1. Drylands Systems
Integrated and Sustainable Agricultural Production Systems for
Improved Food Security and Livelihoods in Dry Areas
WAS&DS
Constraints and Opportunities
A Kalinganire & IRT members

2. Drylands WAS& DS Intervention areas
1 Wa-Bobo-Sikasso (WBS) transect ≈ Intensification Target area
2 Kano-Katsina-Maradi (KKM) transect ≈ Vulnerability Target area

3. Integrated production systems
Historical integration of complex production
components (no strict separation):
Livestock systems:
• Both at local and regional scales
• Mutual benefits for farmers and herdsmen
• Sometimes, can be, a source of conflict for land as
resources become scarce
Annual crops systems:
• Rain-fed (upland/lowland):
cereals, legumes, vegetables, tubers & cotton
• Irrigated crops systems
Tree crop systems:
• Parklands, orchards, home gardens etc.

4. ACTIVITIES IDO LEVEL 1
2.1 Review past work
on drylands systems in
the region and draw
lessons on successes,
failures and gaps in
knowledge for
sustainable
intensification and
vulnerability reduction;
and evaluate
vulnerability and risk
management strategies
in the action sites
IDO 7: Policy briefs
providing evidence
targeting key fora for
policy change
Analysis of policy and
institutional barriers to
adoption of sustainable
intensification options
2.2 Coordinate and
harmonize database
management and
research methods
2.4 Promote local and
regional knowledge
generation and
exchange for scaling up
and out of promising
intensification options
and strategies
2.6 Establish reference
situation / baselines for
the action sites to
support systems
approaches
IDO 6: Improved and
innovative extension
methods better
targeted to message
and context and tools
to assist in selection of
appropriate methods
Improved models for
interaction amongst
service providers to
enable integration of
service provision
amongst sectors
IDO LEVEL 2ACTIVITIES
IDO 2: Improved
intensification options
(components,
interactions and their
management;
information on
investment costs,
returns and risk; risk
mitigation)
2.7 Quantify
resource use
and associated
tradeoffs to
optimize
community-
level decision
making to
promote SI
and
vulnerability
reduction
IDO LEVEL 3ACTIVITIES
IDO 1:
Improved
resilience
options …..
Decreased vulnerability
Sustained
intensification
2.9 Assess
and
monitor
biomass
and
resource
flow in the
action sites
Narrow,inflexiblelivelihoodoptionsandlimitedaccesstoproductiveresources&
capital,increasevulnerabilityforruralsmallholders
THREAT, PROBLE
M, CONSTRAINT
IDO 3: Diagnosis of
constraints and
opportunities of local
food systems leading to
identification of
constraints and
opportunities to
improve year round
access to food
2.10
Review, analyz
e, develop and
test
community-
based
strategies for
resource
management
including land
tenure, seed
systems, confli
ct
management,
access to
market and
financial
services
2.5 Induce
intensificati
on and
improve
resource
use
efficiency
through on-
farm
testing and
evaluation
of
technologie
s
IDO 5: More innovative
partnership models
involving
entrepreneurs,
marketing
commissions, traders
and warrantage
(inventory credit
systems)
IDO 4:
Technologies,
tools,
methods,
processes and
approaches
developed
and tested for
evidence
based
ecosystem
management

5. ACTIVITIES
IDO LEVEL 1
2.1 Review past work
on drylands systems in
the region and draw
lessons on successes,
failures and gaps in
knowledge for
sustainable
intensification and
vulnerability reduction;
and evaluate
vulnerability and risk
management strategies
in the action sites
IDO 7: Policy briefs
providing evidence
targeting key fora for
policy change
Analysis of policy and
institutional barriers to
adoption of sustainable
intensification options
2.2 Coordinate and
harmonize database
management and
research methods
2.8 Facilitate effective
linkages and
knowledge exchange
among different actors
for improved system
productivity and better
market access
2.6 Establish reference
situation / baselines for
the action sites to
support systems
approaches
IDO 6: Improved and
innovative extension
methods better
targeted to message
and context and tools
to assist in selection of
appropriate methods
Improved models for
interaction amongst
service providers to
enable integration of
service provision
amongst sectors
IDO LEVEL 2ACTIVITIES
2.7 Quantify
resource use
and associated
tradeoffs to
optimize
community-
level decision
making to
promote SI
and
vulnerability
reduction
IDO LEVEL 3ACTIVITIES
IDO 1:
Improved
resilience
options …..
2.3 Develop
and test
value
adding
strategies
for post-
harvest
manageme
nt,
processing
and use of
agricultural
produce
and by-
products
including
forest
product
Decreased vulnerability
Sustained
intensification
IDO 4:
Technologies,
tools, method
s, processes
and
approaches
developed
and tested for
evidence
based
ecosystem
management
Inefficientmarkets(thin,seasonalandpoorlygoverned),jeopardizetheengagementofmany
stakeholdersincludingfarmingfamilies,localorganizationsandcommunitiesinthe
innovationsarena
THREAT, PROBLE
M, CONSTRAINT
IDO 3: Diagnosis of
constraints and
opportunities of local
food systems leading to
identification of
constraints and
opportunities to
improve year round
access to food
IDO 2: Improved
intensification options
(components, interacti
ons and their
management;
information on
investment
costs, returns and risk;
risk mitigation)
2.10
Review, analyz
e, develop and
test
community-
based
strategies for
resource
management
including land
tenure, seed
systems, confli
ct
management,
access to
market and
financial
services
IDO 5: More innovative
partnership models
involving
entrepreneurs, marketi
ng
commissions, traders
and warrantage
(inventory credit
systems)

6. • Need an exemplary system-oriented design with
integrated outputs for scaled up and out.
• Agree on the goals as being IDOs 1 and 2, these
would not be IDOs, but overarching goals and the
other 6 IDOs should feed into them.
• Cluster activities: Need to abolish CA1; and merge
activities 2, 6 and 9 into one; 7 and 10 need to be
merged.
Cluster activities, IDOs and goals

7. Key constraints
(Bio-physical limitations)
Inadequate and erratic rainfall – efficient water management.
• Depleted soil fertility.
• Poor nutritional quality & high livestock stocking density.
• Inadequate improved germplasm for systems in the context of climate
change & market demand.
(Political and socio-economic limitations)
• Inefficient rural advisory services –more capacity building of partners
involved with scaling up and out.
Limited access to credit.
High population growth rates (Sahel amongst highest) – more food deficits
leading to rural poverty.
Poor land and tree tenure policies – e.g. frequent conflicts between
farmers and pastoralists.

8. Governance and partnership
Not yet effective system research and integrated team working spirit built
among partners.
• Poor involvement of partners in the leadership and management -regional
advisory committees.
• Increase minimum budget allocated to partners (at least 50% of CRP
budget?).
• Managing partner expectations amidst numerous comparisons to other
NGOs -maybe along with lack of clear understanding of the scales of
intervention.
• Non-CGIAR action site coordinators (caution: trans-boundary action sites) -
only 2 transects (including the satellite sites).
• More budgeting power in regional coordinators not only center focal points
for (activity implementation, partners’ budget etc.).
Limited financial resources available to Centers to implement planned
activities leading to key IDOs (to be based on CAs contribution).
• The Regional Stakeholder Advisory Committee (RSAC) – Not yet.
• Data management (storage, analysis and publications)
• Communication within region and between regions

9. Local institutions:
• NARES -Agricultural Research Services & Agricultural extension services
at local level and policy makers – universities & governments.
• Customary (CBOs) & NGOs
• Pivate sector (needs more involvment)
CGs - Better harmonized planning, monitoring and learning efforts across
centers at sites.
Comprehensive African Agricultural Development Program (CAADP):
• FARA: Sub-Saharan Africa Challenge Program (SSA CP)
• CORAF/WECAD: WAAPP
Other CRPs: less interactions with other CRPs ( but good opportunities for
cross CRP collaborations)
Governance and paternership (cont’d)

10. Concluding remarks:
• Drought as a result of low rainfall -land degradation and
low soil fertility are key challenges leading over
exploitation of the majority of landscapes.
• Population growth reduced farm size –no expansion of
the cropped or grazed land- decreasing soil fertility and
deforestation
• Due to various sources of water, there are opportunities
for diversification and intensification.
• Increased private-sector participation needed in
agricultural production and marketing lead to crop and
livestock intensification.
• Policy for land tenure and other forms of natural resource
tenure (water, trees, animals, etc.).
• Innovation platforms are important for integrating…

11. Thank you!