2. LEARNING AND TRAINING
What is Learning? What is training? When can
we conclude that an organism has learned
something?
3. Training Program
Entry Behavior: it involves what your
learner already knows.
Goals : it refers to specific objectives.
Methods of training: would you use
rewards or punishment?
Evaluation procedure:
how to evaluate
the learner if he had performed and
maintained what he or she has learned.
4. Theories of learning
• There are four theories of four psychologists, two
representing a Behavioristic viewpoint (Pavlov and
Skinner), one representing a rational/cognitive stance
( Ausubel), and one defined as a constructivist school
of thought (Rogers).
6. Classical condition
It consists of the formation of
associations between stimuli and reflexive
responses. All of us are aware that certain
stimuli automatically produce or elicit
rather specific responses or reflexes and
that reflex occurs in responses to stimuli
that appears to be indirectly related to
the reflex.
9. OPERANT CONDITION
• Skinner’s operant conditioning
attempted to account for most
of human learning and behavior.
• Operant behavior is behavior in
which one operates on the
environment.
10. Operants
• Operants are classes of responses. Crying, sitting down,
walking, and batting a baseball are operants.
11. Respondents
• Respondents are sets of responses that are elicited
by identifiable stimuli. Certain physical reflex actions
are respondents. Crying can be respondent or
operant.
13. Ausubel’s theory
• David Ausubel contended that learning takes place in
the human organism through a meaninful process of
relative new events or items to already existing
cognitive concepts or propositions.
14. Rote Learning
• Ausbel describes rote learning as
the process of acquiring a material
without any relationship with
existing knowledge. Rote learning
involves the mental storage of
items having little or no association
with existing cognitive structure.
15. Meaninful Learning
• it is described as a process of relating new material
to previous known material. As new material enters
the cognitive field, it is subsumed under a conceptual
system. Meaningful learning is the process in where
the new information becomes an integral part of
already established categories of knowledge.
16. Distinction between rote and
meaningful learning
• The distinction between rote and meaningful
learning is expressed in the retention, or long
term memory.
• We can remember an unfamiliar phone number
for a little time. This is called rote learning.
However, we can remember an address, symbol
or even phone number using meaningful learning
because we can relate the new to old
information.
19. Humanistic psychology
• Rogers studied the whole person as a physical and
cognitive, but primarily emotional, being. His formal
principles focused on the development of an
individual’s self concept and of his or her personal
sense of reality, those internal forces that cause a
person to act.
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