Dock and Harbor Engineering: Inland Water Transport in India, Tides, Winds and Waves Erosion, Transport of Sediments, Beach Drift, Littoral Drift, Sand Bars, Coast Protection, Classification of Ports and Harbors, Site Selection, Features of Break Waters, Jetties, Wharves, Piers, Facilities required, Dry Docks, Wet Docks, Lift Docks. Floating Docks, Spillways, Navigational Aids, Lighthouses, Terminal Buildings, and Dredging- Special Equipment.

1. MODULE-3
Dock and Harbor Engineering: Inland Water
Transport in India, Tides, Winds and Waves
Erosion, Transport of Sediments, Beach Drift,
Littoral Drift, Sand Bars, Coast Protection,
Classification of Ports and Harbors, Site
Selection, Features of Break Waters, Jetties,
Wharves, Piers, Facilities required, Dry
Docks, Wet Docks, Lift Docks. Floating
Docks, Spillways, Navigational Aids,
Lighthouses, Terminal Buildings, and
Dredging- Special Equipment.
Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S. J.

2. 6.1 Dock and Harbor Engineering:
• The definition of a dock is a place where a ship enters, a gate is closed behind it, and water is
pumped out.
• A vessel is “docked” when high and dry in the chamber.
• A floating dry DOCK is a vessel which can flood down to allow another vessel to enter between
its walls before the floating dry dock pumps the water out of is numerous flooded chambers to
raise itself back up until the vessel it contains is clear of the water.
Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S. J.

3. 6.1.1 Inland Water Transport in India-
• India has an extensive network of inland waterways in the form of rivers, canals, backwaters and creeks.
• The total navigable length is 14,500 km (9,000 mi), out of which about 5,200 km (3,200 mi) of river and 4,000
km (2,500 mi) of canal can be used by mechanized crafts.
• About 44 million tonnes (49,000,000 short tons) of cargo are moved annually through these waterways using
mechanized vessels and country boats.
• Cargo transported in an organized manner is confined to a few waterways in Goa, West Bengal, Assam and
Kerala.
• Inland waterways consist of the Ganges-Bhagirathi-Hooghly rivers, the Brahmaputra, the Barak river, the
rivers in Goa, the backwaters in Kerala, inland waters in Mumbai and the deltaic regions of the Godavari-
Krishna rivers.
Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S. J.

4. 6.1.2.1 Tides-
• Tides are one of the most reliable phenomena in the world.
• As the sun rises in the east and the stars come out at night, we are
confident that the ocean waters will regularly rise and fall along
our shores.
• Tides are very long-period waves that move through the oceans
in response to the forces exerted by the moon and sun. Tides
originate in the oceans and progress toward the coastlines where
they appear as the regular rise and fall of the sea surface.
• When the highest part, or crest, of the wave reaches a particular
location, high tide occurs; low tide corresponds to the lowest
part of the wave, or its trough. The difference in height between
the high tide and the low tide is called the tidal range.
Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S. J.

5. 6.1.2.2 Winds and Waves Erosion
• Waves shape the coast through erosion by breaking
down rock and transporting sand and other sediment.
• Impact is when waves pound the shore and break
apart the rocks, and softer rock breaks apart first.
• Abrasion is when waves grind rocks together like
sandpaper. A headland is a harder part of the shore
that sticks out into the sea. Waves erode softer rock
and create landforms such as sea stacks, sea caves,
sea arches, and wave-cut cliffs.
• Wind is the weakest agent of erosion. Sand dunes are
large deposits of sand that have been deposited by
wind.
https://www.windy.com/?21.040,74.815,9
Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S. J.

6. 6.1.3 Transport of Sediments-
• Sediment transport is the movement of solid particles
(sediment), typically due to a combination of gravity
acting on the sediment, and/or the movement of the fluid
in which the sediment is entrained.
• Sediment transport occurs in natural systems where the
particles are clastic rocks (sand, gravel, boulders, etc.),
mud, or clay; the fluid is air, water, or ice; and the force of
gravity acts to move the particles along the sloping surface
on which they are resting.
• Sediment transport due to fluid motion occurs in rivers,
oceans, lakes, seas, and other bodies of water due to
currents and tides.
Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S. J.

7. 6.1.4.1 Beach Drift, Littoral Drift,
• Beach drift is defined as the progressive
movement of sand and sediment along the beach.
• The transport of sand and pebbles along the coast
is called long shore drift.
• The prevailing wind (the direction the wind
usually blows from) causes waves to approach the
coast at an angle.
• The swash carries the sand and pebbles up the
beach at the same angle (usually 45º).
• Littoral drift refers to the movement of
entrained sand grains in the direction of the
longshore current.
• Littoral drift can be thought of as a river of sand
moving parallel to the shore, moving sand from
one coastal location to the next and so on until
the sand is eventually lost to the littoral system
Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S. J.

8. 6.1.4.2 Sand Bars-
• A sandbar is an area of sand, gravel or fine sediment that sits above the water.
• It may be connected to the shoreline, or it may be offshore.
• It is generally narrow and straight.
• A sandbar is also known as a shoal or sandbank.
• A large sandbar is called a barrier island.
Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S. J.

9. 6.1.5 Coast Protection-
• Coast protection, methods used to protect coastal lands
from erosion.
• Beaches can exist only where a delicate dynamic
equilibrium exists between the amount of sand supplied
to the beach and the inevitable losses caused by wave
erosion.
• Various activities of man have upset this equilibrium,
decidedly increasing the rate of erosion of the
shorelines.
• Measures aimed at protecting the coast against coastline
retreat, thus protecting housing, infrastructure, the coast
and the hinterland from erosion often at the expense of
losing the beach and the dynamic coastal landscape.
Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S. J.

10. 6.1.6 Classification of Ports and Harbors-
• A port is a location on a coast or shore containing one or more harbors where ships can dock and transfer
people or cargo to or from land.
• A port is a place on the coast that facilitates loading and unloading cargo.
• A port is usually located inside a harbor.
• A sheltered area of the sea in which vessels could be launched, built or taken for repair; or could seek
refuge in time of storm; or provide for loading and unloading of cargo and passengers.
• A harbour is a place that is situated on the coast where ships, boats, barges, etc. can be moored safely.
• The word harbour is derived from the Old English word “herebeorg” meaning shelter or refuge.
• In American English, this is spelt as ‘harbor.’
Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S. J.

11. Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S. J.

12. 6.1.7 Site Selection-
The guiding factors which play a great role in choice of site for a harbour are as follows
• Availability of cheap land and construction materials
• Transport and communication facilities
• Natural protection from winds and waves
• Industrial development of the locality
• Sea-bed subsoil and foundation conditions
• Traffic potentiality of harbour
• Availability of electrical energy and fresh water
• Favorable marine conditions
• Defence and strategic aspects
Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S. J.

13. 6.1.8 Features of Break Waters-
Breakwaters are structures constructed near the coasts as
part of coastal management or to protect an anchorage from
the effects of both weather and longshore drift.
• Breakwaters reduce the intensity of wave action in
inshore waters and thereby provide safe harbourage.
• Breakwaters may also be small structures designed to
protect a gently sloping beach to reduce coastal erosion;
they are placed 100–300 feet (30–90 m) offshore in
relatively shallow water.
• An anchorage is only safe if ships anchored there are
protected from the force of powerful waves by some
large structure which they can shelter behind.
Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S. J.

14. 6.1.9.1 Jetties-
• These are the structures in the form of piled projections
and they are built out from the shore to deep water and
they may be constructed either for a navigable river or
in the sea.
• In rivers, the jetties divert the current away from the
river bank and thus, the scouring action is prevented.
• As the current is diverted to deep waters, the navigation
is also controlled.
• In the sea, the jetties are at places where harbour
entrance is affected by littoral drift or the sea is shallow
for a long distance.
• Thus, they extend from the shore to the deep sea to
receive the ships.
Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S. J.

15. 6.1.9.2 Wharves-
• Platforms or landing places are necessary for ships to
come, close enough to the shore, for purposes of
embarkation, disembarkation, etc. at the same time.
• These platform locations should give sufficient depth of
water for the ship to float such platforms are, called
wharves.
• They are built out into or on to the water.
• Thus, a wharf affords a working platform alongside the
ship in continuity of the shore.
• A wharf is quay but the term wharf is generally used for an
open structure of piles or posts with bracings, jutting
from the shore towards the sea.
Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S. J.

16. 6.1.9.3 Piers
• The structure which are built perpendicular to the shore of a sea are known as piers.
• In the sea, the piers are constructed where the sea is not deep and the natural harbour is not
convenient for allowing the ships to berth adjacent to the shore.
Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S. J.

17. 6.1.9.4 Facilities required-
• Ports are strategic geographical locations which are situated at the edge of ocean, seas, rivers, or lakes.
• These locations are then developed to inculcate facilities for loading and unloading of cargo ships.
• The facilities provided for a port depends on the purpose for which the port is being used.
• Whereas a terminal is referred to as the set of facilities at a port where loading and unloading of
cargo/container take place.
• Terminals are named on the basis of the type of cargo that can be handled by them.
• Some of the most common types of terminals are container terminal, bulk cargo terminal, LNG terminal etc.
Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S. J.

18. 6.1.9.4 Facilities required-
a) Special Warehouse: This is available on all the ports, for storing the shipment and for maintaining regular stock.
b) Port Reception: Reception has details of all the shipment scheduled and moreover it is a guide for the port facilities.
c) Other facilities: Some other essential facilities are also available at seaports namely hotels, restaurants, restrooms and
eateries for the port visitors. Some of the ports are provided with medical facilities to the people present there, if there is no
hospital in the vicinity it becomes obligatory for the port to provide with primary medical services.
d) Fishing facilities: Fishing ports allow its customer with fishing aids and amenities at the port.
e) Warm water facility: A greater revenue-generating warm water port provides warm water even in frosting winters.
f) Loading and Unloading Facility: It is the mandatory part of every port to allow loading and unloading of freight as well as
people in a ship.
g) Infrastructure and Equipment’s: A port has piers, basins, stacking or storage areas, warehouses to store various ferry
equipment. Each port is equipped with essential equipment for e.g. hauling equipment’s, draggers, cranes, trucks, loaders, etc.
h) Workshop: All the bigger and significant ports provide the facility of vessel workshop. It is the place where one can get spare
parts and accessories of a vessel. Also, the vessels which have gone out of order are repaired and catered in the workshop.
Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S. J.

19. 6.1.10 Dry Docks, Wet Docks, Lift Docks-
• A dry dock (sometimes dry-dock or
dry-dock) is a narrow basin or
vessel that can be flooded to allow
a load to be floated in, then
drained to allow that load to come
to rest on a dry platform.
• Dry docks are used for the
construction, maintenance, and
repair of ships, boats, and other
watercraft.
• A wet dock or
impounded dock is a variant in
which the water is impounded
either by dock gates or by a
lock, thus allowing ships to
remain afloat at low tide in
places with high tidal ranges.
• The level of water in the dock is
maintained despite the rising
and falling of the tide.
• Lift up docks provide one of
the easiest ways to remove
your dock for winter storage.
• The aluminum truss design
allows the dock's entire frame
to lift up.
Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S. J.

20. 6.1.11 Floating Docks, Spillways-
• Floating dock (impounded), a development of the half tide
dock, where pumps or river flow are used to maintain the
dock at around the high tide level of a nearby tidal waterway.
• Floating dock (jetty), a lightweight quay or jetty, floating on
pontoons, that rises and falls with the tide and shipping.
• Floating dry dock, a portable dry dock that may be towed into
place.
• A spillway is a structure used to provide the controlled
release of flows from a port or levee into a downstream area,
typically the riverbed of the dammed river itself.
• Spillways ensure that the water does not overflow and
damage or destroy the port.
Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S. J.

21. 6.1.12 Navigational Aids-
A navigational aid (navaid), also known
as aid to navigation (ATON), is any sort
of marker which aids the traveler in
navigation, usually nautical or aviation
travel.
Common types of such aids include
lighthouses, buoys, fog signals, and day
beacons.
Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S. J.

22. 6.1.13 Lighthouses-
• A lighthouse is a tower, building, or another type of
structure designed to emit light from a system of lamps
and lenses and to serve as a navigational aid for maritime
pilots at sea or on inland waterways.
• Lighthouses mark dangerous coastlines, hazardous shoals,
reefs, rocks, and safe entries to harbors; they also assist in
aerial navigation.
• Once widely used, the number of operational lighthouses
has declined due to the expense of maintenance and has
become uneconomical since the advent of cheaper and
often much more effective electronic navigational
systems.
Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S. J.

23. 6.1.14 Terminal Buildings-
• Ports are gateways for cargo and people and are made of up terminals that specialize in one or the other.
• A container terminal is a part of a port where containerized cargo is transported from land to sea and
from sea to land.
Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S. J.

24. 6.1.15 Dredging- Special Equipment
Dredging is the form of excavation carried out underwater or partially underwater, in shallow waters or
ocean waters. It keeps waterways and ports navigable, and assists coastal protection, land reclamation and
coastal redevelopment, by gathering up bottom sediments and transporting it elsewhere.
Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S. J.

25. Currently there are 13 "major ports" in India,
and all except Ennore Port are administered by
a Port Trust Board.
Ennore Port is a public company limited by
guarantee, and fully owned by the national
government. The ports with a Port Trust Board
are:
 Mumbai
 Kolkata
 Chennai
 Kandla
 Jawaharlal Nehru Port (near Mumbai)
 Mormugao
 New Mangalore
 Cochin
 V.O. Chidambaranar Port
 Port Blair (Andaman and Nicobar islands)
 Visakhapatnam
 Paradip
Prepared by-
Prof. Basweshwar S. J.