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AtlasNetwork.org StudentsForLiberty.org

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;a} dflg;x¿sf] Pp6f p2]Zo x'g'kb{5, Tof] s] xf] eg], Pshgf JolQmsf]
lxt / ;a} hgfsf] lxt ;dfg x'g'kb{5 . olb s;}n] of] p;sf] nflu dfq
xf] egL bfjf ub{5 eg] ;a} dfgjLo ;+jfbx¿ ;dfKt eP/ hfG5g . olt
dfq xf]Og, obL dflg;n] Ps csf{sf] lxtsf] Wofg /fVg'k5{ eg]/ k|s[ltn]
lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 eg] dfq o;sf/0f ls csf]{ klg dflg; xf], rfx]
Tof] hf] ;'s} xf];, To;} k|s[ltsf] lgodcg';f/ of] klg cfjZos 5
ls ;a}sf] kmfObf Ps ;dfg xf]; . olb To;f] xf] eg], xfdL ;a} Pp6}
k|fs[lts sfg"gn] af“lwPsf 5f+} / olb of] ;f“rf] xf] eg] xfdLnfO{ ;f“r}
g} k|fs[lts lgodn] Ps csf{ lj?4 lx+;s Jojxf/ ug{ k|ltalGwt
u/]sf] x'G5 .#
of] k':ts lx+;fnfO{ jlh{t ug]{ ljifodf n]lvPsf] 5 . of] zlQmsf] zflGtk"0f{
ljsNksf] af/]df klg xf] . of] :j]lR5s ;xof]usf] af/]df xf] . of] ;a} 7fp“sf zflGt
/ :jtGqtfsf ;lqmo ;dy{sx¿df ;dlk{t 5 . d cfzf ub{5' ls cfhsf o'jfx¿
zflGt / :jtGqtfdf ef]lnsf lbgdf j[4 x'g]5g / cfk"mn] kfPsf]eGbf clws
zflGtk"0f{, Gofok"0f{ / :jtGq ;+;f/ 5f8]/ hfg]5g . hf] of] p2]Zo lnP/ cl3 a9g]
rfxgf /fVb5g, pgLx¿sf] nflu of] k':tsdf ePsf] 1fg ljz]if nfebfos x'g]5 .
6d hL= kfNd/,
g}/f]jL, s]Gof
!
zflGt Ps /f]hfO{ xf]
– 6d lh= kfNd/
o'4sf] k|s[lt s] xf] < s] of] dfgj hLjgsf] Go"lgs/0f ug{ g;lsg],
ljz]iftf xf] < s] of] Gofo;+ut 5 < olb 5 eg] s'g kl/l:yltdf 5 t <
o'4sf] g}ltstf / :jtGqtfdf s] k|efj /xG5 <
æljZjJofkL / lr/ zflGt vt/gfs x'G5, of] o:tf] 36gfsf] ;"lrdf
cfp“b5 h'g dfq b"/bzL{ bfz{lgs cyjf logLx¿sf] eb| ;dy{sx¿sf]
sNkgf afx]s cGo st} cl:tTjdf x'g} ;Sb}g . oBlk, of] s'/f ;To xf]
ls o'4;“u s}of}+ d'v{tf / b'i6of“Ox¿ hf]l8Psf x'G5g, t/ xfdLn] ljj]s
a'l4sf] k|ultdf cfzf /fVg'kb{5 / olb cfzf /flvG5 eg] To;sf] nflu
k|of; klg ug'{kb{5 .Æ h]D; Dofl8;g $
o'4 cfkm} To;} x'g]s'/f xf]Og, ltgLx¿ t'kmfg cyjf pNsfkft h:tf
x'“b}gg / o;sf/0fn] dfq klg xf]Og sL ltgLx¿ cTolws ljgfzsf/L
x'G5g . o;df Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ leGgtf of] 5 ls, dflg;x¿sf] /f]hfO{ /
k|oTgsf] sf/0fn]] rqmjlt t'kmfg / pNsf jiff{ x“'b}gg t/ o'4 eg] cjZo
x'G5 . To:tf ;f]rfOx¿ 5g h:n] o'4nfO{ a9fjf lbG5g, To:tf gLltx¿
klg 5g h:n] o'4nfO{ cjZoDefjL agfp“b5g . tL ljrf/ / gLltx¿nfO{
hf“Rg / t'ngf ug{ ;lsG5, ltgLx¿dfly ts{k"0f{ 5nkmn ug{ ;lsG5 .
æ;a}n] zflGt rfxG5gÆ eg]/ xfdL ;f]Rg ;Sb5f+}, t/ To:tf] ;f]Rg' unt
x'g]5 . w]/} ljrf/x¿sf] s]Gb|df åGb / lx+;fx¿ ;dflxt x'G5g . oBlk
ltgsf ;dy{sx¿n] cfk"mnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf o'4sf] lj/f]wL / zflGtsf]
;dy{s eg]klg pgLx¿n] jsfnt ug]{ gLltx¿n] o:tf åGbnfO{ o'4df
kl/0ft u/fO/x]sf x'G5g . cd]l/sL af}l4s hfu/0fsf dxfg JolQmTj tyf
o'gfO6]8 :6]6;sf ;+ljwfgsf k|f/lDes n]vsx¿ dWo]sf Ps h]D; Dofl8;g
n]Vb5g, o'4;“u æs}of+} d'v{tf / b'i6of“O{x¿ hf]l8P/ /x]sf] x'G5Æ, To;}n]
# $

xfdLn] To;nfO{ Go"lgs/0f ug{ h] ;Sb5f} To;sf] nflu k|of; ug{' kb{5 .
s;}n] o'4sf] af/]df c¿n] geg]sf] s'/f s] eGg ;Sb5 < d}n] dfq
æo'4Æ eGg] zAbnfO{ u"un ;r{ OlGhgsf] dfWodn] vf]h]“, dfq $( ;]s]08df
d}n] s/Lj %#^,))),))) glthfx¿ kfP“, Tof] klg s]jn c+u|]hL efiffdf .
@# ;]s]08df k|m]Gr efiffdf #^,&)),))) glthf kfP“Ù hd{g efiffdf #)
;]s]08df sl/j !$,&)),))) glthfx¿ kfP“Ù ;/nLs[t lrlgof“ efiffdf
#* ;]s]08df %%,()),))) glthfx¿ kfP“Ù #$ ;]s]08df c¿ ^,#^),)))
glthfx¿ k/Dk/fut cÔ/df kfP“Ù of]eGbf a9L c¿ s] x'g ;Sb5 <
of] ;a}df gof“ c¿ s]xL hf]8g ;lsG5 h'g w]/} dxTjk"0f{ 5 . of]
5nkmndf c¿ w]/} ts{x¿ hf]8g h?/L 5 . d]l8;gn] ;'emfj lbP h:t},
æxfdLn] a'l4sf] k|ultdf w]/} g} cfzf /fVg' kb{5 .Æ
o'4 ;+ul7t dfgjLo lx+;f xf] .
Pp6f ;fdfGo zAbsf]zdf kl/efiff ul/P cg';f/ æo'4 eg]sf] ljleGg
/fi6« jf /fHox¿aLr jf s'g} b]z cyjf /fHoleq /x]sf ljleGg ;d"xx¿sf]
aLr ;z:q ;+3if{sf] l:ylt xf] .Æ o;sf] nflu ldNbf] pbfx/0f o:tf]
x'g;S5 M æcli6«ofn] O6nLdfly o'4sf] 3f]if0ff u¥of] .Æ cyjf æO6nL /
cli6«ofsf] aLrdf o'4 ePsf] lyof] .Æ o;nfO{ ;d¿kL jf kof{ojfrL
zAbsf ¿kdf klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5Ù h:t} æpm cfÎgf] l5d]sL;“u o'4/t
lyof]Æ / æ;/sf/n] nfu' kbfy{ lj?4sf] o'4 ;+rfng u¥of] .Æ k|fylds
:t/df o'4sf] k|of]u, ;fy} o; k':tssf] k|;Ëdf o'4sf] k|of]un] /fHo
/fHosf] aLrdf ;z:q åGbsf] l:yltnfO{ g} bzf{p“b5 . -elgG5 ls ænfu'
kbfy{ lj?4sf] o'4Æ df klg 7"nf] dfqfdf ;z:q åGb ;+nUg /xG5, t/
;fdfGotofM o:tf]df /fHo /fHoaLr geO{ /fHon] nfu' kbfy{sf] cf];f/
k;f/ ug]{, To;sf] k|of]ustf{ / nfu'kbfy{ lsga]r ug]{ k|lt:kwL{ ljt/sx¿sf]
lj?4df ;+rfng u/]sf] o'4 x'G5 ._
æ;z:q åGåÆ eGg] lalQs} :ki6 x'G5 ls To;df eoÍ/ zlQmsf] k|of]u
ul/G5 . o'4df dflg;x¿sf] d[To' x'G5 . t/ ;f“rf] cy{df ltgLx¿ TolQs}
db}{gg, pgLx¿nfO{ c¿n] dfb{5g . o'4 / ;}lgs, b'j} zlQmsf] k|of]u
dflg;x¿nfO{ dfg{df ;+nUg /xG5g . k'?if / dlxnf ;}lgs hjfgx¿nfO{
of] ;To yfxf x'G5 . /fhgLlt1x¿ k|foMh;f] o;nfO{ 6fg{ rfxG5g . tTsfnLg
;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] nflu cd]l/sL /fhb"t / kl5 cd]l/sfsf] ljb]z ;lrj
d]8lng cnj|fO6n] cd]l/sfsf tTsfnLg ;}lgs k|d'v hg/n sf]lng Pn
kfj]nnfO{ ;f]lwg ætkfO{+ h'g olt pTs[i6 ;]gfsf] af/]df ;w+} s'/f ul//xg'
x'G5, olb To;nfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;ls“b}g eg] To;sf] cf}lrTo s] <Æ
kfj]nn] cfÎgf] ;+:d/0fdf n]v]sf 5g ædnfO{ nfUof] dnfO{ d'6'sf] Joyf
nfUg]jfnf 5Æ pgL unt lyPgg, cnj|fO6sf] ;}Go zlQmsf] af/]df ;femf
a'emfO{ g} of] lyof] ls ;}lgs zlQm pgsf] d'2fnfO{ k"/f ug]{ Pp6f ;+oGq
dfq lyof] . kfj]nn] pgLnfO{ ;D´fP ls æcd]l/sL ;}lgs s'g} v]nf}gf
xf]Og, h;nfO{ ljZj v]n d~rdf oxf“af6 p7fP/ Toxf“ /flvof];Æ /
æxfdLn] ;}lgs zlQmsf] k|of]u To;a]nf;Dd ug'{ x“'b}g, ha;Dd xfdL;“u
:ki6 /fhgLlts p2]Zo x“'b}g .Æ Pp6f ;}lgs ePsf] gftfn] hg/n
kfj]nn] of] s'/f a'em]sf lyP ls hltv]/ ;}lgs zlQmsf] æk|of]uÆ x'G5,
To;a]nf jf:tljs dflg;x¿ db{5g, g ls v]nf}gf jf r];af]8{sf
l;kfxLx¿ .%
w]/} jif{ klxn] d l/o/ P8ld/n hg/n nf/s -o'o;, g]eL ;]gflgj[Q_
;“u a;]/ ;}lgs zlQmsf] k|of]u af/]] s'/f u/]sf] If0f ;DemG5' . pgn]
Psbd} l;wf efÈfdf eg] -dnfO{ ofb eP;Dd_–æ;z:q ;}lgssf] p2]Zo
zq'nfO{ dfg{' / pgLx¿n] xfdLnfO{ k'¥ofpg ;Sg] gf]S;fgsf] ÔdtfnfO{
ÔL0f ug'{ xf] . xfdL To;a]nf;Dd alnof] k'n agfp“b}gf}, ha;Dd xfd|f]
nIo To;dflyaf6 6}Íx¿ s'bfpg] x“'b}g . xfdL * aif{sf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{
s;/L n]vk9 ug]{ eg]/ l;sfpg hfGb}gf}+ . hgtfx¿nfO{ s;/L sfg"g /
nf]stGqsf] af/]sf l;sfpg] eg]/ klg xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5}g . xfdL zq'nfO{
dfb{5f+} / p;sf] xfdLnfO{ gf]S;fgL ug{ ;Sg] ÔdtfnfO gi6 ub{5f+} . ha
tkfO+{nfO{ ;f“Rr} g} dflg;nfO{ dfg'{kg]{ x'G5 / ef}lts ljgfz ug'{kg]{ x'G5,
ta xfdLnfO{ af]nfpg' cGoyf gaf]nfpg' .Æ o'4df hfg'sf] dtna c¿
dfgj hfltnfO{ dfg'{ xf] . h;n] o'4nfO{ glhsaf6 b]Vg'–/–ug'{kg]{ x'G5,
pgLx¿ slxn] klg o;sf] af/]df nfk/jfxL 9+un] s'/f ub}{gg .
h;n] o'4nfO{ k|ToÔ b]lv;s]sf 5g, pgLx¿sf] o'4sf] af/]df ;f]r
d]8lng cnj|fO6 h:tf /fhgLltzf:qsf k|fWofksx¿eGbf w]/} km/s x'G5,
% ^

h;n] ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] clws[tsf] x}l;otn] ;fj{hlgs¿kdf w]/}
pT;'stfk"j{s O/fsdfly ad jiff{sf] ;dy{g ul/g, h;n]] w]/} lgbf]{if
dflg;x¿sf] Hofg lnPsf] lyof] . O/fs;“usf] o'4sf] ljifo lnP/ cd]l/sfdf
Pp6f ;fj{hlgs d~rdf Ps hgf gful/sn] pgnfO{ k|Zg ;f]w]] . æxfdL
O{/fsL hgtfsf] /utn] ntkltPsf] ;Gb]z ;2fdnfO{ k7fpg] 5}gf+}, pgn]
yk] æolb ltdLnfO{ ;2fd;“u le8g' 5 eg] pm ;“u} le8 t/ O/fsL
hgtf;“u xf]Og .Æ o;df d]8lngsf] hjfkm 5Ss kfg]{ vfnsf] lyof]] M
æxfdL h] ul//x]sf 5f}+ Tof] o;sf/0fn] ul//x]sf 5f}+ tfls tkfO+{x¿
lglZrGt eP/ /flt ;'Tg ;Sg'xf];, xfdL h] ul//x]sf 5f+} ++To;df d
w]/} uj{ ub{5' . xfdL ;+;f/sf] ;j{>]i7 /fi6« xf}+ -tfnLsf] nflu lj/fd_,
;+;f/sf] dxTjk"0f{ /fi6« ePsf] sf/0f xfd|f efjL ;Gtltx¿ /
gfltgfltgfx¿sf] ;fy} lgod;+ut rNg] b]zx¿sf] nflu ;'/lIft /
eod'Qm ;+;f/sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ rfxgfn] xfdL of] ;a} ul//x]sf 5f}+ .Æ ^
cna|fO6 / pgsf ;fyLx¿n] æ;+;f/sf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ b]zÆ sf] e"ldsf
lgjf{x ug{ tyf æeljiosf ;Gtltx¿sf] nflu ;'/lÔt ;+;f/ lgdf{0f ug{Æ sf]
lglDt O/fsL dflg;x¿dfly adjiff{ ug{ / o; lsl;dsf] k|ltaGwsf] ;dy{g
u/], h;sf/0f sof}+ dflg;x¿sf] Hofg uof] .
pgL / pgsf ;fyLx¿n] O/fsdfly ljho k|fKt ug]{ df}sf t kfPgg,
h'g sfd kl5 uP/ pgLx¿sf] kbflwsf/L hh{ ljlnod a'z / pgsf]
k|zf;gn] u¥of], pgLx¿n] a'z ;/sf/sf] of] ljgfzsf/L / vlr{nf] d'v{tfk"0f{
sfo{sf] k"/f ;dy{g u/] . s] oL lg0f{ox¿ Gofo;+ut lyP t < ;f“rf] cy{df
lyPgg . tL lg0f{ox¿sf] dfWodaf6 pgLx¿n] cfÎgf] kÔdf Gofof]lrttf
k|dfl0ft ug{ ;s]gg . O/fsn] æg/;+xf/ ug]{ cfd ljgfzsf/L] xltof/Æ
ljsf; u/]sf] o:tf] s'g} 7f]; k|df0f g} lyPg, h;n] cfb]z lbg] lalQs} $%
ldg]6leqdf df/ xfGg ;sf]; . g t !! ;]K6]Dj/, @))! sf] cd]l/sL
gful/sdflysf] cftÍjfbL xdnfdf g} O/fssf] s'g} ;+nUgtf /x]sf]
k|df0f kfOPsf] lyof] . ;/sf/sf clws[tx¿n] ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf o:tf]
;+nUgtf /x]sf] bfaf dfq u/]sf lyP .
To;sf] d"No s] slt lyof] < O/fssf] 36gfdf hgwgsf] xfgL-gf]S;fgL]
af/] n]vfhf]vf ug{ sl7g 5 / of] Hofb} ljjfbf:kb klg 5 . o; xdnfdf
dfl/Psf bzf+} xhf/ O/fsL ;}lgsx¿ afx]s, xhf/f}+ cd]l/sL, la|l6z / ldq
/fi6«sf ;]gfx¿ klg dfl/Psf lyP, ;fy} bzf}+ xhf/sf] ;+Vofdf 3fOt]
ePsf lyP . sd ;] sd -?9LjfbLx¿sf] cf“sngdf_ @))# b]lv @)!!
;Dddf !,!*,&*( gful/sx¿ ljeT;tfk"j{s dfl/Psf lyP . ltgLx¿dWo] w]/}
h;f] O/fsdf rn]sf]] 8/nfUbf] g/;+xf/s u[xo'4 / zlQm ;+3if{sf] rk]6fdf k/]sf
lyP, h'g cd]l/sL xdnf / cltqmd0fsf] sf/0fn] z'? ePsf] lyof] .&
clg Iflt ePsf] wgsf] d"No slt xf] < PSn} cd]l/sfsf] ;/sf/n] dfq}
O/fs / ckmuflg:tfgsf] nflu o'4 vr{ eg]/ @ l6«lnog cd]l/sL 8n/
;/sf/af6 C0f lnPsf] lyof] -oL b'j} o'4 Ps} ;dodf 36]sf sf/0f
logLx¿nfO{ cnu ug{ Tolt ;lhnf] klg 5}g_ cfhsf] ;dodf oL b'j}
36gfx¿df ePsf] o'4sf] vr{ nueu $ l6«lnog cd]l/sL 8n/eGbf a9L
ePsf] x'g ;Sb5, cyjf of]eGbf a9L x'g ;Sb5 .*
a]nfot / c¿ ldq
/fi6«x¿n] klg 7"n}} /sd vr{ u/]sf lyP eg], O/fssf] ef}lts ;DklQ /
cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfsf] åGbsfndf g/fd|f];“u ljgfz ePsf] lyof] . s] olt w]/}
hLpwgsf] gfz u/]/ Tolt w]/} d[To' / ljgfz u/fpg] sfd Gofof]lrt lyof] t .
o'4 slxn] Gofof]lrt x'G5 <
yf]/} dflg;x¿ ljZjf; ub{5g ls o'4df xf]ldg' dflg;x¿nfO{ dfg{'
ædxTjk"0f{ /fi6« /lx/xgÆ sf]] nflu Gofof]lrt x'G5, h:tf] ls cna|fO6n]
eg]sL lyOg -hasL s]xL pgsf] s'/fdf ;xdt klg x'G5g_ . s]xL hl6n
ljifox¿nfO{ lnP/ x]/f+}, olb xfd|f æ;Gtltx¿sf] nflu ;'/lIft ;+;f/
lgdf{0f ug{Æ eg]/ o'4 ul/G5 eg] s] of] Gofof]lrt x'G5 t < of] k|Zgsf]
pQ/ lbgsf nflu tYo / tYofÍx¿ lgZro g} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g . To:tf] s]
;+efjgf xf]nf, h;n] cfhsf dflg;x¿nfO{ df/]/ ef]ln c¿sf] eljio
;'/lIft agfpg] 5 < zfob} o:tf] g/;+xf/n] ef]ln xfdLnfO{ ;'/lIft agfpnf,
t/ o; ljifonfO{ lnP/ o'4sf] pb3f]if0f ubf{ o'4sf ;dy{sx¿n] o;sf]
kÔdf cem uxg k|df0f k]z ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . cd]l/sL ;/sf/ / O/fsL
;/sf/aLr ePsf] o'4sf ;dy{sx¿;“u o:tf] s'g} k|df0f g} lyPg .
& *

o'4sf] ;'?jft / To;sf] ;+rfngsf] Gofof]lrttfnfO{ ljZn]if0f nfdf]
;dob]lv ul/b} cfOPsf] 5 . o'4 z'? ug]{ k|dfl0fstfsf] k':6ofO“nfO{
Nofl6g efiffdf Jus ad bellum -o'4 cf/Desf] z'lrtf_ elgG5 / o'4
;~rfngsf] GofonfO{ Jus in bello -o'4 ;+rfngsf] z'lrtf_ elgG5, hf]
leGg–leGg} 5g . oL b'j} zLif{sx¿nfO{ k|foM km/s–km/s ljifo dflgG5 .
s] o'4 Gofof]lrt 5 t, clg s] o'4 ;~rfng ubf{{ ul/Psf cfr/0fx¿
Gofof]lrt x'G5g t < o'4df hfg Gofo;+ut sf/0f s] x'g;S5g eg]/ w]/}
dxfg jlsn / bfz{lgsx¿n] nfdf] ts{ / ax; u/]sf 5g / Ps k6s o'4
z'? e};s]kl5 s] zlQmsf] k|of]udf s'g} sfg'gL jf g}lts k|ltaGw 5 t,
olb 5 eg] Tof] s] xf] <
s'g} zf;ssf] jf /fi6«sf] ;Ddfg arfpgsf] nflu jf æ;+;f/sf] Ps
dxTjk"0f{ b]z aGgsf] nfluÆ, jf d"Nojfg hdLg jf >f]tx¿nfO{ xTofpgsf]
nflu, jf cfÎgf] :jfy{sf] arfp ug{ cyjf /fi6«sf gful/sx¿sf]] hLjg
arfpgsf] lglDt s] s;}n] o'4 ;~rfng ug{ ;S5 t < / PskN6 o'4
yfn]kl5, o'4sf] d}bfgdf s;}n] ;z:q ;}lgsnfO{ dfq} dfnf{g, jf aGbL
agfOPsf s}bL, zq'kIfsf] ;]gfsf] kl/jf/ / pgLx¿sf afn–aRrfx¿ klg
dfl/Pnfg -hf] eljiodf ;}lgsx¿ x'g ;Sb5g_ < ;dosf] cGt/fn;“u}
o'4sf] sf/0fx¿dfly w]/} ;Ldfx¿ nflb“b} uP / o'4 ;+rfngdf lgoGq0f
ug{sf] lglDt w]/} l;4fGt, ;lGw / ;Demf}tfx¿ ul/“b} uPsf] kfOG5 .
;+ul7t ¿kdf oL ljifox¿nfO{ æo'4 sf] sfg"gÆ / æGofok"0f{ o'4x¿sf]
l;4fGtÆ elgG5 .(
x'g t o'4 ;+rfngsf] z'lrtf Gofok"0f{ dflgG5, rfx]
o'4 Gofok"0f{ dflgof]; jf gdflgof]; . olb o'4 Gofo;+ut, cyjf Gofok"0f{
sf/0fn] z'? ul/Psf] 5 eg] To;sf] ;+rfngsf tl/sfx¿ klg Gofo;+ut
x'g hfG5g, rfx] tL cfkm}df g?rfOPsf] jf kZrftfko'Qm g} lsg gx'g .
t/ hf] JolQm Gofo / /fd|f] Jojxf/df ljZjf; ub{5g, ltgLx¿sf] nflu
of] k'/ftg k4ltn] o'4df hfg' Gofof]lrt 5 eg]/ lrQa'‰bf] pQ/ lbg
;Sb}g . h:tf] ls /f]a]6{ xf]ND;n] cfÎgf] k':ts cg jf/ P+8 df]/fln6Ldf
hf]/ lbP/ eg]sf 5g, æ;fWon] ;fwgnfO{ plrt 7x¥ofp“b}g, a? ;fwgsf]
cg'1]otf -o'4sf] k|s[ltsf] Pp6f efu, h;df d[To' / ljgfz ;dfj]z x'G5_
/ o'4 z'? ug'{kg]{ cGo sf/0fx¿ k"/f x'g'n] ;fWonfO{ Gofo;+ut agfp“b5 .Æ!)
o'4df æg/fd|f dflg;x¿Æ dfq db}{gg, æ;xfos ÔltÆ sf] ¿kdf ;j{;fwf/0f
dflg;x¿ klg db{5g . olb dflg;x¿sf] xTof / pgLx¿sf] hLjg lgjf{xsf
cfjZos ;fdfu|Lx¿sf] ljgfz Gofo;+ut 5}g eg], To;sf] k|lqmof, cyf{t
o'4 klg Gofo;+ut x'g;Sb}g . o;sf/0f æo'4 z'? ug'{nfO{ Gofof]lrt k|dfl0ft
ug{sf] nflu ;fwgx¿sf] rog Gofof]lrt x'g z'?af6 g} cfjZos x'G5 .Æ
o'4 z'? ug'{ / r'lgPsf] ;fwgx¿sf] k|of]u ug'{ oL b'j} km/s–km/s sfo{
xf]Ogg . o'4 ;+rfng ug]{ ;fwgx¿sf] Gofof]lrttf k|dfl0ft gu/L ul/Psf]
s'g} klg o'4 Gofo;+ut x'g;Sb}gÆ .!!
o'4dfly ljrf/ ubf{, o'4sf] kl/0ffd ljrf/ gu/L, dfq To;sf] 3f]lift
p2]Zodfly ljrf/ ug'{ g}lts ¿kn] u}/ lhDd]jf/L x'g]5, rfx] Tof] p2]Zo
cfÎgf] P]ltxfl;s hdLg lkmtf{ lngsf] nflu xf]; of ;Ddfgsf] k'li6sf]
nflu, ljZj;lgotf kmsf{pgsf] nflu xf]; of cfqmd0ftfsf] hjfkmsf]
nflu cyjf h'g;'s} cGo sf/0fsf] nflu xf]; . xf]ND; o;sf] ;dy{gdf
eG5g, æo'4sf] k|s[lt g} ;fd'lxs lx+;f x'G5, h'g hfg] a'´]/ ul/Psf] x'G5
/ o;n] Jojl:yt tj/n] d[To' / ljgfz lgDTofp“b5 . of] ;To xf], rfx]
To;sf] ;fwg c0f' ad xf]; jf tL/–wg'if .Æ!@
bz jÈ{ klxn] hlt a]nf d o'4u|:t O/fsdf sfd ul//x]sf] lyP“, Pp6f
sGk|m]G;df efu lng Sofg8f p8]sf] lyP . o; d'2fnfO{ kG5fpg vf]Hg]
Pshgf JolQm;“u d]/f] hDsfe]6 eof] . ;2fd x';}g, afy kf6L{sf] tfgfzfx
/ cTofrf/L ;/sf/sf] zf;g pN6fpgsf] nflu O/fsdf ePsf] xdnfdf
Sofgf8fn] æOR5'sx¿sf] u7aGwgÆdf efu glnPsf] s'/fdf bM'v nfu]sf]
hfgsf/L sGk|m]G;sf] Ps hgf ;xefuLn] dnfO{ k|s6 ul/g . d}n] pgnfO{
eg]“, Sofgf8f ;/sf/n] ljrf/ u/]/ o; xdnfdf efu glnPsf] s'/fdf
pgLnfO{ v'ZFL nfUg' kg]{ lyof] .
kl5 5nkmndf d}n] pgnfO{ eg], æaubfbsf ;8sx¿Ædf of] va/
km}lnPsf] 5 ls gof“ O/fsL k'ln;x¿nfO{ cfb]z lbPsf] 5, olb pgLx¿n]
s;}nfO{ sfd rnfp lj:kmf]6s ;fdu|L -IEDs_ nufp“b} u/]sf] b]v] eg]
ltgLx¿nfO{ uf]nL xFgLlbg', ;/sf/nfO{ o; af/]df lglZrGt t'Nofpg
Pshgf 7"nf ;/sf/L clwsf/L :jo+n] Pshgf s}bLnfO{ uf]nL xflglbP .
Tof] ;dodf IEDs ;}lgs tyf ;j{;fwf/0f b'j}sf] d[To'sf] k|d'v sf/0f
( !)

ePsf] lyof] . -of] s'/f ;f“rf] lyof] jf lyPg eGg] s'/f cfh;Dd dnfO{
yfxf 5}g . d dfq ToxL s'/f bf]xf]¥ofO{ /x]sf] lyP h'g dnfO{ w]/} O/fsL
hgtfx¿n] s'/fsfgL ubf{ eg]sf lyP_ . ltg} dlxnf, hf] Sofgf8f o'4df
efu glnPsf] s'/fdf b'MvL lyOg, of] s'/f ;'g]/ crlDet / eolet eOg
/ æo;af/] s]xL ug'{k5{Æ eg]/ dfu ug{ yflng . d}n] pgnfO{ of] s'/f eg],
o'4df efu lng] s'/fsf] ;dy{g ug'{eGbf klxnf g} pgn] To; s'/fn]
lgDTofpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf / kl/0ffdsf] af/]df klg ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ lyof] . oL
tL 36gfx¿dWo] x'g, h'g o'4sf] a]nf æx'g] ub{5g .Æ o'4sf] ;dy{g ug'{ /
kl5 Tof] o'4af6 pTkGg lx+;f, /Qmkft / c/fhstfdfly cfZro{tf k|s6
ug'{n] a'´fOsf] sdL bzf{p“b5 .
o'4n] g s]jn glrtfPsf] Ôlt lgDTofp“b5 h'g o'4 z'? ug]{ lg0f{o ubf{
;f]lrPsf] x'“b}g, o;n] dflg;x¿sf] rl/qnfO{ g} ablnlbG5 . ;}lgs dfq
geO{, ;j{;fwf/0f dflg;x¿n] klg cfÎgf] g}ltstf u'dfpg k'Ub5g . hf]
Sn]O{g, 6fOd Dofulhg sf k|ltli7t kqsf/ x'g, hf] cd]l/sL /fi6«klt
cf]afdfsf ;dy{s x'g . cf]afdf ;/sf/åf/f 8«f]g xdnf ug]{ lg0f{osf]
arfpm ub}{ pgn] Pp6f l6=eL sfo{qmddf hf]8tf]8sf ;fy eg],
olb o;sf] b'¿kof]u ul/of] eg], / olb ;/sf/ rnfpg]x¿df unt
dflg;x¿ ;lDdlnt eP eg] ;f“r} g} b'¿kof]usf] ;Defjgf w]/}
a9]/ hfG5, t/ M h'g s'/fn] cGtdf dxTj /fVb5, Tof] of] xf] ls – s;sf]
rf/ jif{sf] aRrf dfl/of] < xfdL o; ;DefjgfnfO{ sd ub}{5f}+ ls xfd|f] rf/
jif{sf aRrfx¿ oxf“ cGwfw'GWF cft+sJfFbLx¿sf] sfo{jfxLdf gd?g . !#
xfdL :ki6 ¿kdf ljrlnt ug]{ vfnsf] / cx+sf/L kÔkft b]v] g b]v]
;/L u5f}{+ eg] klg -æolb ;/sf/ rnfpg]x¿df unt dflg;x¿ ;lDdlnt
eP eg] ;f“r} g} b'¿kof]usf] ;Defjgf w]/} a9]/ hfG5Æ_, rf/ jÈ{sf s]6fs]6LnfO{
dfg]{ lsl;dsf] sfjf{xLsf] olt q'm/ ;dy{gsf] sNkgf ug{ klg ufx|f] 5, t/
>Ldfg Sn]O{gnfO{ o;df s'g} kZrftfk nfu]sf] lyPg . dflg;x¿ Toltv]/
cfÎgf] g}ltstf u'dfp“b5g hltv]/ pgLx¿ æ;xL dflg;x¿Æ åf/f ;+rfng
u/]sf] o'4sf] ;dy{g ub{5g .
;w“} / ;a} 7fp“df, log} tyf cGo sf/0fn] ubf{ o'4sf] lj/f]wdf Pp6f
s8f wf/0ff algg' g} k5{ . k|df0f hDdf ug]{ lhDd]jf/L p;}sf] xf], h;n]
o'4 z'? ub{5 jf To;df cfa4 x'G5 . oL lhDd]jf/LnfO{ k"/f gug'{sf]
cToGt} 7f]; sf/0fx¿ x'g'kb{5 . o:tf] kof{Kt sf/0fx¿ x'g} ;Sb}g eg]/
s]xLn] ts{ ug{ ;S5g . arfjsf] cyjf jf:tljs vt/f lgjf/0fsf] nflu
ul/Psf] o'4 Gofo;+ut x'G5 eg]/ s]xL c¿ eG5g . rfx] h] ;'s} xf];, o'4
z'? ug{sf] nflu ckl/xfo{ k|df0f h?/L 5 . ;fy} o'4 arfjsf] nflu dfq
xf];, s]xL lng / vf]:g jf æ;Ddfgsf] /ÔfÆ sf] nflu gxf]; . olb s'g} s'/f
lglZrt 5}g eg], To;a]nf k|df0f lhDd]jf/Lsf] ts{n] eGb5 ls pm o'4 z'?
ug]{ kÔsf] lj/f]wdf x'g'kb{5 . Toxf“ s'g} aLrsf] af6f] x“'b}g, s'g} t6:ytf,
g t s'g} zfob g} x'G5 . olb ljÈo o'4sf] xf]Og eg] dfdnf l7s pN6f]
x'G5 . dfq b'O{j6f /f]hfO{ x'G5 M o'4 ug]{ jf gug]{ .
o'4 /fHosf] nflu :j:ys/ x'G5
æo'4 /fHosf] nflu :j:ys/ x'G5 . o;n] eL8sf] lx:;f x'g tof/
gx'g] cNk;+Vos ;d"x tyf JolQmx¿df cf1fsfl/tf Nofpg] ;/sf/sf]
hah{:tL k|of;df ;dfhel/sf tL /f]Sg g;lsg] ;d"xx¿nfO{
:jtM Pstf / efj's ;xof]usf] nflu rnfodfg agfp“b5 .Æ
– /}G8f]Nkm af]g{ !$
o'4n] k|To]s df]8df ljlw;DdtnfO{ r'gf}tL lbg] u5{ . o;n] sfg"gL
zf;gnfO{ cjd"Nog ub{5 . o;n] zlQmnfO{ ;/sf/sf] sfo{kflnsfdf
s]Gb|Lt ul/lbG5 . o;n] zlQmsf] b'¿kof]usf] ;dy{gdf ljleGg lsl;dsf axfgfx¿
tof/ub{5 . xfn}7"nf] kl/df0fdf k|fKt hf;';L/ lgu/fgLug]{ z+sf:kb pks/0fx¿sf]
k|df0fn] of] s'/fsf] k'li6 ub{5g . o; lsl;dsf lgu/fgL ug]{ pks/0fx¿sf] k|of]u
s]xL jÈ{ klxn];Dd dfq lj1fgsf] syfx¿df kfOGYof]Ù oL ;a} pks/0fx¿nfO{
æcft+sjfb lj?4sf] o'4Æ sf] gfddf Gofof]lrt t'NofO“b}5 .
o'4n] ;/sf/sf] clwsf/ / p;sf] ank"j{s zf;g ug]{ zlQmnfO{
a9fOlbG5 . k|To]s o'4;“u} gof“ zlQmx¿ k|fKt ul/G5, h'g zlQmx¿nfO{
x6fpg km]l/ w]/} ;do / k|oTg cfjZos x'G5, olb ;lsPsf] v08df dfq .
!! !@

c¿ ;d:ofx¿ h:t} of] klg æPstkmL{Æ x'G5, h;n] /fHosf] zlQmnfO{
klxn]eGbf w]/} a9fOlbG5, x'g t o'4 ;dfKt ePkl5 tL zlQm jfk;
lnOG5, t/ l:ylt slxn] klg o'4 z'? ePsf] l:yltdf kms{+b}g . cfly{s
Oltxf;sf/sf] ¿kdf /f]a6{ lxU;sf] egfO cg';f/, ;/sf/x¿ æ;+s6Æ sf]
a]nfdf xfjL x'G5g, ljz]if u/]/ o'4 tyf cfly{s dGbLx¿sf] ;dodfM
æ;+s6 cfPsf] a]nfdf ;/sf/n] cfly{s lg0f{o lnP/ cfÎgf] clwsf/ w]/}
xb;Dd a9fp“b5gÆ / æ;+s6 6/]kl5 clwsf/x¿sf] h'g s6f}tL x'G5, Tof]
;w} g} ck'/f] x'G5Æ, h;n] ;/sf/nfO{ :yfoL ¿kn] alnof] agfOlbG5,
h'gs'/f ;+s6 gePsf] eP ;Dej x'g] lyPg .!%
o'4n] a“w'jf dhb'/L
-clgjfo{ ;}Go ;]jfsf] ¿kdf_, w]/} s/, ;fdfgx¿sf] hkmt tyf cltqmd0f,
lgoGq0f, ;dfhjfb cflb s'/fx¿sf] nflu af6f] v'nf ul/lbG5 . gof“ ;+:yfx¿,
gof“ zlQmx¿, gof“ s/ cflb ;a} s'/fsf] Gofof]lrttf æo'4df ljhoÆ,
æb'ZdgnfO{ x/fpg'' Æ / æb]zsf] ;'/ÔfÆ cflb s'/fx¿sf] b'xfO{ lbP/ 3f]if0ff
ul/G5 . o'4n] ;fd'lxstf / /fHojfbnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbG5 .
clg o'4;“u} gof“ s/ / shf{ cfp“b5 . yf]d; kfOg k]lrnf] kf/fn] JofVof u5{g,
;a} b]zx¿df hgtfsf] k};fsf] af“8kmf“8 / vr{df cfl>t x'g vf]Hg]x¿sf]
nflu o'4 Pp6f /fd|f] ;f´f afnL xf] . of] cfÎg} 3/df lhTg] snf h:tf]
xf] M /fh:jdf j[l4 o;sf] p2]Zo xf], lagf s/ ha /fh:jsf] j[l4 x“'b}g,
ta vr{ a9fpg] s'g} axfgf rflxPsf] x'G5 . olb O+lUn; ;/sf/sf]
Oltxf;nfO{ kms]{/ x]¥of}+ eg], s'g} klg lgikÔ JolQm, h;sf] o;df s'g}
kmfObf;“u ;DaGw 5}g, of] s'/f eGg ;S5 ls o'4 ug{sf] nflu s/
nufOPsf] lyPg, a? s/ nufpgsf] nflu o'4 z'? ul/Psf] lyof] . !^
dflg;x¿dfly s/sf] af]´ nfbgsf] nflu o'4eGbf /fd|f] axfgf c¿ s]xL
x'“b}g . dfu{/]6 n]aLsf] vf]h cg';f/, ;/sf/sf] Oltxf;n] of] s'/f hfx]/ u5{ ls
æs/nfO{ Gofof]lrt ;flat ug{sf] nflu o'4 ;a}eGbf :jLsfo{ sf/0f lyof] .Æ!&
o'4sf] ;dodf cfnf]rgfnfO{ ljZjf;3ft, gsf/fTds / b]zb|f]xsf]
¿kdf lrlqt ul/G5 . gful/sx¿sf] :jtGqtf vf]l;G5, lgoGq0f nflbG5,
kqklqsfx¿ aGb ul/G5g / gful/sx¿dfly hf;';L ug]{ s'/f cflwsfl/s
x'G5 . ;“u}sf ;fyLx¿nfO{ b'Zdg b]vfP/ pgLx¿nfO{ b'Mv lbOG5, s}bL
agfOG5, gh/aGb ul/G5, lgisf;g ul/G5 jf dfl/G5 .
cGtt, o'4n] hjfkmb]xL ;/sf/nfO{ sdhf]/ agfOlbG5 . /fi6«lxtsf d'2fx¿sf]
vf]n cf]9]/ zf;sx¿nfO{ lghL :jfy{ k"/f ug]{ df}sf lbG5 . o;n] /fhgLlts
k|efj ePsfx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] zlQm bx|f] agfpg ;fwgsf] sfd ub{5, 3/]n'
c;kmntfaf6 hgtfx¿sf] Wofg cGt} df]8b5 / jt{dfg ;/sf/sf] nflu
hgtfsf] ;dy{g h'6fp“b5 . ljlnod ;]S;lko/n] cfÎgf] gf6s æx]g/L
rf}yf}, efu @Æ df o'4sf] /fhgLlts k|efj gf6sLo 9+un] k|:t't u/]sf
5g, ha a'9f /fhf cfÎgf] 5f]/fsf] zf;g bx|f] agfpg ljb]zdf ul/g]
o'4sf] kmfObf ;D´fp“b5g M
clg d]/f ;a} ;fyLx¿nfO{ ltdLx¿n] klg ;fyL dfGg' kb{5,
t/ klxn] pgLx¿nfO{ zlQmljxLg agfP/Ù
h;sf] lgb{oL sfdaf6 d}n] ;kmntf kfP“,
clg h;sf] tfstsf] andf d}n] 8/ pTkGg ug{ ;s]“
pgLx¿ d]/f] l;+xf;g pN6fpg g;s'g To;}n] d}n]
pgLx¿nfO{ 6f9f k7fO{lbP“Ù Pp6f p2]Zodf
ls lht]/ Nofcf] cfÎgf] kljq e"ld km]l/,
of] 8/n] ls s]xL gu/L a:bf cf/fddf pgLx¿
d]/f] g} /fHo xTofpg] af/]df ;f]Rnfg, To;}n] Kof/f] x}/L
pgLx¿sf] lbue|ldt dl:tisnfO{ ljb]zL o'4x¿df Jo:t /fv,
tfsL To; ´d]nfdf pgLx¿nfO{
k'/fgf] lbgsf] ofb g} gcfcf]; .!*
ælbue|ldt dl:tisnfO{ ljb]zL o'4df Jo:t /fVg'Æ g} /fHo rnfpg]
snfsf] lgoldt lx:;f /xLcfPsf] 5 . of] klZrd / k"j{, pQ/ / blÔ0f,
k|hftGq jf tfgfzfxL;Dd dfq ;Lldt 5}g . of] ;Qf k|fKt ug]{ Pp6f
;fwg xf], h;n] w]/} xb;Dd sfd ub{5 .
!# !$

sf] lhDd]jf/ 5 <
;+ul7t dfgjLo lx+;fsf] d"No 7"nf] kl/df0fdf hLjg, :jtGqtf /
;d[l4åf/f r'sfpg' kb{5 . o;sf] ts{k"0f{ Gofof]lrttf slxn]sfxL“ dfq
k|dfl0ft ul/G5 / o'4kl5 zfob} Gofo kfOG5 . k/flht kÔnfO{ ;hfo x'g
;Snf, t/ ljh]tfnfO{ pmåf/f k/flht kÔx¿dfly ul/Psf] HofbtLsf]
;hfo slxn] klg lbO“b}g . nfdf] ;dob]lv oxL rng rlncfPsf] 5 .
Oltxf;sf/ Kn'6fs{n] /f]dg l;g]6sf] Pp6f b[iosf] j0f{g u/]sf 5g
h;df /f]dg bfz{lgs, ;+j}wflgs ;/sf/sf 7"nf ;dy{s tyf l;g]6/
Sof6f], Oltxf;sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] Hofgdf/f dWo] Ps, h'lno; l;h/n]
o'4df u/]sf] q'm/ sfo{nfO{ lnP/ ;fj{hlgs lgGbf ub{5g .
l;h/ o; ;do w]/} b'Zdg /fi6«x¿;“u o'4/t lyP / pgLx¿nfO{
vt/f;“u h'w]/ k/flht ub}{lyP . o:tf] dflgG5 ls pgn] o'4
lj/fdsf] ;dodf hd{gx¿dfly xdnf u/] / # nfv dflg;x¿nfO{
d[To'sf] lrxfgdf k'¥ofO{lbP . o; ljifodf pgsf s]xL ;fyLx¿n]
l;g]6df pgsf] ;fj{hlgs clegGbgsf] k|:tfj /fv]Ù t/ Sof6f]n]
eg] ls l;h/nfO{ ltg} dflg;x¿sf] lhDdf nufOlbg' k5{, hf]dfly
pgn] o; k|sf/sf] cGofo u/]sf 5g . oxL g} pgsf] kfksf] k|folZrt
x'G5 / o;}n] xfd|f] /fHosf] sn+s d]l6G5 . æt/ klg xfdL;“u sf/0f
5,Æ pgn] eg],Ú æxfdLn] eujfgnfO{ wGojfb lbg'k5{ lsgls pgn] of]
u0ftGqnfO{ dfkmL lbP / ;]gfkltsf] d'v{tf / uNtLsf] ;hfo p;sf]
;]gfnfO{ lbPgg .Æ!(
eGg h?/L 5}g, l;h/nfO{ g t kqmfp ul/of] g t pgnfO{ tL
g/;+xf/af6 ar]sf dflg;x¿sf] lhDdf g} nufOof] . tL ar]sf dflg;x¿nfO{
s'g} df}sf lbOPg tfls pgLx¿n] cfÎgf] kl/jf/hgx¿sf] xTofsf] nflu
l;h/nfO{ ;hfo lbg ;s'g, hals l;h/n] kl5 cfÎgf] cTofrf/sf] avfg
ug{nfO{ …ufnLs jf;{Ú gfdsf] lstfa klg n]v] . pgn] -cfk"mnfO{ t];|f]
k'?ifsf] ¿kdf /fv]/_ cfÎgf] ;+u7gn] hd{g SofDkdfly crfgs cfqmd0f
u¥of] eg]/ n]v]Ù zflGtsf] jftf{sf nflu cfPsf hd{g slanfsf d'lvofx¿nfO{
y'g]/ l;h/n] pgLx¿sf dflg;x¿ dfly crfgs xdnf u/], hals pgsf
;}lgsx¿n] lgxTyf dflg;x¿sf] g/;+xf/ ub}{ lyP,
af“sL ;a} dflg;, h;df cfOdfO{ / s]6fs]6Lx¿ klg ;dfj]z lyP,
-pgLx¿n] cfÎgf] b]z 5f]8]/ kl/jf/;“u} /fOg gbL kf/ ul/;s]sf lyP_,
rf/} lt/ efUg yfn]; h;sf] vf]hL ug{ l;h/n] cfÎgf] 3'8;jf/ ;]gf
k7fPsf lyP . ha hd{gx¿n] cfÎgf] k5fl8tkm{af6 xNnf ;'g],
-pgLx¿ kmls{P clg_ pgLx¿n] b]v] ls pgLx¿sf] kl/jf/x¿ sf“l6b} lyP,
pgLx¿n] cfÎgf] xltof/ Îof“lslbP, ´G8f ToflulbP / SofDkaf6 efUg yfn],
ha pgLx¿ Do'h / /fOg gbLsf] ;+uddf k'u], af“sL ar]sfx¿n] af“Rg] cfzf
ToflulbP, lsgls 7"nf] ;+Vofdf pgLx¿sf b]zjf;Lx¿ dfl/O;s]sf lyP,
clg pgLx¿ kfgLdf xfDkmfn], 8/, ysfg / kfgLsf] t]h axfjsf] sf/0f
pgLx¿sf] d[To' eof] . olt 7"nf] o'4kl5, xfd|f ;]gfx¿ kmls{P/ SofDkdf
cfP, ;a} ;s'zn, ax't sd ;}lgs dfq 3fOt] eP, hals b'Zdgx¿sf]
xtfxtsf] ;+Vof $,#),))) lyof] .@)
h'lno; l;h/sf] cfu'jfOdf Ps} lbgdf nfvf+} dflg;x¿sf] g/;+xf/ ul/Psf]
cfh slt hgfn] ;lD´G5g < dfq :6f]Os bfz{lgs / l;g]6/ Sof6f]n] dfq
l;h/sf] ck/fwsf] nflu pgsf] lgGbf u/], o;sf] d"No kl5 Sof6f]n] cfÎgf]
hLjgsf] cfx'lt lbP/ r'sfpg' k¥of] . bf];|f] ljZjo'4 kl5, k/flht kÔdfly
o'4 ck/fwsf] d'2f rnfOof], t/ ljh]tf zlQmx¿, ljz]ifu/L M ;f]leot
;+3, ;fy} rfOlgh ;/sf/ -sf]ldGtfª / sDo'lgi6_, ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf
tyf a]nfotsf /fhg]tf / ;}lgsx¿sf] ck/flws b'Jo{jxf/k|lt Tolt jf:tf
ul/Pg . a]nfotn] eg] s]xL sf]6{ dfz{n cjZo u¥of], t/ aGbLx¿sf]
xTofsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ eg] zfob} u¥of] .@!
o'4 ;+ul7t dfgjLo lx+;f xf], o'4 ljWj+;sf/L x'G5, /rgfTds x'“b}gÙ
o;n] d[To' lgDTofp“b5, hLjg xf]OgÙ of] u}/–hjfkmb]xL zlQmx¿sf] ldq /
:jtGqtfsf] b'Zdg x'G5 .
xhf/f}+ jÈ{ klxn] Pshgf c1ft sljn] klZrdL ;Eotfsf b'O{ ;flxlTos–
;+:yfks sljx¿ xf]d/ / x]l;cf]8 aLr ePsf] k|lt:kwf{ af/]df n]v]sf
!% !^

5g . xf]d/ o'4sf] ;jf]{Qs[i6 sljtf Olnof8 sf n]vs x'g, h;sf]
z'?jft o; k|sf/n] 5, æl/;– x] b]jL, k]lno; sf 5f]/f clslnhsf] l/;sf]
nflu s]xL ufp“Æ / x];f]O8sf] js{ P+8 8]h n]vn], s;/L Pp6f pTkfbg
/ ;bfrf/L hLjg af“Rg] eg]/ atfp“5 . sljx¿dfly n]lvPsf] of] sljtf
cToGt ;'Gb/ 5Ù k|To]s sljnfO{ cfÎgf] sfJo k|:t't ug{ af]nfOG5, Pp6f
sljn] cfÎgf] sljtfsf] Pp6f k+lQm k95g / csf]{n] cfÎgf] sljtfsf] Ps
k+lQmn] To;nfO{ k"/f ug]{5g …x];f]O8sf] k+lQmx¿ Psbd} ;fwf/0f 5g eg]
xf]d/sf] zfgbf/Ú xf]d/sf] zfgbf/ o'4 sljtfnfO{ kl5,
;a} gu/jf;Lx¿n] pgnfO{ ljhoL 3f]lift ug{ dfu u5{g, t/ /fhf
k]lgb];n] b'j}}nfO{ cf–cfÎgf] sljtfsf] ;j{>]i7 efu ;'gfpgsf] nflu
eG5g . h;sf/0f, x];f]Obn] o; k|sf/ z'? u/] [pgsf] sljtfsf]
afnL s6fO{ / v]t hf]tfO{ cg'R5]baf6 ]
æha KnLP8f;, P6n;sL 5f]/L, b]lvg yflng, ta cGg–
afnL z'? eof] / hf]tfO{ ;'? eof], Tof] eGbf klxn]===Æ
To;kl5 xf]d/
[txdf plePsf ;}lgsx¿, n8fO““sf] ;fgf] cg'R5]baf6 ] 9fn;“u
9fn, x]Nd]6;+u x]Nd]6 / dflg;;“u dflg; le8], / hlta]nf pgLx¿n]
cfÎgf] 6fpsf] ´'sfP, pgLx¿sf] 6fpsf]sf] dflysf] 6'qmfn] 3f]8fsf]
/f}+sf] lzv/ 5f]of]===Æ
oL b'O{ cg'R5]bx¿sf] t'ngf kl5,
gu/af;Lx¿n] xf]d/sf] tfl/kmdf tfnL ahfP, lsgls pgsf k+lQmx¿
;f“r} g} c;fwf/0f lyP / dfu u/] ls pgnfO{ g} ljhoL 3f]lift
ul/of];, t/ /fhfn] lhtsf] d's'6 x]l;of]bnfO{ nufOlbP / eg] ls
o'4 / d[To' j0f{g ug]{x¿sf] ;f6f] d To;nfO{ Ogfd lbG5', h;n]
dflg;nfO{ zflGt / s[lÈsf nflu k|f]T;flxt ub{5 . @@
ca zflGt, ;xof]u tyf pBd, Jofkf/ tyf jfl0fHo, 1fg tyf lj1fg, k|]d
!& !*
tyf ;'Gb/tf, :jtGqtf tyf Gofo h:tf] /fd|f] kÔtkm{ pGd'v x'g] / åGb
tyf ljgfz, n'6kf6 tyf cltqmd0f, lgoGq0f / bdg, 3[0ff tyf cft+s,
an k|of]u tyf c/fhstf h:tf] o'4sf b'u'{0fx¿nfO{ k5fl8 5f]8g] ;do
cfO;s]sf] 5 . zflGt / a9bf] ;d[l4sf] cfhsf] cfw'lgs ljZjdf, k'/:sf/
o'4 / d[To'sf] af6f] /f]Hg]n]eGbf ltgLx¿n] kfpg'k5{ h;n] dfgj hfltnfO{
zflGtsf] af6f] k5ofpgsf nflu cfxjfg ub{5g .
:jtGqtf / zflGt M
:jtGqtf / zflGt . h'g s'/f pbf/jfbLx¿ k|:t't ub{5g . :jtGqtf
/ zflGt /f]hfOsf ljifoj:t' x'g . o;n]] c/af}+ dflg;x¿nfO{ ul/aL /
si6sf] cj:yfaf6 dfly p7fPsf] 5 jf p7fO/x]sf] 5 . zflGt / :jtGqtfsf]
/f]hfO kl/kSj dlxnf / k'?ifsf] lglDt ;xL /f]hfO xf] . zflGt :yflkt ug]{ /
o;nfO{ arfO{ /fVg]x¿df Ps lsl;dsf] ;fx; x'G5Ù pT;fx x'G5Ù lxDdt
x'G5Ù dxfgtf / uf}/j x'G5Ù / log} ;fx;, pT;fx, lxDdt, dxfgtf / uf}/jsf]
d"No tL lgb{otfk"j{s elTsPsf k|ltlaDaeGbf sof+} w]/} x'G5 h'g o'4sf]
dfWodåf/f k|:t't x'G5g . pBdzLntf, ;d[l4, gful/s ;dfh, ldqtf,
pknlAw, pTkfbgzLntf, snf, 1fg, ;'Gb/tf, k|]d, kl/jf/, ;Gt'li6, ;Gtf]if,
v';L–logLx¿ zflGtdf k|fKt ug{ jf o'4df u'dfpg ;lsG5 .
pgLx¿sf] nflu hf] zflGtnfO{ æclN5nfUbf]Æ eg]/ cf/f]k–k|Tof/f]k ul//xG5g,
pgLx¿ hf] b'ZdgL, ;+3if{ / lx+;fsf] rfxgf /fVb5g, ltgLx¿sf] nflu dxfg
pbf/jfbL n]vs a]Ghfldg sG:6of06n] w]/} jif{ cufl8 g} hjfkm lbPsf 5g M
s] xfdL dfq oxf“ xfd|f] d[t z/L/n] ltdLx¿sf] oz / s[lt agfpgsf]
nflu xf}“ < ltdLx¿;“u o'4 ug]{ 7"nf] snf 5, t/ To;n] xfdLnfO{ s]
kmfObf < zflGtsf] lgliqmotfn] ltdLx¿nfO{ clN5 nfu]sf] 5 .
ltdLx¿sf] lbSbf/L;“u xfdLnfO{ s] lng' lbg' <@#
cGTodf, dfgj Oltxf;df olt w]/} o'4 / /Qmkft kl5 ca ;do
cfPsf] 5, o'4 / d[To'sf] rfxgf /fVg]x¿sf] ;f6f] k'/:sf/ ltgLx¿n] k|fKt
u?g h;n] zflGt / v'zLsf] rfxgf /fVb5g .

!( @)
@
o'4sf] ktg / dfgjLo :j¿ksf] cjwf/0ff
:6Le]g lk+s/
ljZjf; ug{ s7Lg x'g;S5, t/ o'4sf] 36gfx¿df sdL cfO/x]sf 5g . of]
s'/fsf] s] k|df0f 5 / oL pNn]vgLo tYox¿sf] k5fl8 s] sf/0fx¿ 5g <
:6Le]g lk+s/ xfj{8{ ljZj ljBfnosf] dgf]lj1fg ljefudf hf]g:6g kmofldnL
k|f]km];/sf] ¿kdf cfj4 5g . pgL efiff / 1fg af/] cg';Gwfg ub{5g , Go'of]s{
6fOD;, 6fOD;, / Go' l/klAns h:tf k|sfzgsf nflu n]Vg] sfo{ ub{5g .
pgn] cf7 j6f k':tsx¿ klg n]v]sf 5g, h;df b NofËj]h OlG:6ª;, xfp b
dfO08 jS;{, j8{; P08 ?N;, b Anfs :n]6, b :6km ckm y6 / e/v/}
k|sflzt b a]6/ PGh]n ckm cfj/ g]r/MJxfO{ EjfOn]G; xofh l8SnfOG8
;dfj]z 5g .
o'4df sdL cfp“b} uPsf] b]lvG5 . bf]>f] ljZjo'4kl5sf] b'O{–ltxfO{
ztfAbLdf zlQmzfnL / ljsl;t /fi6«x¿ zfob} slxn] n8fO““sf] d}bfgdf
Ps–csf{sf] cufl8 plePsf 5g, h'g P]ltxfl;s ¿kn] ce"tk"j{ 36gf xf]
-xf]N;l6 !(*^Ù hle;{ !(**Ù n'jf8{ !(**Ù ul8; !(*(Ù Do'n/ !(*(,
@))$, @))(, /] !(*(Ù xf]jf8{ !((!Ù s]ufg !((#Ù kfOg @))$Ù Uof6
@))$Ù Un]l8; @))*Ù ;dLÔfsf] nflu lk+s/ @)!! kl/R5]b %, x]g'{xf];_ .
lj1x¿sf] eljiojf0fL ljkl/t, ljZjsf @ zlQmx¿ ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf
/ ;f]leot ?;n] t]>f] ljZjo'4 ;+rfng u/]sf 5}gg . g t !(%# sf]
sf]l/ofnL o'4sf] cGTo kl5 g} s'g} 7"nf zlQmx¿ Ps csf{lj¿4 n8]sf
5g . !($% ;fneGbf klxn], ^)) jif{sf] lj:tf/sf] cjlwdf klZrd
o'/f]ksf b]zx¿ jif{df b'O{j6f gof“ o'4 n8by], !($% kl5 ltgLx¿n]
Pp6f klg o'4 u/]sf 5}gg . ;fy} ;+;f/sf $) j6f ;a}eGbf wgL /fHox¿
Pscsf{;“u sxL+ slxn]klg ;z:q åGådf le8]sf 5}gg . Pp6f csf]{ ;'vb
cfZro{ of] 5 ls, !(*( sf] zLto'4sf] cGTo kZrft ;+;f/ el/ g} ;a}
vfnsf] o'4df sdL cfPsf] 5 -xo'dg ;]So'l/6L ;]G6/ @))%Ù nfl;gf, An]l8Zr
/ ?z]t @))^Ù xo'dg ;]So'l/6L l/kf]6{ k|f]h]S6 @))&Ù Un]l8Zr @))*Ù uf]N8l:6g
@)!!Ù xo'dg ;]So'l/6L l/kf]6{ k|f]h]S6 @)!!Ù -;dLÔfsf] nflu lk+s/ @)!!,
cWofo ^ x]g'{xf];_ . /fHo /fHo aLrsf] o'4 cToGt g} b'n{e ePsf] 5, !(^)
b]lv !(() ;Dd u[xo'4 a9]tf klg, o;sf] ;+Vofdf sdL cfO/x]sf] 5 . b]z–
b]z aLr x'g] o'4af6 dg]{x¿sf] ;+Vofdf w]/} g} sdL cfPsf] 5 . bf]>f] ljZjo'4
tfsf ljZjsf] ! nfv hg;+Vofdf d[To' x'g]x¿sf] ;+Vof #)) af6 36]/
sf]l/ofnL o'4sfndf #) hgfdf ´¥of], leotgfd o'4sfndf of] ;+Vof c¿
36]/ @) eGbf sd eof], !(&) / !(*) sf] bzsdf of] ! sf] ;+Vofdf lyof]
eg] PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf o;sf] b/ Ps eGbf klg sd ePsf] 5 .
xfdLn] o'4df cfPsf] sdLsf] k|df0fnfO{ sltsf] uDeL/tfk"j{s lng'
kb{5 < s] of] tYofªsLo q'6L xf] jf Pp6f h'jf8]sf] ;kmntf h:t} xf] h'g
ljkmntfdf kl/0ft x'g;S5 < s] of]] o'4 / To;n] x'g] dfgj d"No dfkgsf]
tl/sfn] pTkGg ePsf] xf] < s] of] cf“wL–x'/L cfpg'eGbf klxnf cgj/t
¿kdf cfPsf] c:yfoL zflGt xf], 7"nf] cfkb cfpg' klxnf ;fg cfGb|];sf]
bfloTj jf Pp6f x'ls{Psf] 7"nf] h+un hf] hn]sf] nfk/jfxL r'/f]6sf]] 7'6f]sf]
lemNsf] kv]{/ a;]sf] 5 . s;}n] o; k|Zgsf] hjfkm lglZrt eP/ lbg
;Sb}g . d o; n]vdf tL s'/fx¿nfO{ dfgj :jefjsf] k|s[lt cg'¿k
;Daf]wg ug]{ k|of; ug]{5' .
w]/} cjnf]sgstf{x¿nfO{ o'4df sdL cfpg;S5 eGg] s'/fdfly z+sf
5, lsgls pgLx¿sf] egfO{ cg';f/ dflg;sf] :jefj kl/jt{g ePsf]
5}g . lx+;fsf] ;f]rnfO{ xfdLn] cfk"mleq kfln/fv]sf] sf/0fjf6 g} xfd|f]
Oltxf;df nuftf/ o'4x¿ ePsf 5g . o; cfGtl/s lx+;fTds k|j[lQsf]
xfdL;“u kof{Kt k|df0fx¿ 5gÙ o;nfO{ xfdL af“b/x¿sf] cfr/0fdf ePsf]
;j{JofkL lx+;fdf b]Vg ;S5f}+, dfgj ;dfhdf ;j{q JofKt lx+;s cfr/0fdf
b]Vg ;S5f+}, h:tf] ls, xTof, anfTsf/, 3/]n'lx+;f, b+uf, n'6kf6 / ´u8f
cflb . o;sf] cltl/Qm, of] s'/f dfGgsf] nflu kof{Kt sf/0fx¿ 5g ls
s]xL ljlzi6 lhg, xfdf]{g, dl:tissf] ;ls{6 / kl/l:ylthGo bafjx¿sf]
sf/0f xfd|f] k|hflt ljsl;t x'g] a]nfdf lx+;ftkm{ pGd'v eP -;dLÔfsf]
nflu x]g'{xf]; lk+s/ @)!!, cWofo @, * / (_, !($% kl5 k|f}9tf xfl;n
ug]{ s]jn b'O{ lk“9Ldf g} of] bafj ;lsP/ ljut s]xL nfv jÈ{sf] dfgj
ljsf;sf] k|efj ;dfKt x'g] s'/f ;Dej g} 5}g . o; ts{ cg';f/ olb
xfd|f] o'4k|lt h}ljs ;+j]u ;dfKt ePsf] 5}g eg] s'g} klg zflGtsf] cjlw

h'g clxn] ;dfKt ePsf] 5 .
• dWoo'u / la;f}+ ztfAbLsf] aLr o'/f]kdf xTofsf] b/df #% u'0ffn]
sdL eof] .
• c7fx|f}+ ztfAbLsf] dWolt/ ePsf] Pp6f dfgjtfjfbL cfGbf]ngdf,
;a} k|d'v klZrd b]zn] ck/fwsf] ;hfosf] nflu oftgf lbg] sfo{df
aGb]h nufPsf lyP .
• o'/f]kLo d'n'sx¿df w]/} k|sf/sf ck/fwx¿sf nflu d[To'b08sf]
k|fjwfg lyof], h;df w]/} dfd'nL ;hfox¿ klg ;dfj]z lyP . h:tf] ls,
aGbfsf]eL rf]g]{ / b/afl/of au}+rfnfO{ cfnf]rgf ug]{ cflb . c7fx|f+} ztfAbLsf]
k|f/Dedf d[To'b08sf] k|fjwfg b]zb|f]x / cToGt uDeL/ tyf lx;+s ck/fwsf]
nflu dfq Joj:yf ul/of] / aL;f+} ztfAbLdf ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf afx]s ;a}
klZrdL k|hftflGqs d'n'sx¿n] o;nfO{ x6fP . ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf
klg %) dWo] !& /fHox¿n] d[To'b08 x6fO;s] / af“lsdf klg k|lt JolQm
d[To'b08sf] b/ cf}klgj]lzs ;dosf] t'ngfdf gu0o 5 .
• k[YjLdf PskN6 bf; k|yf rn ;DklQsf] ¿kdf ;j{q j}wflgs lyof] .
t/ c7fx|f}+ ztfAbLdf ;+;f/el/ o;sf] pGd'ngsf] nx/ rNof], h'g !(*) df
dfpl/6flgofåf/f bf; k|yfsf] cGTo u/]kl5 pGd'ng eof] .
• dfgjLoqmflGtsf] ;dodf af]S;Lsf]cf/f]kdflbOg] ;hfo,wfld{scTofrf/,
/Qmkftsf] v]n / C0fLnfO{ h]n xfNg] k|rng klg pGd'ng ul/of] .
• eL8åf/f cdfgjLo 9+un] clk|msg cd]l/sgx¿nfO{ jif{df !%)
sf] xf/fxf/Ldf lbOg] d[To'b08 aL;f}+ ztfAbLsf] z'?sf] bzs;Dddf z"Godf
em¥of] .
• clwsf+z klZrd d'n'sx¿df afn–aflnsfx¿nfO{ sf]/f{ xfNg],
n67Ln] lxsf{pg], 3'“8fd'lg lk6g] jf emfk8 xfGg] h:tf zf/Ll/s b08
ljBfno / 3/ b'j} 7fp“df tLj|¿kdf sdL cfPsf] 5 / y'k|} klZrdL
o'/f]lkog b]zx¿df o;nfO{ cj}w egL 3f]lift ul/Psf] 5 .
• xTof, anfTsf/, 3/]n'lx+;f, afnb'Jo{jxf/ / 3[0ff h:tf ck/fwx¿
!(&) sf] bzsb]lv gf6sLo 9+un] 36]sf 5g . -s]xL s'/fx¿df t o;sf]
sdL ´G8}–´G8} *)% hlt 5 _
@! @@
c:yfoL g} /xG5 . hf] of] dfGb5g ls o'4sf] sdL s[lqd jf efUojz
xf]Og, pgLx¿dfly k|foM cJojxfl/s / cfbz{jfbL ePsf] cf/f]k nfUb5 .
To;f] t ?;f]sf s]xL cg'ofoLx¿n] of] ts{ :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g, t/ pgLx¿
dflg; slxn] lx;+s k|j[lQsf] lyof] eGg] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{gg –
pgLx¿sf] egfO 5, xfdL clS;6f]l;gn] el/Psf] gUg af]gf]af]; -tyfslyt
lxKkL lrDkfGhL_, / ;xfg'e"ltn] ;';lHht tlGqsf xf}+ h;n] xfdLnfO{
k|fs[lts ¿kdf zflGtsf] tkm{ ´'Sg k|]l/t u5{ .
xfdL lxKkL lrDkfGhL xf+} eGg] s'/fdf d ljZjf; ulb{g, t/ of] s'/f
dfGb5' ls o'4df cfPsf] sdL jf:tljs xf] . Pp6f xA;Log jf:tljstfjfbL
ePsf] gftfn] dnfO of] ts{ lbg] ljz]if clwsf/ 5 ls, o'4sf] sdLnfO{
dfgj k|s[ltsf] Jojxfl/s kÔ;“u hf]8g ;lsG5 AofÍ :n]6– -lk+s/–
@))@_ df d}n] eg]sf] 5' ls k|fs[lts 5gf}6sf] dfWodaf6 xfd|f] dl:tisdf
nf]e, 8/, abnf, l/;, k'?ifTj, ;fd'lxstf, cfTdj~rgf tyf cGo
efjgfx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ Ôdtf x'G5, h'g PSn} jf ;fd'lxs ¿kdf xfd|f]
k|hfltnfO{ lx+;fsf] nflu pQ]lht ug{ ;S5g . km]l/ klg d of] ts{ /fV5',
dfgj :jefjsf] of] lbSsnfUbf] b[li6sf]0f of] s'/f;“u k'/} ;'xfp“bf] 5 ls,
o'4sf] sdL dfgj ;Eotfsf] Pp6f jf:tljs tyf l6sfp 36gf xf] .
o'4 sd x'g'df dfgj k|s[ltsf] cjwf/0ff;Fu ldNbf] lsg 5 eGg] rf/ sf/0fx¿
!= cgf}7f s'/fx¿ 36]sf 5gM
s'g} ljz]if k|sf/sf] lx+;fdf sdL – cyjf To;sf] nf]k – x'g' dfgj
Oltxf;sf] nflu gof“ s'/f xf]Og . d]/f] k':ts – b j]6/ PGhN; ckm cfj/
g]r/ -lk+s/–@)!!_, / h]D; kfOgsf] k':ts lxl:6« ckm kmf];{ -k]g @))$_
df o;sf] bh{gf+} pbfx/0fx¿ lbOPsf 5g . s]xL pbfx/0fx¿ o; k|sf/
5g M
• c/fhs cflbjf;L ;dfhx¿sf] o'4df d[To' b/ klxnf :yflkt
/fHox¿sf] t'ngfdf ;fob kf“ru'0ff a9L lyof] .
• k|To]s k|frLg ;Eotfdf lg/Gt/ dfgj aln k|yfsf] k|of]u lyof],

dfly lbOPsf k|df0fx¿n] lx+;fdf sdL cfPsf] 5 eGg] s'/f b]Vbf b]Vb},
dfG5]sf] :jefjn] lx+;fsf] b/df kl/jt{g cfpg cg'dlt lbG5 jf lb“b}g eg]/
ax; ug'{ lg/y{s x'G5, :ki6 ¿kn] o:tf] g} x'G5, k|Zg s;/L eGg] dfq xf] <
@= dfgj :jefjsf w]/} cfofdx¿ x'G5g M
Dflg;x¿ dfgj k|s[ltnfO{ Ps} tTjdf ;Lldt u/]/ ax; ub{5g / Tof]
tTj s] xf] < xfdL v/fa 5f+} ls c;n < xA; jf ?;f]sf] cg'ofoL, af“b/
jf b]jb't < o; k|sf/sf] ljrf/ cg'¿k, olb xfdL lgoldt ¿kdf lx+;fdf
g} ;+nUg eO/xG5f+} eg] xfdL Pp6f lx+;s k|hflt x'g'kb{5Ù olb xfdL
zflGt :yfkgfdf ;Ifd 5f}+ eg] xfdL zflGtjfbL x'g'kb{5 .
t/ dl:tis Pp6f Psbd} hl6n c+u xf], h;df sof}+ cnu–cnu
zf/Ll/s tyf /f;folgs c+ux¿ x'G5g . clwsf+z dgf]j}1flgsx¿ dfGb5g
ls dfgj k|s[lt dfq Pp6f k|0ffnL geP/ sof+} k|1f, efu, ;+sfo, c+u, k|]/0ff
cyjf pk–k|0fnLx¿sf] ;lDd>0fn] ag]sf] x'G5 . To;dWo] s]xL pk–k|0ffnLx¿n]
xfdLnfO{ lx+;ftkm{ pGd'v u/fpg ;S5g, t/ cGo pk–k|0ffnLx¿n] xfdLnfO{
To;af6 cnu /fVb5g .
dfgjLo lx+;f sd ;] sd $ k|sf/sf OR5fx¿jf6 pTkGg x'G5g,
x/]]]]sdf km/s h}ljs k|0ffnLx¿ ;+nUg /x]sf x'G5g .
zf]if0fM s'g} p2]Zo k|flKtsf] nflu lx+;fsf] k|of]uÙ cyf{t o:tf] dflg;nfO{
gf]S;fg k'¥ofpg', hf] s;}sf] af6f]sf] afwf alg/x]sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu
n'6df/, anfTsf/, k/flht ug'{, :yfgLojf;Lx¿sf] lj:yfkg jf g/;+xf/,
tyf /fhgLlts jf cfly{s k|ltåGbLx¿sf] xTof jf aGbL agfOg' .
k|e'TjM JolQmx¿df kbdf dflyNnf] :t/df k'Ug] tyf k|d'v aGg]
dxTjfsf+Ôf, cyjf ;d"xdf slanf, hfltut, gZn, /fli6«o cyjf wfld{s
k|e'Tj kfpg] dxTjfsf+Ôf .
abnfM Pp6f o:tf] ljZjf;, h;df s;}n] g}lts cf3ft k'Ug] sfd
u/]sf] 5 eg] ;hfo kfpg] of]Uo x'G5 .
ljrf/wf/fM ;femf ljrf/ k|0ffnL, h'g anzlQm jf ljrf/ l;Sg]–
l;sfpg] sfdaf6 ;+qmfds ¿kdf km}lnG5, h;n] Pp6f cfbz{ ;+;f/ lbg]
jfrf ub{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, /fi6«jfb, kmf“;Ljfb, gflhjfb, ;fDojfb /
o'4k|]dL wd{x¿ . cfbz{ ;+;f/ Pp6f o:tf] cj:yf xf], hxf“ cgGtsfn;Dd
/fd|f] e}/xG5, To;}n] o;sf] rfxgf ug]{x¿nfO cfÎgf] lj/f]wLx¿sf] lj?4
dgf]dfgL 9+un] an k|of]u ug]{ 5'6 x'G5, h:tf] ls pvfg cg';f/ æltdL s]xL
c08f gkmf]8L cDn]6 agfpg ;Sb}gf} .Æ
oL v/fa k|j[lQx¿nfO{ sfa'df /fVgsf] nflu xfdL;“u s]xL bofn' ;Eo
k|j[lQ klg 5g M
cfTd lgoGq0fM dl:tissf] cufl8 kf6f]df /x]sf] ;So'{6/L, h;n]
s'g}klg lqmofsf] bL3{sfnLg kl/0ffdsf] cg'dfg nufpg ;S5 / Tof]
lqmofnfO{ /f]Sg ;S5 .
s?0ff M c¿ s;}sf] kL8fnfO{ cg'e"lt ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf .
g}lts efjgf M c¿k|lt Gofok"0F{ cfr/0F, ;d'bfok|lt OdfGbf/L, j}wflgs
clwsf/sf] cfb/ / z'4tfsf tyf kljqtfsf] ;'/Ôf ug]{ efjgfdf s]Gb|Lt
dfGotf tyf lgÈ]wx¿sf] k|0FfnL . g}ltstfsf] efjgfn] lgikIftfsf] :t/nfO{
cjnDag ug{ ;S5 / s'g} xfgL ug]{ lqmofx¿nfO{ csNkgLo agfpg ;S5 .
-b'ef{Uojz of] lx+;fsf] klg Pp6f sf/0f x'g ;Sb5, lsgsL o;n] hfltjfb,
clt–z'4tfjfb / lg/+s'ztfdf cfwfl/t o'4lk|o ljrf/wf/fx¿nfO{ Gofo;+ut
agfpg ;S5 .
ts{M xfdLnfO{ j:t'lgi7, t6:y ljZn]if0Fsf] nflu ;Ôd agfpg]
1fgo'Qm k|s[of .
o;sf] cy{ of] x'G5 ls, dflg;x¿ lx+;fk"0f{ Jojxf/ u5{g jf ub}{gg eGg]
s'/f oL dflysf k|0ffnLx¿sf] cfk;L lqmofdfly lge{/ ub{5Ù s]jn dfgj
k|s[ltsf] cl:tTj x'g'dfqn] xfd|f] k|hfltnfO{ ;w} lx+;s x'g] cle;fk lb+b}g .
ljz]Èu/L o'4 ug]{ lg0F{o, lx+;f– pTk|]/s dg;fosf] ;+of]hgaf6 p7g
;S5 . olb of] lg0F{o s'g} lx+;f lj/f]wL cfsf+Ôfåf/f pN6fOPg h;n]
lx+;fnfO{ /f]Sg;S5, Tof] cj:yfdf cfÎgf] k|ltåGbLsf] cfqmfds cfsf+ÔfnfO{
rf]6 k'¥ofO{ zflGtk"0F{ cfsf+Ôfx¿nfO{ zlQmxLg agfOP/ lg0F{ostf{n]
cfqmfds u7aGwg kl/rfng ug{ ;S5 . o;k|sf/, o'4sf] z'?jft sof}+
dgf]j}1flgs k|s[ofx¿ ;xL tl/sfn] hDdf x'“bf / cGo k|ltalGwt
dgf]j}1flgs k|s[ofx¿af6 ar]/ lg:sg] s'/fdf lge{/ x'G5 . of] ;a}
k|lqmofx¿ cGo w]/} JolQmx¿nfO{ hf]8]/ ;fdflhs ;+hfndfkm{t ljt/0F
@# @$

x'G5 . of] k|lt:kwL{ k|efjsf] zlQmx¿ dfgj Oltxf;df Ps} ;dfg /xL
/xg'k5{ eg]/ cfzf ug'{sf] s'g} sf/0F g} 5}g .
#= dfgj :jefjsf] j}slNks tTjx¿ M
Dffgj k|s[ltsf w]/} tTjx¿ j}slNks -jftfj/0fLo 9+un] ;+j]bgzLn _ 5g,
hnLo -;dl:ylt_ xf]Og . o'4af6 5'6sf/f kfpg c;Dej ePsf] dgf]efjgf
vf;u/L xfd|f] Ps dfgl;s 5ljsf] sf/0f x'G5 . h;df lx+;f ug]{ k|]/0ffnfO{
Ps ;dl:ylt zlQm dflgG5 . Hofbf ;] Hofbf o;nfO{ cGt} kmsf{pg jf
lbzfpGd'v ug{ ;lsG5 t/ o;nfO{ cgGtsfn;Dd bafpg eg] ;ls“b}g .
xfd|f] lx+;fsf] af/]df ljrf/ ug]{ tl/sf dfgj k|]/0ffdf ;dl:yltsf] efjgf
ulx/fO{;Dd cjl:yt x'G5 . o;df dgf]ljZn]if0f, cfr/0fzf:q /
Jojxf/zf:qåf/f j}1flgs 5fk nufO;s]sf] 5 -k|]/0ff Go"gLs/0fsf]
axfgfdf_ / of] ;dl:y/tf ;fOa/g]l6s ljrf/;“u d]n vfG5, h;n] Pp6f
clek|fo rqm s'g} klg c;Gt'ngnfO{ 6f9f u/]/ s'g} k|0ffnLnfO{ l:y/
cj:yfdf /flv/xG5 . of] xfd|f] JolQmk/s cg'ej;“u klg d]n vfG5 . s'g}
klg dflg; vfgf, kfgL / lgGb|f lagf af“Rg ;Sb}g / ;Def]u gu/L a:g',
xfO /f]Sg', xf“R5o' jf lrnfPsf] /f]Sg' jf dn–d"q Tofu /f]Sg' cflb 7"nf]
r'gf}tL x'G5 .
t/ ;a} dfgj k|ltlqmofx¿ ;dl:ylt x'G5g eg]/ ;f]Rg' 7"nf] e"n
x'G5 . w]/}h;f] cj;/jfbL, k|ltlqmofTds / ;+sfout x'G5gM ltgLx¿
Jfftfj/0fLo bafj, af]w tyf efjgfTds cj:yfx¿sf] ;lDd>0fx¿n]
pTkGg x'G5g . ljsf;qmd;“u} pTkGg x'g] p“rfO{, ;k{, aGb 7fp“, ulx/f]
kfgL, cyjf dfs'/fsf] 8/ cflbnfO{ ljrf/ u/f}+ . olb sf]xL ;fksf] 8/
hGdhft lnP/ hGd]sf] 5, t/ p;n] ;fk slxn] klg b]v]sf] 5}g eg] pm
hLjge/ Tof] 8/sf] cg'ej gu/Lsg af“Rg ;S5 . o;sf c¿ pbfx/0fx¿df
sfDg', k|]ddf kg'{ / of}ghGo O{iof{nfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsG5 .
o;/L g} lx+;fTds lbzftkm{ n}hfg] k|]/0ff klg ;dl:ylt x'g' h?/L
5}g . s;}nfO{ klg rf]6 k'¥ofpg] OR5f dgdf bx|f];“u hfu]/ cfp“5 /
To;nfO{ ;do ;dodf k"/f ug'{ kb{5 eg]/ dflg/xg' kg]{ s'g} sf/0f 5}g .
lx+;fsf] l;nl;nfdf, ha lx+;fsf] kLl8tn] cfkmgf] arfj ub{5, of pm jf
p;sf] gft]bf/ cfkm}+n] abnf lnG5, jf p;n] klxn] g} lgjf/s xdnf ub{5
ta rf]6 nfUg] jf d[To' x'g] dxTjk"0f{ hf]lvd x'G5 . k|fs[lts 5gf}6sf]
l;4fGtn] of] eGb5 ls, cg"s"ng ta ljsl;t x'G5 ha p;sf] cg'dflgt
d"No p;sf] cg'dflgt kmfObfeGbf a9]/ hfG5 . xfdLdf lx+;faf/] ;dl:ylt
k|j[lQsf] xf]Og, a? kl/l:yltk|lt ;+j]bgzLn k|j[lQsf] ljsf; x'g] cfzf
x'g'kb{5 . o;df lzsf/ / zf]if0fnfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsG5, hxf“ sd
hf]lvddfly zf]if0f ug]{ df}sf kfOG5Ù k|e'Tj, ha s;}sf] k'?ifTjdf dxTjk"0f{
bz{sx¿sf] ;fd'Gg]df cfz+sf k|:t't ul/G5Ù k|ltzf]w, ckdfg of rf]6sf]
sf/0f b08 lbg' -clg cufl8sf] nflu /f]Sg'_Ù pkb|j, hxf“ s'g} nfdf] ;dob]lv
rlncfPsf] vt/f ca sdhf]/ ¿kdf b]lvg' . olb o:tf] df}sf cfp“b}gYof] eg]–
pbfx/0fsf] nflu, olb sf]xL ;'Jojl:yt, dWod juL{o hLjg af“R5, h;df s'g}
uDeL/ wDsL ckdfg x'“b}g– lx+;fTds k|ltlqmof lbg] k|j[lQ slxn] klg ;lqmo x“'b}g,
7Ls To:t} h:tf] ljiffn' ;k{sf] 8/ x'G5 . jftfj/0fLo ;Defjgfx¿k|ltsf] oxL
;+j]bgzLntfn] ;xL kl/l:yltdf /fh g]tfx¿sf] o'4 z'? ug]{ OR5fnfO{ /f]Sg
;Sb5 .
$= dfgj 1fg Pp6f v'nf–cl;ldt pTkfbs k|0ffnL xf]
xfdLnfO{ lx+;f ug{af6 /f]Sg] w]/} dgf]j}1flgs Ôdtfx¿dWo] Ps xf]M
1fg k|0ffnL, h;n] dflg;nfO{ ;f]r ljrf/ ug]{ Ifdtf lbG5 . ljj]s Ps
o:tf] ;lDdlnt k|0ffnL xf] h;n] ljzfn ;+Vofdf :ki6 ljrf/ pTkGg ug{
;Sb5 . h;/L xfdL s]xL xhf/ zAbx¿ hfGb5f}+ t/ jfSo–/rgfsf]
lgod cg';f/ xfdL tL zAbx¿nfO{ s/f]8f}+–c/af}+ jfSox¿ Afgfpg ;Sb5f+},
To;}u/L xfd|f] dfgl;s vhfgfdf ePsf] sNkgf / To;eGbf a9L 1fg
k|lqmofsf] dfWodaf6 xfdL c;+Vo k|sf/sf :ki6 ljrf/x¿df abNg ;Sb5f}+
-lk+s/ !(($, !((&, !(((_ . dflg;x¿sf] nflu ;Dej sNkgfsf] oxL
7fp“leq ljZjf;, ldys, syf, wd{, ljrf/ l;4fGt, cGwljZjf; / ;xh
tyf cf}krfl/s l;4fGtx¿ /xG5g, h;af6 xfd|f] lrGtg pTkGg x'G5 /
efiffsf] dfWodaf6 Tof] ;fdflhs ;+hfn;Dd k'Ub5, hxf“ ltgLx¿ c´} w]/}
kl/is[t x'G5g / cGo ljrf/x¿;“u ldNb5g . ;xL ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf–
;fIf/tf, v'nf ax;, dflg; / ljrf/x¿sf] :jtGqtf, ;';+ut tfls{stf,
@% @^

cg'ejhGo k/LIf0f– log} ljrf/x¿sf] dfWodåf/f c;n lj1fg, uxg
ul0ftLo ;"q / pkof]uL cfljisf/ pTkGg x'g;Sb5 .
h;/L xfd|f] k|hfltn] cfkmgf] 1fg zlQmsf] e/df dxfdf/L / clgsfndfly
lgoGq0f k|fKt u/]sf 5g, To;/L g} xfdL o;sf] k|of]un] o'4sf] >fkaf6 klg
5'6sf/f kfpg ;Sb5f+} . o'4af6 ul/Psf] n'6 en} nf]e nfUbf] lsg gxf];, l9nf],
l56f] dfG5]n] of] s'/f cjZo a'emg] 5g ls cfh lhTg] ef]ln xf5{ / cfh xfg]{n]
ef]ln lhTb5 . To;}n] ;asf] enfO{ o;}df 5 ls s'g}klg lsl;dn] ;a}
dflg;x¿n] Ps;fyn] xltof/sf] Tofu ug{ /fhL xf}+ . r'gf}tL o;df 5 ls
s;/L csf]{ JolQmnfO{ cfk"m;“u Ps;fy xltof/ la;fpg dgfpg], lsgsL
PstkmL{ zflGtsf] 3f]if0ffn] ;dfhdf o'4k|]dL l5d]sLx¿åf/f cfqmd0fsf] vt/f
eO{ g} /xG5 .
of] s'/f dfGgsf] nflu xfd|f] sNkgfnfO{ w]/} hf]/ lbg cfjZos 5}g ls,
o; ;d:ofnfO{ ;'N´fpg dfgj k|ltef / cg'ejnfO{ qmd};“u k|of]u
ul/Psf] 5 . 7Ls To;/L g} h;/L csfn / ladf/Laf6 d'lQm kfpgnfO{
ul/of] . dfgj 1fgåf/f g]tf / cfd hgtfx¿nfO{ o'4af6 cnu /fVg
;lsPsf s]xL pbfx/0fx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g M
• ;/sf/n] zf]if0fo'Qm cfqmd0fnfO{ u}/sfg'gL 3f]lift u/]sf] sf/0f
ck]Ôf ul/Psf] kmfObf eGbf sfg"gL ;hfo a9L ePsf]n] cfqmd0f ug]{
rfxgfdf sdL cfPsf] 5 . o;n] pN6}, zf]if0fdf k/]sf] ;Defljt kLl8tn]
zf]if0fstf{sf] lj?4df n8fs' xfpefp sfod u/]/ 8/ b]vfpg], 36gfkl5
abnf lng] rfxgfdf klg sdL NofPsf] 5 .
• nf]stGqsf] ;+oGq ;lxt ;/sf/dfly c+s'z, tf ls ;/sf/n]
gful/sx¿af6 cfk"mn] k|fKt u/]sf] clwsf/eGbf Hofbf k|of]u u/L
pgLx¿dfly HofbtL ug{ g;sf]; .
• jfl0fHosf] ;+/rgfn] ubf{ j:t'x¿sf] n'6kf6 ug'{eGbf vl/b ug'{
;:tf] ePsf] 5 h;n] dflg;sf] hLjgnfO{ d[teGbf hLljt clws
d"Nojfg agfOlbPsf] 5 .
• Ps cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfo, h;n] dflg;x¿ aLr clx+;fTds
;xof]unfO{ km}nfpg ;S5, h'g j[xt dfqfdf ltgLx¿sf] cg'¿k x'G5g
h;n] dflg;x¿nfO{ pgLx¿s} ;d'bfo tyf sfo{ :yndf sfd ug]{ /
;xof]u k|fKt ug]{ cg'dlt lbG5 .
• ljleGg ;/sf/x¿sf] ;+u7g h;n] Jofkf/nfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg],
ljjfbnfO{ xn ug]{, o'4sf] l:yltnfO{ 6fg]{, sfg'gsf] pNn+3g x'g glbg] /
cfqmd0fsf/LnfO{ ;hfo lbg] sfo{ ug{ ;S5 .
• cfqmfdstfsf] k|lt dfkg ul/Psf k|ltlqmofx¿, h:t} cfly{s
k|ltaGw, eG;f/ k|ltaGw, k|tLsfTds 3f]È0ffx¿, clx+;fTds k|ltsf/sf
pkfox¿ / ;a} lsl;dsf k|ltzf]wsf] lj/f]wsf] ¿kdf ;dfg'kflts
k|ltsf/nfO{ lng ;lsG5 .
• d]nldnfksf dfkb08x¿ h:t}Ù ;df/f]x, :d[lt:tDe, ;To lg¿k0f
cfof]u, cf}krfl/s Ifdf ofrgf, k"j{ zq'x¿;“u ;Demf}tf cflb, h;n] b'Zdgx¿;“u
abnfsf] efjgfnfO{ d]6fP/ ;Demf}tfnfO{ bx|f] agfp“b5g .
• dfgj clwsf/, ljZj aGw'Tj, a9bf] ;xfg'e"lt / o'4sf] ljeT;tfsf]
efg cflb dfgjLo ljrf/wf/fx¿ h;n] /fi6«jfb, ;}Gojfb, k|ltzf]w /
cfbz{jfbsf] cGt/f{li6«o :t/df ;fdgf ug{ ;S5 .
dflg;x¿sf] aLrdf k|foMh;f] o'4df kl/0ft x'g] ;DefjgfnfO{ dfly
pNn]lvt / cGo 1fgsf] k|lqmofx¿n] k|z:t dfqfdf sd ul/lbPsf] 5 .
-?;]6 Pj+ cf]lnn @))!Ù n+u tyf j|]s @))#Ù Do"n/ @))$Ù @)!)Ù
Un]l8if @))*Ù uf]N8l:6g @)!!Ù dfgj ;'/Iff l/kf]6{ kl/of]hgf– @)!!_ .
dfgj rft'o{tfsf oLdWo] w]/} pTkfbgx¿, pbf/jfbL jf sfG6jfbL zflGt
l;4fGtdf p7fOPsf 5g, tL 1fgL ljrf/sx¿sf] pNn]v oxf“ ;'xfp“bf] 5 .
ljj]s tyf hfu/0f sfnsf cGo /fhgLlts ljrf/sx¿ h:t} n“s, xo'd /
:kLgf]hfn] h:t} sf06n] klg clx+;fnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg] vfnsf] kl/l:ylt tyf
dfgj 1fgsf] ;lDdlnt k|lj|mofx¿dfly l;4fGtx¿ lbP . d]/f] dfGotf 5 ls
dgf]lj1fg tyf /fhgLltsf] cfk;L ldng s'g} ;+of]usf] s'/f lyPg .
lgisif{
;don] dfq} atfpg ;Snf ls o'4df sdL cfpg' dfgj kl/l:yltsf]
:yfoL cj:yf xf] jf c:yfoL zflGt, cyjf dfq tYofÍsf] s'g} ljlrqtf .
@& @*

t/ dnfO{ nfU5, Tof] cGtaf]{w h;n] dfgjLo k|s[ltsf] lx+;fTds kIfnfO{
;Dej agfp“5, o;sf] ktg jf:tljs x'g;S5 eGg] lsl;dsf]] ;Gb]xnfO{
d}n] x6fOlbg' kYof]{ . dfgj Oltxf;sf] ljsf;sf] qmddf lx+;fdf lglZrt
sdL dfq cfPsf] 5}g, of] sdL dfgjtfsf] jqm agfj6sf] efjgf/lxt
d"NofÍg;“u k'/} ldNbf]h'Nbf] 5 . dfgj k|s[ltsf] 1fg tyf ljsf;fTds
dgf]lj1fg dfly cfwfl/t cfw'lgs wf/0ffn] of] ;'´fj lbG5 ls xfd|f]
k|hflt rfx] hlt;'s} bf]ifk"0f{ g} lsg gxf]; p;df cfkmgf] v/fa k|j[lQ
dfly lgoGq0f ug{;Sg] Ifdtf x'G5 . dfgj k|s[lt s'g} Ps :jefj of
k|j[lQ xf]Og, a? of] ljleGg tGqx¿ o'Qm Ps hl6n k|0ffnL xf], h;df
lx+;fTds / To;nfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ b'j}} lsl;dsf k|j[lQx¿sf] pkl:ylt
x'G5 . ;fy;fy} lx+;fTds k|j[lQx¿ s'g} k|an, ;dl:ylt zlQm xf]Og, a?
s'g} ljlzi6 kl/l:yltx¿df k|ltlqmof lbg] vfnsf] dgf]efjgf xf], hf] ;do
;“u;“u} ablng ;S5 . lx+;fnfO{ k|ltalGwt ug]{ vfnsf] Pp6f k|j[lQ v'nf
;lDdlnt k|0ffnL xf], h;df c;+Vo ljrf/ pTkGg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf 5 /
tL ljrf/x¿df Tof] ljrf/ klg ;dfj]z 5 h;n] o'4sf] ;DefjgfnfO{
sdhf]/ kfg{ ;Sb5 .
p4/0fM
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@( #)

#! #@
#
zflGtsf] cy{zf:qM wgL l5d]sL x'g' s;/L
/fd|f] s'/f xf] .
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olb Pp6f JolQmn] s]xL kfpF5 eg] s] csf]{ JolQmn] s]xL u'dfpg cfjZos
5 < s] Pp6f b]zsf] kmfObf csf]{ b]znfO{ gf]S;fgL k'¥ofP/ dfq} x'g;S5 < s]
lg/Gt/ ;+3if{ g} dfgj ;d"xsf] lgolt xf] < Odfg'on df6L{g Ps cy{zf:qL tyf
cfly{s cWoog ;+:yf– OlG:6Ro'6 km/ Osf]gf]lds :6l8h– o'/f]ksf sfo{sf/L
lgb]{zs x'g . o'/f]k tyf clk|msfdf sfo{qmd cfof]lht ug'{sf] ;fy–;fy} pgL
UnMondeLibre.org tyf LibreAfrique.org sf] ;+:yfks ;Dkfbs klg
eO;s]sf 5g . pgsf] n]v k|mfG;sf] Le Cercle des Échos tyf Les
Échos, O6nLsf] Il Foglio, a]lNhodsf] L’Écho, df]/Ssf]sf] Libération
/ b jfn l:6«6 hg{n o'/f]k cflbsf k|sfzgx¿df 5flkPsf] 5 .
æo'4df /fi6«sf] xfgL jf:tljs nfuteGbf cTolws w]/} x'G5 Ù
o;sf] cltl/Qm, tL rLhx¿sf] klg gf]S;fg x'G5 h'g o'4 gx'“bfv]/Ldf
kfpg ;lsGYof]Æ –hLg AoflK6:6 ;] @$
;kmn / c;kmn x'g]x¿
w]/} dflg;x¿ dfGb5g ls olb s'g} Ps JolQmn] kmfObf sdfpg'
eg]sf] csf]{ JolQmn] gf]S;fgL Joxf]g'{ xf] . o:tf dflg;x¿ of] dfGb5g ls
JolQmx¿sf] aLr kmfObf / gf]S;fgLsf] s'nof]u z"Go x'G5 . cyf{t Pslt/
kmfObf x'G5 t s'g} csf]{lt/ Tolt g} gf]S;fg cjZo x'G5 . To;cg';f/,
hf] dflg;x¿ of] s'/fdf ljZjf; ub{5g, pgLx¿n] s;}nfO{ ;d[4 ePsf]
b]v] eg] t'?Gt s;nfO{ gf]S;fgL eof] eg]/ vf]hL ug{nfO{ z'? ub{5g .
olb ;d[l4sf] nflu oxL Psdfq ;Dej df]8]n xf] eg], ;fdflhs ;+3if{
;j{JofkL / o'4 ckl/xfo{ x'g] lyof] .
;f}efUojz ;d[l4 k|fKt ug]{ csf]{ af6f] klg 5 h;df Pssf] kmfObfdf
csf{nfO{ a/fa/ xflg gf]S;fgL x'“b}g . clxn]sf] ;+;f/ o;sf] ;aeGbf /fd|f]
pbfx/0f xf] . ;+;f/e/L dflg;x¿sf] cfDbfgLdf j:t'tM j[l4 ePsf] 5 .
dflg;x¿sf] cfo', :jf:Yo tyf ;DklQdf klxn]sf] t'ngfdf w]/} g} a9]/ uPsf]
5 . s]jn yf]/} dflg;x¿ dfq ;d[4 eO/x]sf 5}gg, ljZj hg;+Vofsf] 7"nf]
efun] of] s'/f k|fKt ul//x]sf] 5 .
s'g}–s'g} cj:yfdf, of] klg ;f“rf] xf] ls s'g} JolQmsf] kmfObf bf];|f]sf]
xfgL–gf]S;fgLaf6 g} x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, Pp6f rf]/n] s]xL lrhj:t' rf]b{5
eg], Tof] rf]/n] kmfObf rf]/L ePsf] dflg;sf] gf]S;fgLdf sdfp“b5 . t/
kmfObf rf]/L afx]s c¿ 5'§} sfd u/]/ klg sdfpg ;lsG5 h:t}M sfd,
cfljisf/, vf]h, nufgL / ljlgdo cflb u/]/ .
;j{sfnLg dxfg cy{zf:qLx¿ dWo]] Psn] ;Lwf / :ki6;“u JofVof
u/L atfPsf 5g ls s;/L tkfO{+sf] kmfObf d]/f] klg kmfObf x'g;Sb5 . o;f]
ul//x“bf, pgn] ef}lts ;d[l4sf] nflu dfq geP/ zflGtsf] nflu klg cy{tGqnfO{
cfwf/sf] ¿kdf JofVof u/]sf 5g . hLg – AoflK6:6 ;] -!&^&–!*#@_ nfO{
slxn]sf“xL æk|mflG;;L P8d l:dyÆ klg elgG5 , t/ ;f“rf] cy{df pgn] P8d
l:dysf] ljrf/nfO{ k|;f/ dfq u/]gg, a? l:dysf] ljrf/nfO{ dxTjk"0f{ ¿kn]
cl3 a9fP .
l:dy h:t} pgL o'4, pklgj]zjfb, bf;tf, jfl0fHojfbsf] cfnf]rs
/ zflGt, :jtGqtf, d'lQm / :jtGq Jofkf/sf] ;dy{s lyP . pgn] P8d
l:dyeGbf cufl8 a9]/ ;]jfx¿sf] d"Nosf] JofVof dfq u/]gg -jf:tjdf,
ef}lts j:t'x¿sf] d"Nox¿ ltgLx¿sf] xfdLnfO{ lbg] ;]jfx¿df lge{/
x'G5_, a? j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿sf] lgdf{0f g} cGo j:t' tyf ;fdfu|Lx¿sf]
dfusf] ;|f]t x'G5 egL JofVof u/] . To;nfO{ slxn]sf“xL ;]sf] ahf/sf]
lgod elgG5 . :y'n cy{zf:qsf nflu dfq geP/ ;fdfGotofM ;fdflhs
;DaGwx¿sf nflu / ljz]if ¿kdf cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwsf nflu klg of]
Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ b[li6sf]0f xf]] . olb dflg;x¿ Jofkf/ ug{ :jtGq x'G5g
eg] Ps ;d"xsf] al9/x]sf] ;Dklt csf]{sf] nflu xflgsf/s x'“b}g, lsgls
Ps hgfsf] Jofkfl/s ;fem]bf/sf] al9/x]sf] ;d[l4sf] dtna csf]{sf]
nflu w]/} j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿sf] dfudf k|efjsf/L j[l4 x'g' xf] .
v'Nnf ahf/sf lj/f]wLx¿, ljz]ifu/L cfly{s /fi6«jfbL / jfl0fHojfbLx¿
ts{ lbG5g, olb Pp6f b]z wgL alg/x]sf] 5 eg] s'g} csf]{ b]zsf] cjZo
klg gf]S;fgL eO/x]sf] x'G5 . pgLx¿ ;+;f/nfO{ æz"Go–hf]8 v]nsf] b[li6n]

## #$
x]b{5g, cyf{t k|flKtsf] s'n of]u z"Go x'G5 Ù olb sf]xL JolQmn] s]xL kfp“5
-æhf]8Æ_, eg] c¿ s;}n] gf]S;fgL Joxf]5{ -æ36fpÆ_ . ;]n] of] s'/f unt
5 eg]/ k|dfl0ft ul/lbP . o;n] zflGtsf] nflu dxTj /fVb5, lsgls
o;sf] dtna xf] ls b]zx¿ ;“u;“u} ;d[4 aGg ;Sb5g, lsgls :j]R5fsf]
Jofkf/af6 ;a}nfO{ kmfObf x'G5 . Jofkf/ æ;sf/fTds–hf]8Æ v]n x'G5,
cyf{t k|flKtx¿sf] hf]8 ;sf/fTds x'G5 . o;sf] ljkl/t, ;+3if{ tyf o'4,
z"Go–hf]8 v]n eGbfklg v/fa x'G5, h;df Pp6fsf] nfe bf];|f]sf] xfgL
a/fa/ x'G5 . o'4 nueu ;w+} g} gs/fTds–hf]8 v]n x'G5, h;df gf]S;fgLsf]
s'n of]u k|fKt nfeeGbf w]/} x'G5 / o'4df k|foMh;f] b'j}} kIfsf] Iflt g}
x'G5 .
pTkfbs–pkef]Qmfx¿sf] ;+;f/
æ/fi6«x¿nfO{ of] 1fg l;sfOg] 5 ls ltgLx¿nfO{ Ps csf{sf]
lj?4df n8gnfO{ vf;} OR5f x'g]5}gÙ xf/sf] sf/0fn] cfpg] ;+s6
pgLx¿ ;a}n] ;fdgf ug'{kb{5, hasL lhtsf] kmfObf ;du|df
Pp6f e|d dfq x'G5 .Æ@%
–lhg AoflK6:6 ;]
;]n] :ki6 u/]sf 5g ls ljlgdo cy{Joj:yfdf dflg;nfO{ pTkfbs
tyf pkef]Qmf b'j} ¿kdf x]l/g' kb{5, pTkfbg ug'{sf] cy{ æj:t'nfO{
pkof]lutfsf] ¿k lbP/ d"No lbg' xf] .Æ@^
pBf]usf] k|ultsf] dfkb08, gof“
j:t' pTkfbg ug{ ;Sg] / eO/x]sf] pTkfbgsf] d"Nodf sdL Nofpg ;Sg]
Ôdtfn] lgwf{/0f u5{ . ha clws ;fdu|Lsf] pTkfbg x'G5, ta To;
j:t'sf] d"No a9g'sf] ;f6f] sd x'g hfG5, o;sf] cy{ of] x'G5 ls
pkef]Qmfx¿;“u csf]{ pTkfbg vl/b ug{nfO{ cltl/Qm k};f aRb5 .
;]n] :ki6 u/]sf 5g ls æpkof]lutfÆ lgdf{0f ug{sf] nflu pBdL
cToGt dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g . ;] :jo+ cfkm}df pBdL lyP, pgL æpBd ug]{Æ
JolQmsf] e"ldsf a'´bYo] . Pp6f o:tf] JolQm, hf] gof“ pBdL sfo{sf]
lhDdf lnG5g / yf]/}eGbf yf]/} nfutdf ;fdu|L tyf ;]jfx¿sf] pTkfbg
ug{sf nflu af6f] vf]Hb5g -o;}nfO{ pTkfbgdf æd"No s6f}tLÆ elgG5_ .
;]n] pBdLx¿sf] ahf/df dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsfsf] af/]df :ki6 u/]sf 5g .
pBdLx¿nfO{ k|foMh;f] b"/bzL{ k|ltefsf] ¿kdf x]l/Psf] 5, hf];“u c;fwf/0f
Ifdtf / ahf/, k|ljlw, pTkfbg, ?rL / dflg;x¿sf] af/]df w]/} 1fg
x'G5 . t/ ;]sf] egfO{ lyof] ls xfdLx¿dWo] ;a}eGbf æ;fwf/0f dflg;Æ n]
klg pBdzLntfsf] sfd ug{ ;Sb5 .
sd eGbf sd nfutdf pTkfbg ug{;Sg] af6f] vf]Hg' g} pBdzLntfnfO{
a'emg] Ps tl/sf xf], h;åf/f b'n{e ;+;fwgx¿nfO{ c¿sf] dfu k"/f ug{df
nufpg ;lsof]; . sf/vfgfsf >ldsx¿n] yf]/} ;dodf Tolt g} pTkfbg
ug]{ tl/sf vf]Hb5gÙ ls;fgx¿n] afnLnfO{ sd ;dod} hf]Tg] / uf]8g]
Joj:yf ub{5gÙ /]i6'/“fsf] dflns dflg;x¿ sfdaf6 slQv]/ 5'6b5g eGg]
s'/fdf Wofg lbG5g, tfls To; ;dodf vfgf tof/ ug{ ;lsof]; . oL
;a}hgf sd ;dodf s;/L a9L pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ x]l//x]sf
x'G5g . ljlgdosf] Joj:yf ug'{ klg pTkfbgsf] Pp6f k|sf/ xf]Ù o;n]
b'n{e j:t'x¿nfO{ To;a]nf pknAw u/fp“b5, hj ltgLx¿ s'g} :yfg of
;dodf ;fdfGotofM pknAw x'“b}gg / of] n]gb]gaf6 b'j}} kIfsf] lxt x'G5,
To;} sf/0fn] ubf{ ljlgdo ul/G5 .Æ@&
æ;]]sf] lgodÆ / kf/:kfl/s nfe
;]sf] ahf/sf] lgod cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ a'emg d2t ug]{ Pp6f o:tf]
zlQmzfnL ;}4flGts /rgf xf] h;nfO{ æ;]sf] ahf/sf] lgodÆ elgG5 .
cfkmgf] !*)# df n]lvPsf] k|l;4 k':ts l6«l6h cg kf]lnl6sn Osf]gf]dLsf]
“Débouchés” -k|m]Gr efiffdf ljqmo :yn of æahf/Æ_, sf] Pp6f
cWofodf ;] j0f{g ub{5g æof] pTkfbg g} xf], h;n] j:t'sf] dfusf] ;[hgf
ub{5Æ,@*
lsgsL, æpTkflbt j:t'x¿, pTkflbt j:t'x¿;“u ljlgdo ul/G5gÆ,
kl5 klg of] ljrf/nfO{ ;+Ô]kLs/0f ul/of] . æcfk'lt{n] cfkmgf] dfu cfkm}
agfp“b5Æ eGg] jfSosf] >]o af/Daf/ æ;]Æ nfO{ lbOG5, h'gs'/f pgsf]
cGtb{[li6sf] pkxf; xf] . ;] eGg rfxGy] ls ;+;f/ ;d[4 x“'b} uO/x]sf] 5
/ xfdL 7Ls ToxL s'/f b]lv/x]sf 5f}+ . ;]sf] ;doeGbf ;+;f/sf] cf};t
;Dkltdf w]/} u'0ff j[l4 ePsf] 5, ul/aL 36]sf] 5 / :jf:Yo, ;fIf/tf, cfo'

/ pkef]Uo ;fdu|L;Dd u/Lax¿sf] kx'“r a9]sf] 5 . pgL ljZjdf ;d[l4
a9g'sf] sf/0f / Jofkf/ ug]{x¿df ;DklQ a9g] k|lqmofnfO{ a'emg]x¿ dWo]
cu|0fL lyP . cfhsf] lg/; cy{zf:qLo efiffdf o;nfO{ æcfly{s j[l4sf]
cGt/Ô]lqo l;4fGt,Æ elgG5, h;df Ps pTkfbs÷If]q÷b]zsf] j[l4 cGo
pTkfbs÷If]q÷b]zx¿sf] nflu j[l4 jf dfusf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5 . ha
xfdL o; s'/fsf] af/]df ;f]R5f+}, of] ;f“r} g}} x]g{nfO{ Psbd} /fd|f] 5 .
ha Jofkf/Lx¿n] cfkmgf] ljlzi6 pTkfbg clws dfqfdf pTkfbg
ub{5g ta pgLx¿ c¿sf] nflu clws pkof]lutf lgdf{0f ub{5g . tL
c¿ pTkfbgdf ljz]if1tfsf] dfWodaf6 c¿ a9L pkof]lutf lgdf{0f
ub{5g, h;n] ljlgdonfO{ ;'ljwfo'Qm agfp“b5, Psn] csf{sf] vl/b ug]{
x'“bf k|To]sdf æclws qmozlQmÆ x'G5 . Pshgf csf{ dxfg k|mflG;;L
cy{zf:qL Hofs; ?Pkmsf] zAbdf– x/]snfO{ p;n] c¿sf] nflu l;h{gf
u/]sf] pkof]lutfsf] sf/0f c´ w]/} æxsÆ k|fKt x'G5, / of] xsn] x/]snfO{
c¿af6 c´} w]/} kfpgsf] nflu ;Ôd agfp“b5 .
pTkfbgsf] ljlgdosf] ;Gbe{df kf/:kl/s kmfObf a9bf] x'G5 . d d]/f]
l5d]sLsf] lgldQ clws pkof]lutf l;h{gf u/]/ wgL aGb5' eg] d]/f]
l5d]sL d]/f nflu clwstd pkof]lutfx¿ l;h{gf u/]/ wgL aGb5g . d
wgL ePsf] sf/0fn] d]/f] l5d]sLaf6 clwstd vl/b ug{ ;Sb5', h;sf/0f
d]/f] l5d]sL klg wgL aGb} hfg]5g . :ki6 5 ls s'g} ;fgf] jf aGb cy{
Joj:yfdf >d ljefhg / pTkfbgsf] ;Defjgf ;Lldt x'G5, t/ 7"nf]
ahf/df clws JolQm, Joj;foL tyf pBf]ux¿ ;dIf clws ;Defjgfx¿
v'Nnf /xG5g . h;/L P8d l:dyn] ;] eGbf cufl8 g} eg]sf lyP,
æ>dsf] ljefhgnfO{ ahf/sf] cfsf/n] ;Lldt ub{5 .Æ@(
;]n] o;nfO{
cufl8 a9fp“b} eg], æhlt w]/} pTkfbs / pTkfbgx¿sf] ljljwtf x'G5,
pgLx¿sf] nflu Tolt g} tTsfn, w]/} / Jofks ahf/ x'G5 .Æ#)
;]n] pTkfbgx¿sf] ljlgdosf] ;sf/fTds hf]8 v]nsf] j0f{g u/]sf lyP .
:j]lR5s ljlgdodf d]/f] u|fxs wgL x'G5, of] d]/f] nflu v';Lsf] va/ xf] .
o;sf] ljkl/t, olb pm u/La eof] eg], of] d]/f] nflu w]/} g} b'Mvsf] va/
x'G5 . ;]sf] zAbdf – æJofkf/sf] Pp6f zfvfsf] ;kmntfn] vl/bsf] c¿
clws ;fwgx¿ h'6fp“b5 / kl/0ffd:j¿k ahf/sf cGo c¿ ;a} zfvfx¿sf]
#%
pTkfbgsf] nflu vf]nL lbG5Ù t/ pTkfbg of Jofkf/sf] Pp6f l:y/tfn],
af“sL ;a}df k|efj kfb{5 .Æ#!
;]n] :ki6 u/] ls cfly{s ljsf; cfkm}df l6sfp k|0ffnL xf], h'g
-cfw'lgs lg/; efiffdf_ jf:tljs ¿kdf, æcfGtl/s j[l4 dfly cfwfl/t
x'G5M æahf/sf] cfsf/Æ, pTkfbgdfly lge{/ x'G5, h'g ljlzi6tfsf] :t/
tyf >d ljefhgsf] nflu cToGt dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 / o; k|sf/ cfGtl/s
¿kn] j[l4 x'g] x'G5 . w]/} pTkfbgn] w]/} qmozlQmnfO{ a9fp“5, h;af6
ahf/sf] cfsf/ cem} a9b5, h;af6 cem w]/} pTkfbgsf] cj;/ k|fKt
x'G5 .
ljsf;sf] k|s[of :ki6 ¿kdf j[l4zLn / ljsf;jfbL x'G5, To;}sf/0f,
;]sf] ;dodf k|mfG;]nL dflg;x¿ k|mfG;df – ærfN;{ 5}6f}+sf] bogLo
/fHosfnsf] t'ngfdf kf“r jf 5 u'0ff w]/} j:t'x¿sf] vl/b clg laqmL
ub{y]Æ .#@
>d ljefhg / ljlzi6tfn] pBf]ux¿sf] ;+Vof a9fp“b5 / pgLx¿sf]
gof“ zfvfx¿ -zfvfx¿sf] klg zfvf_ lgld{t ub{5g . ahf/ cy{Joj:yf
lg/Gt/ ultdf /lx/xg] k|lj|mof xf] .
;] cfkmgf] ;dosf] cGo cy{zf:qLx¿sf] t'ngfdf clws cfzfjfbL
lyP . cefjsf] ;f]raf6 lrlGtt /xg'sf] ;f6f], pgn] dflg;x¿åf/f pTkfbg
ug]{ / ;Dklt l;h{gf ug]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbP / atfP ls, s;/L o;
lsl;dsf]] pTkfbg cGo dflg;x¿sf] nflu klg o:t} sfd ug{sf] nflu k"j{
z{t x'G5 / pTkfbg tyf ljlgdo ;sf/fTds–hf]8 v]n x'G5 . ;]sf]
cg';f/, cefjdfly pBdzLntf, ;]jf, ljlgdo / cljisf/åf/f sfa' kfpg
;lsG5 . o; k|sf/ pgL yf]d; dfNy;sf] h:t} cefjaf6 lrlGtt lyPgg,
hf];“u ;]n] ljjfb u/] . ;]n] ;d[l4sf] cy{zf:qnfO{ a'‰g / vf]Hg vf]h] /
dfNy;åf/f ul/Psf] dfgj eljiosf] lg/fzfhgs lrq0f lj?4 ts{ u/] .
;] ;xL l;4 eP / dfNy; unt .
cGt{/fli6«o :t/df ;]sf] lgodsf] k|of]u .
rfx] b]zsf] ;Ldfleq xf]; jf aflx/, l5d]sLnfO{ gf]S;fg kfg'{ eg]sf]
cfkm}nfO{ gf]S;fg ug'{ ;/x xf] . æk|To]s JolQm ;a}sf] ;d[l4;“u hf]l8Psf]
x'G5==== / pBf]usf] Pp6f zfvfsf] ;kmntfn] cGo ;a} zfvfx¿nfO{
#^

;kmntfsf] lbzftkm{ lnP/ hfG5 .Æ##
jf:tjdf, b]zleqsf dflg;x¿nfO{
s'g} csf]{ zx/ jf pBf]usf] ;kmntf af/]df lj/f]w u/]sf] sd} kfp“b5f}Ù
clwsf+z dflg;x¿ of] s'/fnfO{ /fd|/L a'emb5g ls olb k|mflG;;L ls;fgx¿
;kmn eO/x]sf 5g eg], o;n] k|mflG;;L zx/sf >ldsx¿nfO{ klg /fd|f]
eO/x]sf] x'G5 / ;x/sf] sf/Lu/sf] ;kmntf klg ls;fgx¿sf] nflu lxts/
;flat x'G5 .
Zfx/ ahf/sf dflg;x¿åf/f ufp“sf dflg;x¿;“u / ufp“sf
dflg;x¿åf/f zx/sf dflg;x¿;“u ljlgdo u/L kmfObf sdfpg] oxL
Pp6f ;f“rf] >f]t xf]Ù b'j}}n] hlt w]/} pTkfbg ub{5g, Tolt g} a9L u'0f:tl/o
pTkfbgx¿ Vfl/b ug{ ;Sb5g M
s'g} pAhfp, ;d[4 If]qsf] glhs /x]sf] zx/df wgL u|fxsx¿ a9L
;+Vofdf kfOG5gÙ o; k|sf/ Pp6f ;d[4 zx/n] cf;kf;sf] u|fdL0f
zx/nfO{ cltl/Qm d"No lbg ;Sb5 . b]znfO{ s[lif, pTkfbg jf
jfl0fHosf] cfwf/df af“8g' Joy{ x'G5, lsgsL dflg;x¿sf] s[lifsf]
;kmntfn] pTkfbg tyf Jofkf/sf] ;d[l4nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ub{5Ù /
pTkfbg / Jofkf/ km:6fpg' s[lifsf] nflu klg kmfObfo'Qm x'G5 .Æ#$
;] cufl8 of] s'/f b]vfpg rfxG5g ls b]zx¿sf] aLrdf ;DaGw To:t}
vfnsf] x'G5 h:tf] If]q jf zx/ / ufp“x¿sf] aLr x'G5 M
s'g} b]zsf] l:ylt p;sf] l5d]sLsf] ;Gbe{df To:t} vfnsf] x'G5, h:tf]
s'g} /fHosf] cfÎgf] l5d]sL /fHo;“u, jf p;sf] ufp“sf] zx/L Ô]q;“u,
c¿sf] ;d[l4n] cfk"mnfO{ klg lglZrt ¿kdf kmfObf x'g] ePsf]n],
pgLx¿nfO{ Ps cfk;sf] ;d[l4df ?lr x'G5 .#%
k'gM oxf“ wgL l5d]sL x'g'sf] dtna xfdL;“u w]/} a]Rg] / wgL aGg]
cj;/ x'g' xf] .
pgLn] dfNy;;“u u/]sf] kq cfbfgk|bfgdf cfÎgf] egfOnfO{ c¿ :ki6
kfb}{ atfp“5g ls, s'g} Jofkf/Lsf] cGo b]z / If]qx¿sf] ;d[l4df slt ?lr
x'g;S5 M
ha d lgisif{df k'U5' ls pTkfbgn] c¿ pTkfbgsf] nflu af6f]
vf]lnlbG5, rfx] Tof] h] ;'s} xf];, ha pBf]ux¿sf] ;fwg b]zsf]
nflu ;a}eGbf h?/L j:t'dfly :jtGq ¿kdf s]lGb|t /x]sf] x'G5 /
ha Tof] h?/L j:t'x¿n] tTsfn Pp6f gof“ u|fxs ju{ hGdfp“b5
/ p;nfO{ cfgGb lbG5, ta d]/f] of] egfO{ g} k|dfl0ft x'G5 .
cfheGbf @)) jif{ cufl8 dfq kms]{/ x]/f}+ / ;f]rf+} ls s'g} Jofkf/L
cfkmgf] d"Nojfg ;fdfg lnP/ Tof] :yfgdf hfG5Ù hxf“ cfh
Go'of]s{ tyf lkmnf8]lNkmof cjl:yt 5gÙ s] p;n] cfkmgf] ;fdfgx¿
a]Rg kfp“Yof] < olb of] klg dfgf+} ls p;n] Toxf“ Pp6f s[lif of
pTkfbgdf cfwfl/t ;d'bfo :yflkt ug{df ;kmn x'GYof] eg] klg
s] pm cfkmgf] Pp6f klg cfÎgf] pTkflbt ;fdfg Toxf“ a]Rg
;SYof] < lg;+sf]r ¿kdf ;Sb}gYof] . p;n] tL dfnj:t' cfkm}n] g}
pkef]u ug'{ kg]{ x'GYof] . clxn] xfdL o;df lj/f]wfef; lsg
b]V5f}+ < laqmL ul/g] ;fdfg To;a]nf lkmnf8]lNkmof of Go'of]s{df
lsg nluof] cyjf lsg Toxf“ pTkfbg ul/of] < tfls To;a]nfsf]
d"Nodf a]Rg ;lsof]; . dnfO{ :ki6 ¿kdf of] oxL nfUb5 ls
Go'of]s{, lkmnf8]lNkmof tyf cf;kf;sf] If]qsf ls;fg, Jofkf/Lx¿,
jf c¿ pTkfbsx¿ klg s]xL j:t' Toxf“ agfp“bf jf k7fpbf xf]nfg,
h;sf/0f pgLx¿ cGo 7fp“af6 cfPsf ;fdfgx¿ lsGg ;s'“g .#^
gsf/fTds hf]8 v]nsf] ¿kdf Jofkfl/s k|ltaGw -æ;+/If0fjfbÆ_
cfh h:t} klxnf klg w]/} dflg;x¿sf] egfO{ lyof] ls xfdLnfO{ ljb]zLx¿;“u
Jofkf/ ug{ h?/L 5}g / xfdLn] ;a}s'/f æ3/ leqÆ g} agfpg ;S5f+} . ;]n] of]
dfgl;stfk|lt Pp6f s8f k|xf/ u/]sf 5g M
zfob of] s'/f elgg] 5 ls æh'gs'/f gof“ /fHosf] nflu ;To
x'g;S5, Tof] k'/fgf] /fHosf] nflu eg] nfu' gx'g ;S5 M cd]l/sfdf
gof“ pTkfbs / gof“ pkef]Qmfx¿sf] nflu :yfg lyof] xf]nfÙ t/
h'g b]zdf klxnfb]lv g} kof{Kt pTkfbsx¿ lyP, Toxf“ dfq gof“
#& #*

pkef]Qmx¿sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ædnfO{ o;sf] hjfkm lbgsf]
nflu :jLs[lt lbg'xf];, ;Rrf pkef]Qmf ToxL xf], h;n] cfk"mnfO{
rflxg] j:t'x¿ cfkm} pTkfbg ub{5, lsgls ltgLx¿n] dfq} c¿sf]
pTkfbg lsGg ;Sb5gÙ cg'TkfbgzLn pkef]Qmn] c¿ pTkfbsx¿n]
lgld{t u/]sf] d"Nosf] dfWod lsGg] afx]s c¿ s]xL ug{ ;Sb}gg .Æ#&
;] atfp“5g ls æ;+/If0fjfbÆ, s;/L cfTd3ftL 5M dfgf}+ of] To:t} xf]
h:tf] sL k|To]s 3/sf] 9f]sfdf Hofs]6 / h'Qfdf cfoft z'Ns nufOPsf]
5, tf ls k|z+;gLo p2]Zon] Toxf“ a:g] dflg;x¿nfO{ tL s'/fx¿ cfkm+}
agfpgsf] nflu afWo agfpg ;lsof]; .Æ#*
cfw'lgs ;do h:t}, pgLx¿n]
klg cGt/f{li6«o d"No >[v+nfsf] dxTjnfO{ /fd|/L a'´]sf lyP .
s]xL dflg;x¿ s'g} b]z æJofkf/ 3f6fÆ v]lk/xG5g / s'g} b]z æJofkf/
gfkmfÆ k|fKt ul//x]sf 5g eg]/ lj/f]w ub{5g / of] ;Nnfx lbG5g ls
æ3f6fÆ df rn]sf] Jofkf/ xflgsf/s x'G5 . ;]n] :ki6 u/]sf 5g ls
æJofkf/ ;Gt'ngÆ Pp6f e|flGt xf], of] jfl0fHojfbn] lgDTofPsf] ljgfzsf/L
lj/f;t xf] h;n] sof}+ o'4x¿ u/fPsf] 5 . æJofkfl/s o'4Æ jf …k|lt/f]wÆ
s]jn o:tf] dflg;x¿sf] ;+/Ô0fsf] nflu ul/Psf] x'G5, h;n] hgtfsf]
cfufl8 w]/} rnfvL;“u cfÎgf] :jfy{nfO{ /fli6«o lxtsf] ¿kdf k|:t't ub{5g .
;] tL s'/fx¿k|lt klxn]b]lv g} ;r]t lyP, h;nfO{ xfdL cfh æv'Nnf
Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfÆ eGb5f}+ . PskIfLo v'Nnf Jofkf/ gLlt, ;]nfO{ dgkg]{
gLlt lyof] M j}b]lzs /fi6«x¿nfO{ hf] s;}n] klg l5d]sL / ldq/fi6«sf] ¿kdf
x]g'{kb{5 . ljlzi6 Jofkfl/s ;lGwx¿n] ;f´]bf/x¿nfO{ c;dfg Jojxf/
ub{5 . Pp6f b]zsf] lgof{tx¿nfO{ æ5'6 lbg] ;xdltÆ sf] dtna csf]{
b]zsf] ælgof{tx¿nfO{ 5'6 glbg'Æ xf], h'g åGbsf] sf/s tTj xf] . ;]n] of]
s'/f a'´]sf lyP, o; lsl;dsf] ;lGwn] w]/} Jofkf/nfO{ a9fpg'sf] ;f6f]
Jofkfl/s :j¿knfO{ b]zaf6 cs}{ tkm{ df]8LlbG5, h;sf] ;/sf/ of] ;lGwsf]
kÔdf x“'b}gg .
;]n] lgof{t ;xof]u lbOg] vt/fk|lt ;r]t u/fPsf 5g . o:tf]
lgltn] æ;fyLÆ jf ælk5nUu'Æ x¿nfO{ cfslif{t ub{5, h;n] cfkmgf]
:jfy{ l;4 ug{ sfg'gsf] k|of]u ub{5g . ;] æ;f“7uf“7 k'“hLjfbÆ avant la lettre
sf] To;a]nf cfnf]rs lyP hlta]nf of] zAb Tolt k|rlnt klg eO;s]sf] lyPg .
k|mfG;sf csf{ dxfg cy{zf:qL k|]m8l/s afli6of6n] csf]{ zAbdf æ;f“7uf“7o'Qm
Jofkf/Æ nfO{ ækf/:kl/s n'6Æ sf] ¿kdf JofVof u/]sf 5g .
v'Nnf Jofkf/–tyf–zflGtsf] d'2fdf, ;]sf lj/f]wLsf] ¿kdf g]kf]lnog
af]gfkf6{ klg lyP . ("Decade philosophique") klqsfsf] ;Dkfbs
/x]sf] cj:yfdf ;]n] g]kf]lnog af]gfkf6{åf/f ul/Psf] !&(( sf] ;Qf
kl/j{tg sfo{sf] klxnf ;d{yg u/]sf lyP, h;n] k|mfG;]nL qmflGtnfO{
cGTo u¥of] / sG;'n]6 ;+ljwfgsf] :yfkgf u¥of] . ;] :jod rf/ ;bgfTds
dWo] l6«Ao"g]6sf] Ps ;b:o lyP . t/ ha ;]n] !*)# df Traite k|sflzt
u/] ta af]gfkf6{ hf] !*)@ df cfhLjg sG;'n/ alg;s]sf lyP, pgn]
hf]8 lbP ls ;]n] v'Nnf Jofkf/ ;DalGwt efu km]l/ n]v'g / To;nfO{
abn]/ ;+/If0fafb / ;/sf/L x:tIf]ksf] ;d{ys agfpg . ;]n] o:tf] ug{
dfg]gg . pgsf] af}l4s lgi7fsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ pgL l6«Ao"g]6af6 lgsfnf
ul/of] / Traite sf] bf];|f] ;+:s/0fnfO{ ;]G;/ ul/of] ;fy} ;]nfO{ kqsf/sf]
¿kdf sfd ug{nfO{ klg k|ltaGw nufOof] .
af]gfkf6{ cGo :t/df klg ;]sf lj/f]wL eP . ;fj{hlgs hLjgaf6 lgisf;g
ePkl5 ;]n] wfuf] sfTg] sDkgL z'? ug]{ lg0f{o u/] . pgL ;f“Rr}df Pp6f pBdL
lyP, pgn] tTsfnLg gjLgtd xfO8«f]lns OlGhg nufP, sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;+VofnfO{
$)) ;Dd a9fP / la|l6; pTkfbsx¿nfO{ s8f r'gf}tL lbP . t/ af]gfkf6{sf]
;+/If0fjfbL gLltn] !*!@ df sDkgLnfO{ tx;–gx;sf] l:yltdf k'¥ofOlbof] .
;], pgsf] sDkgLsf sfdbf/ / ltgLx¿sf] kl/jf/n] k|ToIf¿kdf g} v/fa
gLltsf] kl/0ffd ef]Ug' k¥of] .
;d[l4sf] nflu zflGt
;g !&(( af]gfkf6{n] g]t[Tj u/]sf] OlhK6 dflysf] cfqmd0fsf] cleofgdf
;]sf] k|ltefzfnL a'l4hLjL sfG5f] efO æxf]/];sf]Æ d[To'eof] . zfob Ps
cf}klgj]lzs cleofgdf cfkmgf] ;fgf] efO{sf] d[To'n] ;]nfO{ o'4n] lgDTofpg
;Sg] kL8f;“u kl/lrt u/fof] . æTreatise sf kl5Nnf ;+:s/0fx¿df ;]n]
#( $)

;j{gfzL o'4x¿===sf] af/]df s8f cfnf]rgf u/], h'g g]kf]lnogsf] g]t[Tjdf
k|mfG;df ePÆ .#(
æzflGtÆ cfly{s ljsf;sf] nflu klxnf] zt{ xf] . dflg;x¿ cfkmgf]
g/;+xf/ x'g] jf x'“bfx'“b}sf] vt/fsf] l:yltdf k"“hL lgj]z ub}{gg jf eljiosf]
of]hgf agfp“b}gg . pgLx¿ o:tf] dfq zflGtsfndf ub{5g . ;]n] ;/sf/åf/f
ul/g] n'6nfO{ ;Lldt agfpg] s'/fsf] dxTjdf hf]8 lbP . ;/sf/n]
Tolta]nf dfq ;Dkltsf] gfz ub}{g hlta]nf p;n] hUuf hdLg / pBf]ux¿
clwu|x0f u/]/ lnG5, a? Tolt v]/ klg u5{, hlta]nf p;n] s;}sf]
;DklQdfly k|ltaGw jf ;Ldf nufp“5 . ;]sf] dfGotf lyof] ls ;/sf/sf]
zlQm ;Lldt x'g'sf] ;fy} lgod sfg'g cg';f/ zf;g ug]{ x'g'kb{5 -
lgoldt agfOg' kb{5_ . æ:yfO{ ;/sf/ lagf s'g} klg b]zn] ;d[l4 k|fKt
ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g .Æ$)
:ki6 ¿kdf /fi6«x¿sf] aLrdf cfk;L cfly{s ;d[l4sf] klxnf] zt{ zflGt xf] .
o'4n] dfgj hLjgnfO{ gi6, nË8f] / Ôt–ljÔt kfb{5, ;DklQsf] ljgfz u5{,
ef]sd/L Nofp“5 / b'n{e >f]tx¿nfO{ aaf{b kfb{5 . o'4 gsf/fTds hf]8 v]n xf] .
/fhgLlts cy{zf:qsf] Pp6f sfd o'4sf] kL8f / zflGtsf] d"No b]vfpg'
xf] . Ho'l/vdf :jL; gful/snfO{ jf :6sxf]ddf s'g} :jLl8;nfO{ Tof]
zx/ jf Tof] b]z wgL x'g'sf] sf/0f ;f]Wg'xf];Ù tkfO{+n] k|fo M oxL hjfkm
kfpg' x'g]5 – æxfdLn] cfk"mnfO{ b'O{ ljgfzsf/L 7"nf ljZjo'4df gi6 x'g
lbPgf“} .Æ o;nfO{ ;] o;/L eGb5g M
/fi6«x¿nfO{ of] s'/fsf] 1fg lng l;sfOg] 5 ls, pgLx¿df Ps
csf{ lj?4 n8gdf s'g} ?rL 5}g, xf/sf] sf/0fn] cfpg] ;+s6
pgLx¿ ;a}n] Joxf]g'{ kb{5, ha ls lhtsf] kmfObf s]jn Pp6f e|d
dfq x'G5 . ==== hdLg of hndfu{sf] k|e'Tjdf klg s'g} cfsif{0f
/xg] 5}g . ha of] s'/f ;a}n] a'‰b5g ls ;a} kmfObfx¿ zf;sx¿sf]
xftdf /xG5 / hgtfn] s]xL kfp“b}gg . lghL JolQmx¿sf] nflu
;aeGbf 7"nf] kmfObf eg]sf] sfdsf] :jtGqtf x'G5, h'g zflGt
afx]s zfob} c¿ s]xL s'/fdf kfOG5 . k|s[ltn] b]zx¿nfO{ k/:k/
ldqtfsf] af6f]tkm{ 8f]¥ofp“b5, / olb ;/sf/n] o;df afwf xfn]/
o'4 ub{5 eg] of] sfo{ p;sf] cfkmgf] hgtf / o'4sf] k|ltåGbLsf]
clxtdf x'g]5 . olb hgtf sdhf]/ 5g / pgLx¿n] cfkmgf]
zf;ssf] o; lsl;dsf] ljgfzsf/L dxTjsf+Iffdf ;fy lbG5g eg]
dnfO{ yfxf 5}g tL 3f]/ d'v{tf / grflxbf] s'/fnfO{ tL v'“vf/ hgfj/x¿sf]
hgfj/Lkgf eGbf s;/L cnu x]g'{, h;nfO{ pgLx¿sf] qm'/ dflnsn]
cfkmgf] cfgGbsf] nflu Ps csf{sf] lr/kmf/ u/]/ dfg{ l;sfp“b5g . $!
zflGt / v'Nnf Jofkf/n] Ps csf{nfO{ cfly{s ljsf;sf] lglDt dfq
;an agfpg ;xof]u ug]{ xf]Og, a? ;f“rf] cy{df ;d[l4 / dfgj
ljsf;sf] lglDt klg TolQs} e"ldsf v]Nb5 .
$! $@

$# $$
$
zflGtsf] lglDt ;dlk{t
Jofkf/L;Fu cGtjf{tf{– lqm; ¿km/
6d hL=kfNd/
ZfflGt / Jofkf/sf] aLrdf s] ;DaGw 5 < s] s'/fn] Jofkf/Lx¿nfO{ zflGtsf]
;dy{g / ljb]zL x:tIf]ksf] lj/f]w ug{nfO{ k|]l/t ub{5 < :jtGqtf, :j]lR5s
sfo{ / zflGtsf] aLrdf s] ;DaGw 5 < lqm; ¿km/n] ljZjdf cu|0fL
uf]ne]8fhGo k|zf]wg pBf]u :yfkgf u/]sf 5g / s[lifdf cfwfl/t k|zf]wg,
ljt/0f / ;]jfsf pBdx¿ ;+rfng ub{5g . pgL ;]Nkm d]g]hd]06 OlG:6Ro'6
P08 b kmfp08];g km/ xf/df]gL P08 k|f]:kl/6Lsf ;+:yfks x'g .
kfNd/M tkfO{+sf] ;dosf] nflu wGojfb lqm; . d}n] cfh dfq tkfO{+ /
tkfO{+sf] sDkgL;“u s]xL Jofkf/ u/]sf] 5', zfob tkfO{+nfO{ o; af/]df yfxf
5}g xf]nf . d}n] d]/f] tf/]sf] vfgfsf] nflu s]xL 6df6/sf] crf/ / ;nfbsf]
nflu s]xL 6df6/ lsg] . hxf“;Dd dnfO{ nfU5, tL 6df6/x¿ tkfO+{sf]
sDkgLåf/f k|zf]wg ul/Psf] x'g;S5g . t;y{, s]xLxb;Dd cfh ahf/n]
xfdLaLr zflGtk"0f{ ;DaGw :yflkt u/fOlbof] . h;n] dnfO{ d]/f] klxnf]
HjnGt k|Zgsf] nflu cu|;/ u/fp“b5 lsM Jofkf/Lx¿ zflGtsf] d'2fdf lsg
olt w]/} ?rL /fVb5g <
¿km/M dnfO{ nfU5, o;sf] pQ/ w]/} tl/sfaf6 lbg ;lsG5 . zflGtn]
xfdLnfO{ w]/}eGbf w]/} ;f´f d"Nox¿df ;“u;“u} Jofkf/ ug]{ cg'dlt lbG5 .
To;}n], s]xL s'/f ug{sf] lglDt Pp6f jf csf]{ tl/sfaf6 s;}åf/f lgb]{lzt
x'g'sf] ;f6f] xfdL Ps csf{sf] ;f“rf] pkof]uLtfnfO{ k|ltlqmof lbg;S5f} .
:j]lR5s ljlgdosf] lgldQ zflGt Ps k"j{zt{ xf], d]/f] Jofkf/ To;} lgod
cg';f/ rNb5 . ha xfdL lagf s'g} bafj :j]lR5s ¿kn] Ps csf{;“u
sfd ub{5f+} ta xfdLnfO{ xfd|f] u|fxs / cfk'lt{stf{x¿sf] dxTj yfxf x'G5
/ tL u|fxs, cfk'lt{stf{ / ;DalGwt JolQmx¿nfO{ Ps csf{sf] dxTj yfxf
x'G5 . Ps Jofkf/L ePsf] gftfn] d j:t'x¿sf] dfu hfGgsf] nflu cy{
Joj:yfsf] ;+s]tnfO{ dxTj lbG5', h;n] dnfO{ s'g j:t'x¿ cfjZos 5g
eGg] s'/f d"Nosf] :j¿kn] atfp“b5 . tL ;"rgfx¿ d sxf“ c+s / d"Nosf]
¿kdf cfp“b5g, h;df s'g} /fli6«otf, efÈf, hflt cyjf wd{sf] n]an
nfu]sf] x'“b}g . ltgLx¿ dflg;x¿sf] dxTjsf] ;+s]t x'G5g .
ahf/sf] of] g} Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ljz]iftf xf] h;n] Jofkf/df /xgsf]
nflu k|]l/t ub{5 . d"Nosf] k5fl8 s'g} k"jf{u|x, s'g} /fli6«otf / wd{ cflb
s]xL klg x'“b}g . Tof] c¿ JolQmx¿sf] Pslqt pkof]lutf xf], h'g d]/f]
;fd'Gg] d"Nosf] ¿kdf k|:t't x'G5 / hf] ;+Vofåf/f JoQm x'G5 h;nfO{ c¿
;+Vofx¿;“u t'ngf ug{ ;lsG5 . d tL ;+Vofx¿nfO{ cfÎgf] b'n{e ;|f]t–
;fwgx¿sf] ljlgof]hgsf] lglDt lg0f{o lng pkof]u ug{;S5' . ltgLx¿n]
dnfO{ of] atfp“b5 ls c¿ JolQmx¿n] o;sf] nflu slt k};f ltg{
;Sb5g, h;åf/f dnfO{ tL ;+zf]wgsf] nfut d"No kQf nfUb5 . bfdn]
dnfO{ c¿sf] pkof]uLtf hfGgsf] nflu /fd|/L cEo:t agfp“b5 .
kfNd/ M s] tkfO{ cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ klg ug'{x'G5 <
¿km/M xfdL u5f+}{ . ;fRr} eGg] xf] eg] sl/a #)% xfd|f] pTkfbg
cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/df laqmL ul/G5 .
kfNd/ M ljb]zLx¿nfO{ <
¿km/M xf] ljb]zLx¿nfO{, t/ d]/f nflu pgLx¿ dfq u|fxs x'g . d o:tf]
s'/fx¿sf] lrGTff ulb{g ha;Dd ;/sf/n] x:tIf]k ub}{g . d]/f] ljrf/df
xfd|f] !) b]lv @)% laqmL sgf8f tyf d]lS;sf]sf] dflg;x¿nfO{ ul/G5 /
af“sL cGt/f{li6«o laqmL ;f/f ;+;f/e/L x'G5 . k|To]s dlxgf xfdL rfnL;b]lv
krf; b]zsf u|fxsx¿nfO{ ;fdfg a]Rb5f}+ . hfkfg, ;fpbL c/a, g]b/Nof08,
OËn}08, ch]{lG6gf ;a} 7fp“x¿df . w]/}h;f] uf]ne]“8fsf] n]bf] -k]:6_ / 6df6/sf]
pTkfbg x'G5 .
kfNd/ M clg s] tkfO+{ oL ;a} laqmLaf6 k};f cfh{g ug'{x'G5 <
¿km/M xf] cjZo u5'{, gq t xfdL of] ub}{ ub}{gf} . d'gfkmfn] dnfO{ of]
atfp“b5 ls xfdL ;+;f/df pkof]lutfsf] l;h{gf ul//x]sf 5f+}, xfdL
cfkmgf] u|fxssf] dxTj a'lem/x]sf 5f} / pgLx¿nfO{ ;Gt'i6 ul//x]sf

$% $^
5f}+ . o;sf] csf]{ klg Pp6f dxTj 5, h'g s'/f c¿sf] d"Nox¿k|lt
hjfkmb]xL /xg] s'/f;“u ;DalGwt 5 . rfx] cGt/f{li6«o jf 3/]n' ahf/
hxf“sxL“ klg ha tkfO{+ cfÎgf] pTkfbg a]Rg' x'G5, tkfO{+ ;f]Rg'xf]; ls
Tof] pTkfbgn] zflGt, ;xof]u, tyf k/:k/ cfb/sf] ;Gb]z af]s]sf] x'G5 .
ha tkfO{+ c¿ dflg;x¿nfO{ cfÎgf] u|fxssf] ¿kdf x]g'{x'G5 ta tkfO+{df
pgLx¿nfO{ uf]nL xfGg] jf rf]6 k'¥ofpg] efjgf hfu[t x'“b}g . lx+;f /
anhÎtLsf] lj?4 Jofkf/ Pp6f ;'Gb/ ljsNk xf] .
kfNd/ M s]xL dflg;x¿ eGb5g ls cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/n] kof{j/0fnfO{
gf]S;fg k'¥ofp“5, olb o:tf] xf] eg]==== .
¿km/M ha Pp6f Jofkf/Ln] v'Nnf Jofkf/ cGtu{t /xL sfd ub{5, p;n]
c¿ JolQmsf] ;DklQ dflysf] clwsf/nfO{ ;Ddfg ug'{k5{ eGg] s'/f
a'‰b5, o; cy{df pm ;a}eGbf 7"nf] jftfj/0fsf] lxt}ifL aGb5 . Ps
;Rrf jftfj/0f lxt}ifLn] j:t', ef}lts ;|f]t–;fwg h:t}M t]n, sf7, /a/
of l;;f cflbsf] nfut d"No x'G5 eGg] s'/f b]Vb5 / d"No gfkmf /
gf]S;fgLsf] dfWodaf6 h'g lx;fa–lstfa /fVg ;Dej x'G5, nfutsf]
hfgsf/L s]jn 1fgdfq x'“b}g, a? of] k|efjsf/L 1fg aG5, h;n] Jojxf/nfO{
ablnlbG5 . d"Non] xfdLnfO{ nfutsf] 1fg lbG5 / ;fy} xfdLnfO{ nfutnfO{
sd u/fpgsf] nflu k|f]T;fxg klg ub{5 . xfdLnfO{ ;fdfgx¿ v]/ kmfNg
plrt nfUb}g / To;f] gug{sf] nflu xfdL;“u kof{Kt sf/0fx¿ 5g . d'Vo
s'/f c¿sf] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug'{ xf], h;sf] cy{ c¿sf] ;DklQdflysf]
clwsf/sf] ;DdfgÙ kof{j/0fdf x|f;, k|b'if0f, kmf]xf]/ clg ljgfz To;
cj:yfdf x'G5, h'g cj:yfdf c¿sf] ;DklQsf] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ul/“b}g .
hj ;DklQsf] clwsf/ :ki6 ¿kn] kl/eflift / ;+/lIft x'G5 ta xfdLn]
xfd|f] sf/0fn] c¿dfly kg]{ k|efjsf] af/]df Wofg /fVg'kb{5 . tkfO{+nfO{
yfxf 5, ;/sf/n] p;sf] sfo{n] c¿dfly kg]{ c;/af/] Wofg /fVg'kb}{g,
lsgsL p;n] an k|of]u ug{ ;Sb5, t/ xfdLn] k|To]s lbg, x/]s ldg]6
d"No / dflg;x¿sf] clwsf/k|lt Wofg /fVg'kb{5 . xfd|f] Joj;fo :j]lR5s
sfo{df cfwfl/t 5 . xfdL dflg;x¿nfO{ xfd|f] pTkfbg vl/b ug{, j:t'
pTkfbg ug{ cyjf ;fdfgsf] kl/k"lt{ ug{sf] nflu afWo agfpg ;Sb}gf}+ /
ub}{gf}+ klg . of] k"0f{ ¿kdf :j]lR5s x'G5 .
kfNd/ M tkfO{+n] :j]lR5s ultljlwx¿af/] af/Daf/ JoQm ug'{eof], tkfO+{
cfk"mnfO{ :j]R5fjfbL dfGg' x'G5 ls pbf/jfbL jf =====<
¿km/M d]/f] nflu oL zAbx¿ p:t} p:t} x'g . o;sf] nflu æk'/fgf] zAbÆ
pbf/jfbL xf], t/ o;n] ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf slxn]sfxL+ e|d l;h{gf
ul/lbG5, lsgsL oxf“ æpbf/jfbLÆ nfO{ æ?9LjfbLÆ sf ljkl/t dflgG5 .
tkfO{+ eGg ;Sg'x'G5 ls d æzf:qLo pbf/jfbL x“'Æ . t/ oL zAbx¿sf] ;xL
a'emfOdf tkfO+{ eGg;Sg' x'G5 ls d oL ;a}nfO{ dfGb5' – pbf/jfb,
zf:qLo pbf/jfb, :j]R5fjfb, :jtGqtfjfb . d]/f] nflu o; s'/fn] cy{
/fVb5 ls dflg;x¿nfO{ afWo gul/of]; / xfdLx¿ :j]R5fn] zflGtk"j{s
sfd u/f}+ .
kfNd/ M tkfO{+df of] ljrf/ slxn]b]lv lyof] / s;/L oL ljrf/x¿;“u
glhlsg' eof] <
¿km/M d]/f a'jf–cfdf /fhgLltb]lv 6f9f g} /xg'x'GYof], clg afNosfndf
d Hofb} nhfn' lyP“, dnfO{ nfU5 clxn] klg d To:t} 5', To;}n] d jfb
ljjfb / o; lsl;dsf] ultljlwx¿df w]/} ;fd]n x'“lbg . d}n] slxn] klg
cfk"mnfO{ a'l4hLljsf] ¿kdf x]l/g . hj d cg'ej gePsf] JolQmsf]
¿kdf UCLA df uP“, d xf]:6]ndf a;]+ / d]/f pd]/sf w]/} ;fyL;“u e]6]+,
h;df w]/} ;fyLx¿ d eGbf hfGg]a'‰g] lyP . oxL g} Tof] ;do lyof] ha
d}n] /fhgLltdf Wofg lbg z'? u/]+, s'g} sf/0fjz d ljz]if tl/sfn] ax;
ub{y]+, dnfO{ nfUb}gYof] ls dflg;x¿nfO{ s'g} k|sf/sf] xfgL gf]S;fgL
k'¥ofpg' ;xL xf] . ;do laTb} hf“bf d}n] cfkmgf] ts{nfO{ cem}+ kl/is[t
u/]+ . dnfO{ oxL g} a'l4dQf xf] eGg] nfUbYof] . d dfly s;}sf] k|efj
k/]sf] x'g;Sb5, olb o:tf] xf] eg] dnfO{ yfxf 5}g Tof]] s;sf] k|efj xf] .
d ;D´g ;lSbg ls s'g o:tf] lstfa, JolQm jf ljwfg xf] h;n] d]/f]
;f]rfO{nfO{ To; lbzfdf df]l8lbof] . d dfq j:t'x¿dfly lg/LIf0f u/]/ of]
s'/f a'emg] k|of; ub{y]+ ls ltgLx¿n] s;/L sfd u5{g / s;/L To;nfO{
c´ /fd|f] agfpg ;lsG5 . UCLA df d]/f] k|d'v ljifo cy{zf:q lyof]
/ d]/f] >d ljifosf] k|f]km];/ 6d ;f]j]n lyP, ;fy} cfd]{g PlN;og /
ljlnod Pn]g klg Hofb} c;n k|f]km];/x¿ lyP . dnfO{ yfxf eP;Dd d]/f]

ePsf] 5 / rf“lxbf] lsl;dsf sfd ub}{ x'g'x'G5 / tkfO+{sf] xh'/a'jf
Jofkfl/s sf/f]af/ ug{ a}Í uO/xg' ePsf] 5 . ta d ;f]Rby+] ls lhGbuL
o;/L g} rNb5 / ;a} dflg;x¿ oxL g} ub{5g . o;n] d]/f] hLjgdf w]/}
xb;Dd k|efj kf¥of] . d}n] cy{zf:qdf :gfts / s[lif lj1fgdf df:6/
l8u|L lnP“ / kl5 Pd=aL=P klg u/]+ . d}n] UCLA af6 lahg]; :s'n ;s]“
t/ slxn] klg gf]s/Lsf] nflu cGtjf{tf{ lbOg“ . d Soflnkmf]lg{ofsf] 8]lj;
zx/df uP / 6«s 8«fOe/sf] ¿kdf sfd ul//“xbf s]xL ljrf/x¿nfO{
cufl8 a9fP“ . To;sf/0f of] d]/f] :jefj / cfsf+Ôfsf] ;lDd>0f lyof] .
;f“r} eGg] xf] eg] d sn]hdf /x“bf g} Jofkf/df ;+nUg ePsf] lyP“ .
d]/f] a'jfn]n] sl/a Ps jÈ{ # dlxgf hlt dnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{eof] .
To;kl5 d}n] cfkm}“ g} u/]+, lsgsL pxf“n] Toqf] vr{ axg ug{ ;Sg'
x'GgYof] . o; af/]df s'g} ljz]if 5nkmn klg ePg, d}n] s'/f a'em]+, d
cfÎg} e/df sfd ug{ lgl:sP“ / sfd ug{ z'? ul/lbP“ . d]/f] a'afn] sl/a–
sl/a cfÎgf] hLjg cjlwe/ 6«s g} s'bfpg' eof] . dnfO{ nfUof] ls d
klg 6«s s'bfpg ;S5' . pxf“sf s]xL ;fyLx¿;“u d}n] Ps 7fp“af6 csf]{
7fp“ 6df6/ cf];fg]{ sfdsf] af/]df 1fg lnP“ . ha d sn]hdf h'lgo/
lyP“– cyjf zfob l;lgo/– ta d}n] Pp6f 6«s / 6«]n/ ef8fdf lnP“ clg
a'jfsf] nfO{;]G;sf] cwLgdf ;xfos cf];f/–k;f/ ug]{sf] ¿kdf sfd ug{
yfn]+ . slxn] 6df6/, slxn] cf? / udL{sf] ;dodf c¿ s]–s] cf];fl/of]
s]–s] . Tof] sfd kf“r jif{;Dd rNof], kf“r u|Lidsfn .
kfNd/M s] of] ha tkfO+{ sn]hdf x'g'x'GYof] <
¿km/ M xf], o;n] d]/f] sn]hsf] k9fO{ klg k'/f eof] / d Jofkf/;“u klg
kl/lrt x'g kfP . d]/f] ;Gbe{df of] 6df6/sf] Jofkf/ lyof] . ha d Pp6f
6«s 8«fOe/sf] ¿kdf v]t / u|]l8+u :6]zg lt/ hfGy], ha d k|zf]wg s]Gb|
/ kmnkm'n x]g{nfO{ hfGy], ta, o;af6 dnfO{ s]xL gof“ ljrf/ cfof] .
tkfO{+nfO{ yfxf 5, æolb 6df6/ l6Kg] tl/sfdf s]xL ;'wf/ ug]{, k|zf]wg
ug]{x¿n] ÎofS6«Ldf 6df6/ p7fpg] tl/sfnfO{ abNg] / u|]l8+u :6]zgnfO{
Ps 7fp“af6 csf]{ 7fp“df ;fg]{ xf] eg] of] Joj:yfnfO{ c¿ /fd|f] agfpg
;lsG5 . ltgLx¿n] k|z:t dfqfdf ;do / k};fsf] art ug{ ;Sy]Æ .
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klxnf] sIff jLn Pn]gsf] cy{zf:q ! sf] lyof], To;}n] dnfO{ nfU5, d]/f]
klxnf] kl/ro cy{zf:q;“u eof] . dflg;x¿n] s;/L sfd u5{g eGg]
s'/f a'‰gnfO{ cy{zf:q w]/} g} dxTjk"0f{ 5 eg]/ d}n] a'‰g] df}sf kfP“ .
cy{zf:q Pp6f ;fdflhs lj1fg xf], of] ul0ftsf] zfvf h:tf] xf]OgÙ
h'g ls cfh w]/} dflg;x¿sf] a'´fO{ 5 . of] Pp6f ;fdflhs lj1fg xf],
h;n] s;/L ;dfhdf dflg;x¿ Ps cfk;df ;dGjo u5{g eg]/ cWoog
ub{5 . dnfO{ slxn] klg s;}n] /fhgLlts d'2fnfO{ 7]ln/x]sf] h:tf]
cg'e"lt ePg . p; a]nf d}n] slxn] klg æ:jtGqtfjfbLÆ zAb ;'g]sf]
lyOg . t/ dflg;x¿ cfkmgf d"Nox¿nfO{ k|fKt ug{ s;/L Ps cfk;df
cfÎgf] sfo{x¿sf] ;dGjo ub{5g egL To;} ;dob]lv uDeL/ ¿kn]
;f]RgnfO{ z'? u/]sf] lyP“ . s]xL ;dokl5 d}n] :jtGqtfjfbsf] af/]df ;'g]+,
clg dnfO{ nfUof], æof] t d g} x'“ . ljz]ifu/L d o;/L g} ljrf/ ub{5' .Æ
o:tf] s'g} crfgs lah'nL rDs] h:tf] k|]/0ff lyPg . dnfO{ o:tf] nfUof]
ls dflg;x¿ cfkmgf] hLjg zflGt;“u af“Rg ;s'g / cfkmgf] d"No cfk;L
;xof]uaf6 kfpg] af6f] vf]Hg ;s'g . dnfO{ kl5 dfq yfxf eof] ls d}n]
wf/0f u/]sf] ljrf/sf] klg s'g} gfd 5 .
kfNd/ M To;f] eP tkfO+{ sn]hdf cy{zf:q kl9/xg' ePsf] lyof] hxf“
tkfO{+n] :j]lR5s ;xof]usf] af/]df b]Vg'eof] . tkfO{+n] of] k9fOsf] 1fgnfO{
Jofkf/df s'g tl/sfn] k|of]u ug'{eof] < of] s;/L ;Dej eof] <
¿km/M d gf]s/L k]zf ug]{ kl/jf/df x's]{sf] x'“ . t/ d]/f] xh'/a'jf Pp6f
;fgf] pBdL, Joj;foL x'g'x'GYof] . dnfO{ pxf“;“u t]nsf] vfgL ePsf] v]t
lt/ 3'Dg uPsf] ofb 5, hxf“ xh'/a'jfn] yf]/} nfugL ug'{ ePsf] lyof]
h;af6 t]n lgsflnGYof] . pxf“sf] gfddf Ps jf b'O{j6f ;'/lÔt ljz]if
clwsf/ / 3/df Pp6f js{zk lyof] . To;sf/0f xh'/a'af Pp6f ;fgf]ltgf]
cfljisf/s clg pBdL klg x'g'x'GYof] . d w]/} ;fgf] 5“bfb]lv pxf“sf
af/]df ;D´gfx¿ 5g . d !@ jif{sf] 5“bf pxf“sf] d[To' eof] . t/
a'9];sfn s:tf] x'g'k5{ eGg] sNkgf ;w} d;“u lyof] . vf;u/L d]/f] a'jf
d]/f] xh'/afafsf] nflu sfd ug'{x'GYof], k|foMh;f] v]tLdf . ha t“kfO{ ;fgf]
aRrf x'g'x'G5, tkfO+{ b]Vg' x'G5 ls tkfO+{sf] a'afn] 6ofS6/ rnfO/xg'

ædnfO{ nfUof], olb Joj:yfnfO{ clnslt kl/jt{g ug]{ xf] eg] d 6«s
8«fOe/sf] ¿kdf klg w]/} k};f sdfpg ;S5'Æ . o;sf/0f of] ;a}s'/f æd
s;/L /fd|f] ug{ ;S5'Æ eGg] d]/f] lh1f;fsf] sf/0fn] ;Dej eof] . d
c¿x¿sf] Jofkf/–Joj;fonfO{ x]y]{ / of] Joj:yfnfO{ c´} /fd|f] s;/L
agfpg ;lsG5 eg]/ ljrf/ ub{y]“ . h;sf/0f d}n] a]Un} lsl;dsf] Joj:yfsf]
vfsf agfP“ / s]xL dflg;x¿ ;dÔ k|:t't u/+] . d}n] ljleGg 7fp“df
ef}tfl/“b} k|zf]wg pBf]usf] af/]df w]/} cWoog u/]+ / 6df6/ k|zf]wg
d]l;gsf] Pp6f cnu l8hfOg tof/ u/]+ . d o;sf] k5fl8 nflu/x]+, kf“r
jÈ{;Dd k};f h'6fpg k|of;/t /x]+ / cGTodf d}n] kof{Kt /sd h'6fpg
;kmn eP“ . Tof] g} ÎofS6«L agfpg] a]nf lyof] . d]/f tLg hgf 7"nf
;f´]bf/x¿ lyP–d ;a}eGbf ;fgf] ;f´]bf/sf] ¿kdf lyP“– / xfdLn] xfd|f]
6df6/ n]bf] k|zf]wg ug]{ ÎofS6«L :yfkgf u¥of}+ . To; ÎofS6«Ldf s]xL gof“
k|of]ux¿ ul/Psf] lyof], h;sf/0f xfd|f] Jofkf/ /fd|f];“u rNof] . x'g t d
;a}eGbf ;fgf] ;f´]bf/ lyP“, t/ d}n] s'g} tna glnP/ clws k|ltzt
gfkmfsf] nflu ;D´f}tf u/]“ . ;ft jÈ{leqdf d}n] d]/f] ;f´]bf/x¿sf] nflu
w]/} k};f sdfO ul/lbP“ / d}n] klg w]/} k};f sdfP“, h;sf/0f ;a} /fd|f];“u
/xof] . of] plrt ;dodf plrt sfd ul/Psf] lyof] . d}n] d]/f
;f´]bf/x¿nfO{ csf]{ d]l;g /fVg] k|:tfj /fv]+, t/ pgLx¿n] dfg]gg,
To;}n] xfdL cnu eof+} . d}n] csf]{ d]lzg /fv]+ h;df ;a} k};f d cfkm}+n]
nufgL u/]+, Toxf“af6 g} of] ;a} s'/f cfufl8 a9of] .
kfNd/ M tkfO+{ cfÎgf] Jofkf/sf] cg'ejaf6 k|fKt l;4fGtnfO{ a9fjf lbg'x'G5,
h;nfO{ tkfO+{ …:j–Joj:yfkgÚ eGg' x'G5 . tkfO+{n] :j]lR5s ;xof]u / :j–
Joj:yfkg k|j4{gsf] lglDt ;]Nkm Dofg]hd]G6 OlG:6Ro'6 klg z'? ug'{eof] .
tkfO{+n] ;+:yfsf] j]a;fO{6df xfNg' ePsf] lel8cf] cg';f/, s;/L tkfO+{ ;a}sf]
nflu lht–lhtsf] ;DaGw :yflkt ug'{x'G5, h;n] dflg;x¿sf] lghL p2]Zo
pgLx¿sf] Jofkfl/s p2]Zo;“u, tyf pgLx¿sf] Jofkfl/s p2]Zo lghL
p2]Zo;“u ;';+ut /xf]; <
¿km/ M d]/f] ljrf/df, :j–Joj:yfkg cToGt ;/n 5 . JolQmut hLjgdf
dflg;x¿ cfÎgf] Joj:yfkg cfk"m g} u5{g . To;sf] nflu cnu} s;}sf]
klg dflns x'“b}g . pgLx¿ cfÎgf] hLjg cfkm} ;+rfng u5{g . pgLx¿
cfÎgf] hLjg s'g} p2]Zodf cfwfl/t eP/ ;+rfng ub{5g . dnfO{ nfU5
;a} dflg;x¿sf] hLjgsf] d'Vo p2]Zo v'zL /xg' xf] . rfx] dflg;x¿ of]
s'/f a'´'g of ga'´'g, pgLx¿ v'zL x'gsf] lglDt k|of; ul//x]sf x'G5g .
x/]s k|f0fL cufl8 a9g] k|oTg ul//x]sf] x'G5 . s] s'/fn] v'zL agfp“b5
eGg] s'/fdf dflg;x¿sf] a]Unf–a]Un} wf/0ff x'g;S5 . d'Vo s'/f, olb
dflg;x¿nfO{ Jofkf/df :j]R5fn] ;“u} NofP/ ;xof]u u/fpg] xf] eg]
pBddf k|To]s JolQmx¿sf] p2]Zo :yflkt ug{ cfjZos 5 .
cfÎgf] p2]Zo s;/L k"/f x'g;S5 eg]/ dflg;x¿n] JolQmut lg0f{o
lnG5g, ha pgLx¿ j:t'x¿sf] ljlgdo ub{5g To;a]nf pgLx¿ df]n–
efp ub{5g . pgLx¿ cfÎgf] JolQmut lg0f{o / cfk"m;“u ePsf] 1fgsf]
k|of]u ub{5g, h'gs'/f k|foMu/L c¿;“u x'“b}g . To;sf/0f pgLx¿ oltsf
nflu Tolt eg]/ ljlgdo ub{5g . of] ljlgdosf] cg'kft d"Nodf ablnG5
ha dflg;x¿ k};fsf] k|of]u ub{5g, of] g} Pp6f o:tf] j:t' xf] h;nfO{
;a}n] :jLsf/ ub{5g, lsgls k};fnfO{ hf] sf]xLn] klg :jLsf/ u5{g eg]/
pgLx¿nfO{ yfxf x'G5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k, pgLx¿sf] JolQmut lg0f{o d"Nodf
ablnG5, h'g ahf/ cy{tGqdf c+sx¿sf] ¿kdf JoQm x'G5g . oL ;a}
d"Nox¿ Pp6f OsfO{sf] ¿kdf JoQm x'G5g, tfls ltgLx¿sf] t'ngf ug{
;lsof]; . of] slt /fd|f] s'/f xf], xf]Og / < ;dGjo / cfb]z k|fKt ug{sf]
nflu s'g} s]Gb|Lo of]hgfsf/sf] cfjZostf g} kb}{g . v'Nnf ahf/sf] of] g}
;'Gb/ ljz]iftf xf] . xfdL :j–Joj:yfkgsf] dfWodåf/f sDkgLdf :jtGqtf,
:j– lgb]{zg / v'Nnf ahf/sf] kmfObf leqofpgsf] lglDt sfd u5f}{+ .
dflg;x¿ o:tf] s'/f hfGb5g h'gs'/f c¿nfO{ yfxf x'“b}g t/ cfk"mnfO{
kmfObf x'g] s'/f h;/L klg e]65g . xfd|f] JolQmut p2]Zox¿nfO{ ;fsf/ ub}{
ahf/n] xfdLnfO{ ;+jfb ug]{ cg'dlt lbG5 . xfdL tL l;4fGtx¿nfO{ sDkgLleq
Nofpgsf] lglDt sfo{ u5f+}{, tx / tKsfdf eGbf klg xfdL :j–lgb]{lzt x'gsf]
nflu k|of;/t x'G5f}+ . o;af6 w]/} /fd|f] kl/0ffdx¿ k|fKt x'G5g .
$( %)

ZflGt, k|d / :jtGqtf o'4 cjZoDefjL xF'b}g

ZflGt, k|d / :jtGqtf o'4 cjZoDefjL xF'b}g

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ZflGt, k|d / :jtGqtf o'4 cjZoDefjL xF'b}g