right Axis
4 Dominantly –ve Dominantly -ve Indeterminate Axis
* Left Axis = Left Leaves
* Right Axis = Right Reaches
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24. Left Axis
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Causes for Left Axis -
1. Left Anterior Hemi block
2. Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
3. Inferior wall Myocardial Infarction
4. Apical Pacing
25. Right Axis
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Causes for Right Axis deviation –
1. Left posterior hemi block
2. Right Ventricular Hypotrophy
3. Reversed arm electrodes
4. Dextrocardia
26. ECG Waves
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Normal waves – 5 – PQRST
Rarely 6th wave – U – Clinically Insignificant
P wave – Atrial complex – Atrial Depolarization
QRST – Ventricular complex
QRS – Ventricular depolarization
T – Ventricular Repolarization
U – Repolarization of Papillary muscles
27. ECG Waves – P wave
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P wave
Short, dome shaped, 1st positive wave
Indicates electrical activity of atria
Indicates – Atrial depolarization
Time period – 0.1 sec
Amplitude – 0.1 – 0.12 mV
28. ECG Waves – QRS Complex
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Q wave
Short, 1st negative wave
Indicates depolarization of basal portion of interventricular septum
May be absent in infants – septal defect.
Amplitude – 0.1 - 0.2 mV
R wave
Tall, constant positive wave with high amplitude
Indicates depolarization of apical portion of interventricular septum
and ventricular musculature
Amplitude – 1mV
S wave
Short, negative wave
Indicates depolarization of basal portion of ventricular musculature
Amplitude – 0.4mV
Time period of QRS complex – 0.08 – 0.1 sec
29. QRS Complex Patterns
Progression of QRS pattern in Chest
leads from V1 to V6
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ECG Waves – QRS Complex
30. ECG Waves – T & U Wave
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T wave
Short, broad, dome shaped positive wave
Indicates – repolarization of ventricles
Time period – 0.2 sec
Amplitude – 0.3 mV
U wave
Rare and insignificant
Positive wave Followed after T wave
Indicates – repolarization of Papillary muscles, Purkinje fibers
31. ECG Intervals / Segments
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Time interval (x-axis = sec) between either onset or end
of any of the two waves – Interval/ Segment
1. PR interval
2. QT interval
3. ST segment
4. RR interval
32. ECG Intervals – PR & QT
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PR interval
Starts from onset of P wave ends at starting point of Q wave
Includes only one waveform in it = P wave
Indicates time taken by impulse to travel from SA node to AV node
Time period – 0.12sec – 0.2sec
QT interval
Starts from onset of Q wave ends end point of T wave
Includes waveforms in it = Q,R,S,T waves
Indicates complete electrical activity of ventricles (depolarization
and repolarization)
Time period – 0.40sec – 0.42sec
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ST segment
Starts where S wave ends and ends at starting point of T wave
Includes no any waveform in it.
Normally it is Isoelectric in nature
Time period – 0.08 sec
RR interval
Time interval between successive R waves
Thus it Indicates 1 heart beat.
Also it indicates 1 complete cardiac cycle.
Time period – 0.8 sec
ECG Intervals – ST & RR
35. Specifications of Waves & Intervals
of Normal ECG
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Wave Extent Cause
Duration in
seconds
Amplitude in
mV
P wave - Atrial Depolarization 0.1 0.1 to 0.2 mV
QRS
complex
Onset of Q wave to
end of S wave
Ventricular
Depolarization
0.08 to 0.1
Q – 0.1 TO
0.2mV
R – 1mV
S – 0.3mV
T wave -
Ventricular
Repolarization 0.2 0.3mV
PR
interval
End of P wave to onset of
Q wave
Conduction of impulse
from SA to AV node
0.12 – 0.20 -
QT
interval
Onset of Q wave to end
of T wave
Electrical activity of
ventricles
0.4 – 0.42 -
ST
segment
Starts from end of S
wave and ends prior start
of T wave
Isoelectric 0.08 -
36. How to determine Heart rate by
ECG?
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RR Interval (Large squares) Heart rate per min.
01 300
02 150
03 100
04 75
05 60
Count small or large squares between two R waves.
This is nothing but RR interval.
1 small square = 0.04 sec
1 large square = 5 small square = 0.2 sec
5 large square = 25 small square = 1 Sec
300 large square = 1500 small square = 1min
Heart rate = 1500 / N (N is no. of small squares in
between two R waves)
Heart rate = 300 / N (N is no. of large squares in
between two R waves)
38. P wave
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Look for P wave in Lead II
P wave –
Absent – Atrial Fibrillation
Tall, Spiked (Above 2.5mm) –
P Pulmonale – Rt. Atrial
Hypertrophy
Short, Bifid – P Mitrale – Lt.
Atrial Hypertrophy
39. P wave - RAH & LAH
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Causes for RAH –
Tricuspid Stenosis
Pulmonary Hypertension
Congenital Heart Disease
Causes for LAH –
Mitral Stenosis
Mass In the Left Atrium
Cardiomyopathy
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Right ventricular hypertrophy
Tall R wave in V1, V2 & or Deep S wave in V6
Right Axis deviation
Inverted T wave in V1, V2
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Tall R wave in V5, V6 & or Deep S wave V1, V2
Inverted T wave in Lead I, aVL, V5, V6
Left Axis deviation
Bundle branch block
RBBB – RSR’ pattern in V1
LBBB – RR’ pattern (M pattern) IN V6
QRS Complex Pathologies
46. T Wave
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T wave –
Normally inverted in aVR
Tall, peaked with high amplitude T wave seen in –
Ischemia
T wave inversion seen in –
Myocardial Infarction
Hypokalemia
Ventricular hypertrophy