This presentation will help you to interact with all the academic key points for the Subject B T C V C 7 0 2 I n f r a s t r u c t u r e E n g i n e e r i n g, Proposed Course Contents for B. Tech. in Civil Engineering w.e.f. June 2020. Module 1 (5 Lectures) Railway Engineering: Permanent Way, gauges, rails, sleepers, ballast, sub grade formation, fixtures and fastenings, Geometric Design of tracks- Horizontal Alignment, Vertical Alignment Etc.

1. Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S.J.

2. MODULE-1
Railway Engineering:
Permanent Way, gauges, rails, sleepers, ballast, subgrade
formation, fixtures and fastenings,
Geometric Design of tracks- Horizontal Alignment, Vertical
Alignment
Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S.J.

3. • Indian Railways (IR) is India's national railway
system operated by the Ministry of Railways.
• It is run by the government as a public, goods
and manages the fourth largest railway network
in the world by size, with a route length of
95,981 km (59,640 mi) as of March 2019.
• About 63% of all the routes are electrified with
25 kV 50 Hz AC electric traction.
• In the fiscal year ending March 2019, IR carried
8.44 billion passengers and transported 1.23
billion tonnes of freight.
• IR runs 13,523 passenger trains daily, on both
long-distance and suburban routes, covering
7,321 stations across India.
• In the freight segment, IR runs more than 9,146
trains daily.
 Indian Railways
 Type- Government
 Industry- Rail transport
 Founded- 8 May 1845 (175 years ago)
 Headquarters- New Delhi, India
 Area served
 Key people
 Piyush Goyal (Minister of Railways)
 Suresh Angadi (Minister of State for Railways)
 Vinod Kumar Yadav (Chairman, Railway Board)
 Services-
 Passenger railways
 Freight services
 Parcel carrier
 Catering and tourism services
 Parking lot operations
 Other related services
 Revenue Increase ₹1.97214 trillion (2018–19)
 Owner Government of India (100%)
 Number of employees- 1.23 million (2019)
 Divisions- 18 zones
 Subsidiaries- CRIS, CONCOR, RITES, IRCON, IRCTC, DFCCI, RailTel,
MRVC, RVNL, NHSRCL, IRFC Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S.J.

4. Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S.J.

5. Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S.J.

6. Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S.J.

7. 1. The first train in India ran on 16th April 1853
from Bombay to Thane.
2. The full track length of Indian Railways can
circle the equator one-and-a-half times.
3. The first railroad was constructed by two
Indians – Jaganath Shunkerseth and
Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy.
4. Metupalayam Ooty Nilgiri Passenger train is
the slowest train in India. It runs at a speed of
10 kmph.
5. The total distance covered by Indian
Railways daily equals three and a half times
the distance to the moon.
6. With over 1.6 million employees, Indian
Railways is the world's 9th largest employer.
7. Howrah-Amritsar Express has 115 stops, the
record maximum for an Express train.
8. Indian Railways carry more than 25 million
passengers every day, more than the entire
population of Australia.
9. With a length of 1366.33 metres, Gorakhpur
in Uttar Pradesh is the longest platform in the
world.
10. Indian Railways is one of the world's
largest railway networks, with 115,000 kms of
tracks and a route of 65,000 kms.
11. The world’s highest railway bridge is being
built over Chenab. It will dwarf the Eiffel
Tower.
Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S.J.

8. 1. Railway Engineering:
Railway engineering is a multi-faceted engineering discipline dealing with the
design, construction and operation of all types of rail transport systems.
It encompasses a wide range of engineering disciplines, including-
• Civil Engineering,
• Computer Engineering,
• Electrical Engineering,
• Mechanical Engineering,
• Industrial Engineering and
• Production Engineering.
Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S.J.

9. 1.1 Permanent Way
Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S.J.

10. 1.2 Gauges
In rail transport, track gauge or track gage is the
spacing of the rails on a railway track and is
measured between the inner faces of the load-
bearing rails.
1.3 Rails
A rail is a steel bar extending horizontally between
supports which is used as a track for rail road, cars or
other vehicles.
Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S.J.

11. 1.4 Sleepers 1.5 Ballast
• Railway sleepers, also called railroad ties, railway ties
or crossties, are an important railway component.
• Generally, the rail sleeper is always laying between two
rail tracks to keep the correct space of gauge.
• Track ballast forms the tracked upon which
railroad ties (sleepers) are laid.
• It is packed between, below, and around the ties.
• It is used to bear the load from the railroad ties, to
facilitate drainage of water, and also to keep down
vegetation that might interfere with the track
structure.
Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S.J.

12. 1.6 Subgrade Formation
• The formation (also called subgrade
level) is the ground surface prepared
to support the track surface.
• It is the top layer of the extended
subsoil.
• A subgrade protection layer applied to
the formation is an integral part of
track construction today.
Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S.J.

13. 1.7 Fixtures and Fastenings
• The railway track is made permanently fix with
sleepers.
• The rail which are fix permanently with each other and
the fitting required for this is known as fixtures.
• The arrangement which is just required for securing
connections between rails and sleepers and rail are
known as fastening.
Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S.J.

14. 1.8 Rail Joints
Rail joints are widely used to connect two rails together and ensure the trains passing through safety in orbit.
According to the position of the sleeper, rail joints can be classified as-
Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S.J.

15. 1.9 Geometric Design of tracks
• It is very important for tracks to have proper
geometric design in order to ensure the safe and
smooth running of trains at maximum permissible
speeds, carrying the heaviest axle loads.
• The speed and axle load of the train are very
important and sometimes are also included as
parameters to be considered while arriving at the
geometric design of the track.
• Geometric design should be such as to provide
maximum efficiency in the traffic operation with
maximum safety at reasonable cost.
Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S.J.

16. 1.9.1 Gradient
Any departure of track from the level is known as
grade or gradient.
Purpose of providing gradient:
• To provide uniform rate of rise or fall,
• To reduce cost of earth work,
• To reach different stations at different level.
Types of Gradient:
• Ruling gradient
• Momentum gradient
• Pusher gradient
• Station yard gradient
Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S.J.

17. 1.9.1 Gradient
Ruling gradient Momentum gradient
• The ruling gradient is the maximum gradient
to which the track may be laid in a particular
section.
• It depends on the load of the train and
additional power of the locomotive.
• In plains – 1 in 150 to 1 in 200
• In Hilly tracks – 1 in 100 to 1 in 150
• Gradient which is steeper than ruling
gradient and where the advantage of
momentum is utilized is known as
momentum gradient.
• A train gets momentum when moving in
down-gradient and this momentum can be
utilized for up-gradient.
Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S.J.

18. 1.9.1 Gradient
Pusher gradient Station yard gradient
• Pusher gradient is the gradient where an extra
engine is required to push the train.
• These are steeper gradient than ruling
gradient and are provided at certain places of
mountains to avoid heavy cutting or to reduce
the length of the track.
• A pusher gradient of 1 in 37 on Western
Ghats with B.G. track is provided.
• On Darjeeling Railway with N.G. track, a
ruling gradient of 1 in 25 is provided.
• Station yard gradient is the minimum
gradient provided in station yard for easy
draining of rainwater.
• Gradients are avoided as far as possible in
station yard due to following reasons-
• In station yard, Bogies standing on
gradients may start moving due to heavy
wind and may cause an accident.
• The locomotives will require an extra
force of pull the train on gradients at the
time of starting the trains.
• In station yards, the maximum limit of
the gradient is fixed as 1 in 400 and
minimum gradient recommended is 1 in
1000 for easy drainage of rainwater.
Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S.J.

19. • Track geometry is three-dimensional
geometry of track layouts and associated
measurements used in design, construction
and maintenance of railroad tracks.
• The subject is used in the context of
standards, speed limits and other
regulations in the areas of track gauge,
alignment, elevation, curvature and track
surface.
• Although, the geometry of the tracks is
three-dimensional by nature, the standards
are usually expressed in two separate
layouts for horizontal and vertical.
Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S.J.

20. 1.9.1 Horizontal Alignment
• Horizontal layout is the track layout on the horizontal plane.
• This can be thought of as the plan view which is a view of a 3-dimensional track from the position above the
track.
• In track geometry, the horizontal layout involves the layout of three main track types:
• tangent track (straight line),
• curved track, and
• track transition curve
Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S.J.

21. 1.9.2 Vertical Alignment
• Vertical layout is the track layout on the vertical plane. This can be
thought of as the elevation view which is the side view of the track to
show track elevation.
• In track geometry, the vertical layout involves concepts such as
crosslevel, cant and gradient.
Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S.J.