ACTIVITY 1.4 ENGLISH TEACHING PRACTICUM

1. HUMAN LEARNING: explain
how humans learn in general and how they learn a
foreign language
Cristina Pilataxi
English Teaching Practicum
Activity 1,4

2. LEARNING AND TRAINING
First,
you will
need to
specify
entry
behavior
Next, you
need to
formulate
explicitly
the goals
of the
task.
You
would
also
need to
devise
some
methods
of
training.
Finally
, you
would
need
some
sort of
evalua
tion
proced
ure

3. THEORIES OF LEARNING

4. PABLOV’S CLASSICAL BEHAVIORISM
The learning process
consisted of the
formation of associations
between stimuli and
reflexive responses.
The human behavior
should be studied
objectively, rejecting
mentalis tic notions of
innateness and instinct.

5. SKINNER’S OPERANT CONDITIONING
Attempted to account for
most of human learning
and behavior.
Operant behavior is
behavior in which one
operates on the
environment; within this
model the importance of
stimuli is de-emphasized
Operants are classes of
responses. Crying, sitting
down, walking, and
batting a baseball are
operants
Skinner was extremely
methodical and empirical
in his theory of learning,
to the point of being
preoccupied with
scientific controls.

6. AUSUBEL’S MEANINGFUL LEARNING
THEORY.
THEORY
It is the best understood by contrasting rote learning and meaningful learning.
The learning takes place in human organism
Through a meaningful process of relating new events or items
To already existing cognitive concepts or propositions.

7. ROTE LEARNING AND RETENTION
MEANINGFUL LEARNING AND RETENTION.

8. ROGUERS’S HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY
principles of
behavior is the
ability of human
beings to adapt
and to grow in
the direction
that enhances
their existence
The goal of
education is the
facilitation of
change and
learning
The learners
understand
themselves and
communicate
this self to
others freely
and
nondefensively.

9. TYPES OF LEARNING IN GENERAL
Signal
learning.
Verbal
association.
Principle
learning
Problem
solving.
Multiple
discrimination.
Stimulus-
response
learning
Chaining
Concept
learning.

10. TYPES OF LEARNING IN SECOND LANGUAGE
Signal learning The total language process human beings make a general response of some kind to language
Stimulus Evident in the acquisition of the sound system of a foreign language learner makes closer and
closer approximations to native like pronunciation
Chaining Evident in the acquisition of phonological sequences and syntactic patterns. We should not be
misled into believing that verbal chains are necessarily linear
Multiple discriminations Necessary particularly in SLL for example, a Word has to take on several meanings, or rule in
the native language is reshaped to fit a SL context
Concept learning The notion that language and cognition are inextricably interrelated rules of syntax, rules of
conversation- are linguistic concepts that have to be acquired
Principle learning The extension of concepts learning to the formation of a linguistic system rules are not isolated
in role memory, but conjoined and subsumed in a total system
Problem solving Clearly evident in SL learning as the learner is continually faced with sets of events that are
truly problems to be solved. Solutions to the problems involve the creative interaction of all
eight types of learning as the learner sights and weighs previous information and knowledge in
order

11. TRANSFER, INTERFERENCE, AND OVERGENERALIZATION
Interference
The previously learned
material interferes with
subsequent material – a
previous item is incorrectly
transferred or incorrectly
associated with an item to
be learned
Overgeneralization
Is a particular
subset of
generalization.
Generalization is a
crucially important
and pervading
strategy in human
learning
Transfer
Is a general term
describing the
carryover of previous
performance or
knowledge to
subsequent learning

12. INDUCTIVE REASONING
One stores a number of specific
instances and induces a general
law or rule or conclusion that
governs or subsumes the specific
instances.

13. DEDUCTIVE REASONING
Is a movement from a
generalization to specific
instances: specific subsumed facts
are inferred or deduced from a
general principle.