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Algebra Trigonometry Problems
1.
© 2006 Paul
Dawkins http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx 1 Algebra Exponents Simplify each of the following as much as possible. 1. 1 3 4 3 19 3 4 2x y x y y - - - + 2. 3 1 2 5 2 x x x - 3. 1 3 5 2 xx x - 4. 3 4 2 6 5 2x x y x y - - æ ö ç ÷ ç ÷ + ç ÷ è ø 5. 0 4 10 9 1 2 9 7 3 2 2 1 x x x x x x x - - æ ö - ç ÷ ç ÷ + ç ÷ è ø Absolute Value 1. Evaluate 5 and 123 - 2. Eliminate the absolute value bars from 3 8x - 3. List as many of the properties of absolute value as you can.
2.
© 2006 Paul
Dawkins http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx 2 Radicals Evaluate the following. 1. 3 125 2. 6 64 3. 5 243 - 4. 2 100 5. 4 16 - Convert each of the following to exponential form. 6. 7x 7. 5 2 x 8. 3 4 8 x + Simplify each of the following. 9. 6 13 3 16x y Assume that 0 x ³ and 0 y ³ for this problem. 10. 8 15 4 16x y Rationalizing Rationalize each of the following. 1. 3xy x y +
3.
© 2006 Paul
Dawkins http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx 3 2. 2 2 2 4 t t + - - Functions 1. Given ( ) 2 6 11 f x x x = - + - and ( ) 4 3 g x x = - find each of the following. (a) ( ) 2 f (b) ( ) 2 g (c) ( ) 3 f - (d) ( ) 10 g (e) ( ) f t (f) ( ) 3 f t - (g) ( ) 3 f x - (h) ( ) 4 1 f x - 2. Given ( ) 10 f x = find each of the following. (a) ( ) 7 f (b) ( ) 0 f (c) ( ) 14 f - 3. Given ( ) 2 3 10 f x x x = - + and ( ) 1 20 g x x = - find each of the following. (a) ( )( ) f g x - (b) ( ) f x g æ ö ç ÷ è ø (c) ( )( ) fg x (d) ( )( ) 5 f g o (e) ( )( ) f g x o (f) ( )( ) g f x o Multiplying Polynomials Multiply each of the following. 1. ( )( ) 7 4 7 4 x x - + 2. ( )2 2 5 x - 3. ( ) 2 2 3 x + 4. ( ) 3 2 2x x x x æ ö - + ç ÷ è ø 5. ( )( ) 2 3 2 9 12 x x x + - +
4.
© 2006 Paul
Dawkins http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx 4 Factoring Factor each of the following as much as possible. 1. 2 100 81 x - 2. 2 100 81 x + 3. 2 3 13 10 x x + - 4. 2 25 10 1 x x + + 5. 5 4 3 4 8 32 x x x - - 6. 3 125 8 x - Simplifying Rational Expressions Simplify each of the following rational expressions. 1. 2 2 2 8 4 4 x x x - - + 2. 2 2 5 6 6 x x x x - - - Graphing and Common Graphs Sketch the graph of each of the following. 1. 2 3 5 y x = - + 2. ( )2 3 1 y x = + - 3. 2 2 3 y x x = - + + 4. ( ) 2 2 3 f x x x = - + +
5.
© 2006 Paul
Dawkins http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx 5 5. 2 6 5 x y y = - + 6. ( )2 2 5 4 x y + + = 7. 2 2 2 8 8 0 x x y y + + - + = 8. ( ) ( ) 2 2 2 4 2 1 9 x y - + + = 9. ( ) ( ) 2 2 1 2 1 9 4 x y + - - = 10. y x = 11. 3 y x = 12. y x = Solving Equations, Part I Solve each of the following equations. 1. 3 2 2 3 21 x x x x - = + 2. 2 3 16 1 0 x x - + = 3. 2 8 21 0 x x - + = Solving Equations, Part II Solve each of the following equations for y. 1. 2 5 6 7 y x y - = - 2. ( ) 2 3 3 5 sin 3 8 x y x xy - + = + 3. 2 2 2 2 5 x y + =
6.
© 2006 Paul
Dawkins http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx 6 Solving Systems of Equations 1. Solve the following system of equations. Interpret the solution. 2 2 3 3 1 5 4 3 10 x y z x y z x y z - - = - + + = - - + = 2. Determine where the following two curves intersect. 2 2 2 13 1 x y y x + = = - 3. Graph the following two curves and determine where they intersect. 2 4 8 5 28 x y y x y = - - = + Solving Inequalities Solve each of the following inequalities. 1. 2 10 3 x x - > 2. 4 3 2 4 12 0 x x x + - £ 3. 2 3 2 11 0 x x - - > 4. 3 0 2 x x - ³ + 5. 2 3 10 0 1 x x x - - < - 6. 2 3 1 x x ³ + Absolute Value Equations and Inequalities Solve each of the following. 1. 3 8 2 x + =
7.
© 2006 Paul
Dawkins http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx 7 2. 2 4 10 x - = 3. 1 15 x + = - 4. 7 10 4 x - £ 5. 1 2 7 x - < 6. 9 1 x - £ - 7. 4 5 3 x + > 8. 4 11 9 x - ³ 9. 10 1 4 x + > - Trigonometry Trig Function Evaluation One of the problems with most trig classes is that they tend to concentrate on right triangle trig and do everything in terms of degrees. Then you get to a calculus course where almost everything is done in radians and the unit circle is a very useful tool. So first off let’s look at the following table to relate degrees and radians. Degree 0 30 45 60 90 180 270 360 Radians 0 6 4 3 2 3 2 2 Know this table! There are, of course, many other angles in radians that we’ll see during this class, but most will relate back to these few angles. So, if you can deal with these angles you will be able to deal with most of the others. Be forewarned, everything in most calculus classes will be done in radians! Now, let’s look at the unit circle. Below is the unit circle with just the first quadrant filled in. The way the unit circle works is to draw a line from the center of the circle
8.
© 2006 Paul
Dawkins http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx 8 outwards corresponding to a given angle. Then look at the coordinates of the point where the line and the circle intersect. The first coordinate is the cosine of that angle and the second coordinate is the sine of that angle. There are a couple of basic angles that are commonly used. These are 3 0, , , , , , , and 2 6 4 3 2 2 and are shown below along with the coordinates of the intersections. So, from the unit circle below we can see that 3 cos 6 2 æ ö = ç ÷ è ø and 1 sin 6 2 æ ö = ç ÷ è ø . Remember how the signs of angles work. If you rotate in a counter clockwise direction the angle is positive and if you rotate in a clockwise direction the angle is negative. Recall as well that one complete revolution is 2 , so the positive x-axis can correspond to either an angle of 0 or 2 (or 4 , or 6 , or 2 - , or 4 - , etc. depending on the direction of rotation). Likewise, the angle 6 (to pick an angle completely at random) can also be any of the following angles: 13 2 6 6 + = (start at 6 then rotate once around counter clockwise) 25 4 6 6 + = (start at 6 then rotate around twice counter clockwise) 11 2 6 6 - = - (start at 6 then rotate once around clockwise)
9.
© 2006 Paul
Dawkins http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx 9 23 4 6 6 - = - (start at 6 then rotate around twice clockwise) etc. In fact 6 can be any of the following angles 2 , 0, 1, 2, 3, 6 n n + = ± ± ± K In this case n is the number of complete revolutions you make around the unit circle starting at 6 . Positive values of n correspond to counter clockwise rotations and negative values of n correspond to clockwise rotations. So, why did I only put in the first quadrant? The answer is simple. If you know the first quadrant then you can get all the other quadrants from the first. You’ll see this in the following examples. Find the exact value of each of the following. In other words, don’t use a calculator. 10. 2 sin 3 æ ö ç ÷ è ø and 2 sin 3 æ ö - ç ÷ è ø 11. 7 cos 6 æ ö ç ÷ è ø and 7 cos 6 æ ö - ç ÷ è ø 12. tan 4 æ ö - ç ÷ è ø and 7 tan 4 æ ö ç ÷ è ø 13. 9 sin 4 æ ö ç ÷ è ø 14. 25 sec 6 æ ö ç ÷ è ø 15. 4 tan 3 æ ö ç ÷ è ø Trig Evaluation Final Thoughts As we saw in the previous examples if you know the first quadrant of the unit circle you can find the value of ANY trig function (not just sine and cosine) for ANY angle that can be related back to one of those shown in the first quadrant. This is a nice idea to remember as it means that you only need to memorize the first quadrant and how to get the angles in the remaining three quadrants!
10.
© 2006 Paul
Dawkins http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx 10 In these problems I used only “basic” angles, but many of the ideas here can also be applied to angles other than these “basic” angles as we’ll see in Solving Trig Equations. Graphs of Trig Functions There is not a whole lot to this section. It is here just to remind you of the graphs of the six trig functions as well as a couple of nice properties about trig functions. Before jumping into the problems remember we saw in the Trig Function Evaluation section that trig functions are examples of periodic functions. This means that all we really need to do is graph the function for one periods length of values then repeat the graph. Graph the following function. 1. ( ) cos y x = 2. ( ) cos 2 y x = 3. ( ) 5cos 2 y x = 4. ( ) sin y x = 5. sin 3 x y æ ö = ç ÷ è ø 6. ( ) tan y x = 7. ( ) sec y x = 8. ( ) csc y x = 9. ( ) cot y x =
11.
© 2006 Paul
Dawkins http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx 11 Trig Formulas This is not a complete list of trig formulas. This is just a list of formulas that I’ve found to be the most useful in a Calculus class. For a complete listing of trig formulas you can download my Trig Cheat Sheet. Complete the following formulas. 1. ( ) ( ) 2 2 sin cos + = 2. ( ) 2 tan 1 + = 3. ( ) sin 2t = 4. ( ) cos 2x = (Three possible formulas) 5. 2 cos ( ) x = (In terms of cosine to the first power) 6. 2 sin ( ) x = (In terms of cosine to the first power) Solving Trig Equations Solve the following trig equations. For those without intervals listed find ALL possible solutions. For those with intervals listed find only the solutions that fall in those intervals. 1. ( ) 2cos 3 t = 2. ( ) 2cos 3 t = on [ 2 ,2 ] - 3. ( ) 2sin 5 3 x = - 4. ( ) 2sin 5 4 3 x + = - 5. ( ) 2sin 3 1 x = on [ ] , - 6. ( ) sin 4 1 t = on [0,2 ]
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© 2006 Paul
Dawkins http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx 12 7. ( ) cos 3 2 x = 8. ( ) ( ) sin 2 cos 2 x x = - 9. ( ) ( ) 2sin cos 1 = 10. ( ) ( ) ( ) sin cos cos 0 w w w + = 11. ( ) ( ) 2 2cos 3 5cos 3 3 0 x x + - = 12. ( ) 5sin 2 1 x = 13. 4cos 3 5 x æ ö = - ç ÷ è ø 14. ( ) 10sin 2 7 x - = - Inverse Trig Functions One of the more common notations for inverse trig functions can be very confusing. First, regardless of how you are used to dealing with exponentiation we tend to denote an inverse trig function with an “exponent” of “-1”. In other words, the inverse cosine is denoted as ( ) 1 cos x - . It is important here to note that in this case the “-1” is NOT an exponent and so, ( ) ( ) 1 1 cos cos x x - ¹ . In inverse trig functions the “-1” looks like an exponent but it isn’t, it is simply a notation that we use to denote the fact that we’re dealing with an inverse trig function. It is a notation that we use in this case to denote inverse trig functions. If I had really wanted exponentiation to denote 1 over cosine I would use the following. ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 cos cos x x - = There’s another notation for inverse trig functions that avoids this ambiguity. It is the following. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 cos arccos sin arcsin tan arctan x x x x x x - - - = = =
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© 2006 Paul
Dawkins http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx 13 So, be careful with the notation for inverse trig functions! There are, of course, similar inverse functions for the remaining three trig functions, but these are the main three that you’ll see in a calculus class so I’m going to concentrate on them. To evaluate inverse trig functions remember that the following statements are equivalent. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 cos cos sin sin tan tan x x x x x x - - - = Û = = Û = = Û = In other words, when we evaluate an inverse trig function we are asking what angle, , did we plug into the trig function (regular, not inverse!) to get x. So, let’s do some problems to see how these work. Evaluate each of the following. 1. 1 3 cos 2 - æ ö ç ÷ ç ÷ è ø 2. 1 3 cos 2 - æ ö - ç ÷ ç ÷ è ø 3. 1 1 sin 2 - æ ö - ç ÷ è ø 4. ( ) 1 tan 1 - 5. 1 3 cos cos 2 - æ ö æ ö ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ è ø è ø 6. 1 sin sin 4 - æ ö æ ö ç ÷ ç ÷ è ø è ø 7. ( ) ( ) 1 tan tan 4 - - .
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© 2006 Paul
Dawkins http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx 14 Exponentials / Logarithms Basic Exponential Functions First, let’s recall that for 0 b > and 1 b ¹ an exponential function is any function that is in the form ( ) x f x b = We require 1 b ¹ to avoid the following situation, ( ) 1 1 x f x = = So, if we allowed 1 b ¹ we would just get the constant function, 1. We require 0 b > to avoid the following situation, ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 2 1 4 4 4 2 x f x f æ ö = - Þ = - = - ç ÷ è ø By requiring 0 b > we don’t have to worry about the possibility of square roots of negative numbers. 1. Evaluate ( ) 4x f x = , ( ) 1 4 x g x æ ö = ç ÷ è ø and ( ) 4 x h x - = at 2, 1,0,1,2 x = - - . 2. Sketch the graph of ( ) 4x f x = , ( ) 1 4 x g x æ ö = ç ÷ è ø and ( ) 4 x h x - = on the same axis system. 3. List as some basic properties for ( ) x f x b = . 4. Evaluate ( ) x f x = e , ( ) x g x - = e and ( ) 1 3 5 x h x - = e at 2, 1,0,1,2 x = - - . 5. Sketch the graph of ( ) x f x = e and ( ) x g x - = e . Basic Logarithmic Functions 1. Without a calculator give the exact value of each of the following logarithms. (a) 2 log 16 (b) 4 log 16 (c) 5 log 625 (d) 9 1 log 531441 (e) 1 6 log 36 (f) 3 2 27 log 8 2. Without a calculator give the exact value of each of the following logarithms. (a) 3 ln e (b) log1000 (c) 16 log 16
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© 2006 Paul
Dawkins http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx 15 (d) 23 log 1 (e) 7 2 log 32 Logarithm Properties Complete the following formulas. 1. logb b = 2. log 1 b = 3. log x b b = 4. logb x b = 5. logb xy = 6. logb x y æ ö = ç ÷ è ø 7. ( ) log r b x = 8. Write down the change of base formula for logarithms. 9. What is the domain of a logarithm? 10. Sketch the graph of ( ) ( ) ln f x x = and ( ) ( ) log g x x = . Simplifying Logarithms Simplify each of the following logarithms. 1. 3 4 5 ln x y z 2. 4 3 9 log x y æ ö ç ÷ ç ÷ è ø
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© 2006 Paul
Dawkins http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx 16 3. ( ) 2 2 3 log x y x y æ ö + ç ÷ ç ÷ - è ø Solving Exponential Equations In each of the equations in this section the problem is there is a variable in the exponent. In order to solve these we will need to get the variable out of the exponent. This means using Property 3 and/or 7 from the Logarithm Properties section above. In most cases it will be easier to use Property 3 if possible. So, pick an appropriate logarithm and take the log of both sides, then use Property 3 (or Property 7) where appropriate to simplify. Note that often some simplification will need to be done before taking the logs. Solve each of the following equations. 1. 4 2 2 9 x- = e 2. 2 10 100 t t - = 3. 1 3 7 15 10 z - + = e 4. 5 2 0 x x x + - = e Solving Logarithm Equations Solving logarithm equations are similar to exponential equations. First, we isolate the logarithm on one side by itself with a coefficient of one. Then we use Property 4 from the Logarithm Properties section with an appropriate choice of b. In choosing the appropriate b, we need to remember that the b MUST match the base on the logarithm! Solve each of the following equations. 1. ( ) 4log 1 5 2 x - = 2. 3 2ln 3 4 7 x æ ö + + = - ç ÷ è ø
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© 2006 Paul
Dawkins http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx 17 3. ( ) ( ) 2ln ln 1 2 x x - - = 4. ( ) log log 3 1 x x + - =
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