Module 3: (8 Lectures) Highway Materials: Soil – relevant properties, Various tests, Aggregates – strength, hardness, toughness, soundness, durability, shape, specific gravity, water absorption, Bituminous materials – Bitumen, Tar, and Asphalt – various properties, Design of Bituminous paving mixes-Marshall stability test

1. Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Technology, Dhule
Department of Civil Engineering 1
Prepared
By-
Prof.
Basweshwar
S.
J.
BTCVC603 Transportation Engineering
Teaching Scheme: (3 Lectures) hours/week
Course Outcomes-
CO1- Comprehend various types of transportation systems and their history of the development
CO2- Comprehend various types of pavements
CO3- Design the pavements by considering various aspects associated with traffic safety measures.
Topic Learning Outcomes:
C603.2.1 Impart knowledge about
various materials used for highway
construction.
C603.2.2 Describe tests carried out on
materials used for highway
construction.
C603.2.3 Introduce the fundamental
concepts of highway construction
C603.2.4 Classify pavements on the
basis of structural behavior.
C505.3.1 Design different road
geometrical elements.
C505.3.2 Identify traffic stream
characteristics and Design a pre-
timed signalized intersection.
C505.3.3 Identify causes of road
accidents and measures for road
safety.
C505.3.3 Analyze the important
features of pavement designing.
C603.1.1 Understand the significance
of various modes of transportation
C603.1.2 Discuss developments in
road construction and Classify roads
based on certain criteria.
C603.1.3 Describe factors for
selecting road alignments and
carrying out road surveys.

2. Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Technology, Dhule
Department of Civil Engineering 2
Prepared
By-
Prof.
Basweshwar
S.
J.
Module 3:
(8 Lectures)
Highway Materials:
Soil – relevant
properties, Various
tests, Aggregates –
strength, hardness,
toughness, soundness,
durability, shape,
specific gravity, water
absorption,
Bituminous materials
– Bitumen, Tar, and
Asphalt – various
properties, Design of
Bituminous paving
mixes-Marshall
stability test
Module 4: Traffic Engineering
(8 Lectures)
Traffic Characteristics, Speed,
Journey Time and Delays, Vehicle
Volume Counts, Origin and
Destination Studies, Analysis and
Interpretation of Survey Data,
Traffic Operations, Design of
Signals and Rotary intersections,
Parking Space Design,Highway
Lighting, Planning and
Administration, Road Markings,
Signs
Road Accidents and
Safety:Classification, Causes,
Mitigation and Control Measures,
Aspects of Safety in Usage of
Roads, Type and Design of anti-
crash barriers, Introduction to
Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS).
Module 5: Pavement
Design
(8 Lectures)
Basic Principles, Methods
for Different Types of
Pavements, Design of
flexible pavement using
IRC: 37- 2012, Design of
rigid pavement using
IRC: 58-2011
Other modes of
Transport
Introduction to Railways,
Airways, Waterways,
Pipeline Transportation,
Classification,
Requirements,
Comparative Studies

3. Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Technology, Dhule
Department of Civil Engineering 3
Prepared
By-
Prof.
Basweshwar
S.
J.
3.1 Highway Materials: Soil – relevant properties
The soil as Roads subgrade has the following function:
1. Soil is an essential component in road construction which is used as subgrade material.
2. It acts as an integral part of the road pavement.
3. It ensures the stability and durability of the road under adverse conditions.
4. It facilitates proper drainage for rainwater percolating through the road pavement.

4. Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Technology, Dhule
Department of Civil Engineering 4
Prepared
By-
Prof.
Basweshwar
S.
J.
Properties of Soil as a Road Material
The properties of soil as a road material are as follows:
1. The soil subgrade should remain stable in adverse condition.
2. It should have permanent strength.
3. It should be incompressible.
4. It should have proper drainage properties to evade excessive retention of moisture.
5. It should be easily compatible which ensures higher dry density (dry density of soil) and strength
under particular type and amount of compaction.
6. It should have minimum variation in volume under adverse conditions of weather and
groundwater. The minimum change in volume will ensure minimum variation in differential
strength and differential expansion.

5. Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Technology, Dhule
Department of Civil Engineering 5
Prepared
By-
Prof.
Basweshwar
S.
J.
3.1.1 Highway Materials: Soil –Various tests
• Types of soil tests for a road construction project require the site investigation to be carried out
to understand the soil profile.
• For road construction works, the properties of soil at the subgrade level are required.
• The common soil test for road construction includes classification of soil, particle size
distribution, moisture content determination, specific gravity, liquid limit, and plastic limit
tests.
• Moisture content, particle size, and specific gravity tests on soils are used for the calculation of
soil properties such as degree of saturation.
• The soil tests can be laboratory tests or in-situ tests.
• Laboratory tests should be carried out on every sample taken for the determination of particle
size and moisture content.

6. Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Technology, Dhule
Department of Civil Engineering 6
Prepared
By-
Prof.
Basweshwar
S.
J.
3.1.1 Highway Materials: Soil –Various tests
Types of Soil Tests for Road Construction
Following are the various types of soil tests for pavement construction:
3.1.1.1 In-situ Moisture Content
• The moisture content of the soil test is carried out in the laboratory.
• It is expressed as the percentage of water in the soil to its dry mass.
• The moisture content in soil signifies the various properties of soil such as compaction,
permeability, particle size, etc.
3.1.1.2 Specific gravity of soil
• The specific gravity of soil is the ratio of the weight of soil in the air of a given volume at a
standard temperature to the weight in air of an equal volume of distilled water at the same
stated temperature.
• This test is also carried out in the laboratory.

7. Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Technology, Dhule
Department of Civil Engineering 7
Prepared
By-
Prof.
Basweshwar
S.
J.
Following are the various types of soil tests for pavement construction:
3.1.1.3 Particle Size Distribution (By wet sieving & pipette method)
• This test determines the particle size distribution of soil from the coarse sand size down to fine
clay size.
• The data from the particle size distribution test is used to determine the suitability of soil for
road construction, airfield, etc.
• This test can also be used to predict soil water movement although permeability tests are more
generally used.
3.1.1.4 Compaction test - Proctor test
• This soil compaction test also called as Proctor test is used for the determination of the mass of
dry soil per cubic meter when the soil is compacted over a range of moisture contents, giving
the maximum dry density at optimum moisture content.
• Thus this test provides the compaction characteristics of different soils with change in moisture
content.
• This is achieved by the densification of soil by reducing the air voids.

8. Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Technology, Dhule
Department of Civil Engineering 8
Prepared
By-
Prof.
Basweshwar
S.
J.
Following are the various types of soil tests for pavement construction:
3.1.1.5 California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test
• California Bearing Ratio test is conducted in the laboratory.
• This test provides the load penetration resistance of the soil.
• CBR value is obtained by measuring the relationship between force and penetration when a
cylindrical plunger is made to penetrate the soil at a standard rate.
• The CBR test is used for the evaluation of the subgrade strength of roads and pavements.
• The CBR value obtained by this test is used with the empirical curves to determine the
thickness of pavement and its component layers.
• This is the most widely used method for the design of flexible pavement.
• Even though the provision of subsoil drains reduces the effect of water on the subgrade, fully
soaked CBR tests shall be considered to be appropriate for road construction projects.

9. Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Technology, Dhule
Department of Civil Engineering 9
Prepared
By-
Prof.
Basweshwar
S.
J.
Following are the various types of soil tests for pavement construction:
3.1.1.5 California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test
The following points should be taken care of while soil testing for road construction:
• Sampling and Testing:
• Sampling of soil for tests in laboratory or in-situ is to be carefully done by an experienced
engineer.
• The requirement for the various mass/volume of soil at different points of a road project
shall be followed as per the specification and standard codes.
• Test Data Logging:
• Logging of all the soil sample and test data shall be done by trained staff who has the
knowledge of soil properties and tests results.
• Testing Frequency:
• The testing frequency of soil shall be as per input from Engineer.
• The decision on the testing frequency is usually taken on the basis of results obtained from
the previous tests.

10. Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Technology, Dhule
Department of Civil Engineering 10
Prepared
By-
Prof.
Basweshwar
S.
J.
3.1.2 Highway Materials: Aggregates – strength, hardness, toughness, soundness, durability,
shape, specific gravity, water absorption,
• Aggregate is a collective term for the mineral materials such as sand, gravel, and crushed
stone that are used with a binding medium (such as water, bitumen, Portland cement, lime,
etc.) to form compound materials (such as bituminous concrete and Portland cement
concrete).
• By volume, aggregate generally accounts for 92 to 96 percent of Bituminous concrete and
about 70 to 80 percent of Portland cement concrete.
• Aggregate is also used for base and sub-base courses for both flexible and rigid pavements.
• Aggregates can either be natural or manufactured.
• Natural aggregates are generally extracted from larger rock formations through an open
excavation (quarry).
• Extracted rock is typically reduced to usable sizes by mechanical crushing.
• Manufactured aggregate is often a bye product of other manufacturing industries.

11. Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Technology, Dhule
Department of Civil Engineering 11
Prepared
By-
Prof.
Basweshwar
S.
J.
3.1.2 Highway Materials: Aggregates – strength, hardness, toughness, soundness, durability,
shape, specific gravity, water absorption,
Desirable properties
3.1.2.1 Strength
• The aggregates used in top layers are subjected to
(i) Stress action due to traffic wheel load,
(ii) Wear and tear,
(iii) crushing.
• For a high quality pavement, the aggregates should posses high resistance to crushing, and to
withstand the stresses due to traffic wheel load.
3.1.2.2 Hardness
• The aggregates used in the surface course are subjected to constant rubbing or abrasion due to
moving traffic.
• The aggregates should be hard enough to resist the abrasive action caused by the movements
of traffic.
• The abrasive action is severe when steel tyred vehicles moves over the aggregates exposed at
the top surface.

12. Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Technology, Dhule
Department of Civil Engineering 12
Prepared
By-
Prof.
Basweshwar
S.
J.
3.1.2 Highway Materials: Aggregates – strength, hardness, toughness, soundness, durability,
shape, specific gravity, water absorption,
Desirable properties
3.1.2.3 Toughness
• Resistance of the aggregates to impact is termed as toughness.
• Aggregates used in the pavement should be able to resist the effect caused by the jumping of
the steel tyred wheels from one particle to another at different levels causes severe impact on
the aggregates.
3.1.2.4 Shape of aggregates
• Aggregates which happen to fall in a particular size range may have rounded, cubical, angular,
flaky or elongated particles.
• It is evident that the flaky and elongated particles will have less strength and durability when
compared with cubical, angular or rounded particles of the same aggregate.
• Hence too flaky and too much elongated aggregates should be avoided as far as possible.

13. Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Technology, Dhule
Department of Civil Engineering 13
Prepared
By-
Prof.
Basweshwar
S.
J.
3.1.2 Highway Materials: Aggregates – strength, hardness, toughness, soundness, durability,
shape, specific gravity, water absorption,
Desirable properties
3.1.2.5 Adhesion with bitumen
• The aggregates used in bituminous pavements should have less affinity with water when
compared with bituminous materials, otherwise the bituminous coating on the aggregate will
be stripped off in presence of water.
3.1.2.6 Durability
• The property of aggregates to withstand adverse action of weather is called soundness.
• The aggregates are subjected to the physical and chemical action of rain and bottom water,
impurities there-in and that of atmosphere, hence it is desirable that the road aggregates used
in the construction should be sound enough to withstand the weathering action.
3.1.2.7 Freedom from deleterious particles
• Specifications for aggregates used in bituminous mixes usually require the aggregates to be
clean, tough and durable in nature and free from excess amount of flat or elongated pieces,
dust, clay balls and other objectionable material.
• Similarly aggregates used in Portland cement concrete mixes must be clean and free from
deleterious substances such as clay lumps, chert, silt and other organic impurities.

14. Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Technology, Dhule
Department of Civil Engineering 14
Prepared
By-
Prof.
Basweshwar
S.
J.
3.1.2 Highway Materials: Aggregates – strength, hardness, toughness, soundness, durability,
shape, specific gravity, water absorption,
Aggregate tests
In order to decide the suitability of the aggregate for use in pavement construction, following
tests are carried out:
• Crushing test
• Abrasion test
• Impact test
• Soundness test
• Shape test
• Specific gravity and water absorption test
• Bitumen adhesion test

15. Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Technology, Dhule
Department of Civil Engineering 15
Prepared
By-
Prof.
Basweshwar
S.
J.
3.1.3 Highway Materials: Bituminous materials – Bitumen, Tar, and Asphalt – various
properties, Design of Bituminous paving mixes-Marshall stability test
3.1.3.1 What is Asphalt?
• The asphalt is a mixture which consists alumina, lime, silica and asphaltic bitumen.
• At low temperatures, it is in solid state and at high temperatures it is in liquid state.
• Asphalt is produced in two different ways as follows.
 Natural asphalt
 Residual asphalt
Natural Asphalt
• Natural asphalt is obtained directly from the nature especially from the
two resources lakes and rocks.
• The lake asphalt contains 40 to 70 % of pure bitumen which is boiled in
tank and water content evaporates and impurities are separated.
• The final product is called as asphalt which can be used for laying roads
etc.
• Rock asphalt contains 10 to 15% of pure bitumen and calcareous matter.
These rocks are crushed and heated and consolidates by sudden cooling.
This asphalt is used for paving tiles etc.

16. Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Technology, Dhule
Department of Civil Engineering 16
Prepared
By-
Prof.
Basweshwar
S.
J.
3.1.3 Highway Materials: Bituminous materials – Bitumen, Tar, and Asphalt – various
properties, Design of Bituminous paving mixes-Marshall stability test
What is Asphalt?
• The asphalt is a mixture which consists alumina, lime, silica and asphaltic bitumen.
• At low temperatures, it is in solid state and at high temperatures it is in liquid state.
• Asphalt is produced in two different ways as follows.
 Natural asphalt
 Residual asphalt
Residual Asphalt
• Residual asphalt is
obtained artificially by
the distillation of crude
petroleum oil with
asphaltic base.

17. Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Technology, Dhule
Department of Civil Engineering 17
Prepared
By-
Prof.
Basweshwar
S.
J.
3.1.3 Highway Materials: Bituminous materials – Bitumen, Tar, and Asphalt – various
properties, Design of Bituminous paving mixes-Marshall stability test
Forms of Asphalt
The available forms of asphalt are:
Cutback Asphalt
• Cutback asphalt is
in liquid state.
• Asphalt is
dissolved in a
volatile solvent to
get this cutback
asphalt.
• It is used for
manufacturing
bituminous paint,
repairing roofs etc.
Asphalt Emulsion
• Asphaltic emulsion is
obtained by adding 50
to 60% water to the
asphalt in presence of
1% emulsifying
agent.
• The emulsifying
agent forms
waterproof film when
water evaporates.
• So, it can be used in
cold conditions.
Asphalt Cement
• Natural asphalt is
subjected to high
pressure air under
high temperature to
get asphalt cement.
• Asphalt cement is
plastic in nature
and it is used for
flooring, roofing,
water proofing
material etc.
Mastic Asphalt
• Mastic asphalt is
obtained by heating
natural asphalt with
sand and mineral
fillers.
• It is impermeable
matter does not
contain any voids.
• It is in solid state
and by heating it
can be brought to
liquid state.
• It is used for damp
proofing course.

18. Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Technology, Dhule
Department of Civil Engineering 18
Prepared
By-
Prof.
Basweshwar
S.
J.
3.1.3 Highway Materials: Bituminous materials – Bitumen, Tar, and Asphalt – various
properties, Design of Bituminous paving mixes-Marshall stability test
3.1.3.2 What is Bitumen?
• Bitumen is obtained by the partial distillation of crude petroleum.
• It is also called as mineral tar and is present in asphalt also.
• It contains 87% carbon, 11% hydrogen and 2% oxygen.
The forms of bitumen are generally 5 types as follows.
• Cutback bitumen
• Bitumen emulsion
• Plastic bitumen
• Blown bitumen
• Straight run bitumen

19. Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Technology, Dhule
Department of Civil Engineering 19
Prepared
By-
Prof.
Basweshwar
S.
J.
3.1.3 Highway Materials: Bituminous materials – Bitumen, Tar, and Asphalt – various
properties, Design of Bituminous paving mixes-Marshall stability test
Cutback Bitumen
• Cutback
bitumen is
obtained from
the distillation
of asphaltic
bitumen with
the addition of
coal tar or
petroleum.
• Cut back
bitumen can be
used as paint in
cold weather
conditions.
Bitumen Emulsion
• Bitumen
emulsion is
obtained by
dissolving very
finely divided
bitumen in an
aqueous medium.
• Suitable
stabilizing agents
are added to this
solution.
Plastic Bitumen
• Plastic bitumen
majorly contains
inert filler about
40 to 45% and
bitumen and
thinner is the
other material.
• It is used as
sealing material
for leakages,
cracks in
masonry
structures etc.
Straight Run Bitumen
• Straight run bitumen is
obtained by the distillation
of bitumen into definite
viscosity.
• It is also available as rocks.
Blown Bitumen
• Blown bitumen is special type
of bitumen.
• It is manufactured by subjecting
bitumen to air under heavy
pressure at high temperature.
• It can be used as damp proofing
material, heat insulating
material etc.

20. Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Technology, Dhule
Department of Civil Engineering 20
Prepared
By-
Prof.
Basweshwar
S.
J.
3.1.3 Highway Materials: Bituminous materials – Bitumen, Tar, and Asphalt – various
properties, Design of Bituminous paving mixes-Marshall stability test
3.1.3.3 What is Tar?
• Tar is a high viscous liquid which contains high amount of carbon content.
• It is used for laying surface layer for pavements, preserving wood etc..
Forms of Tar
General forms of tar are as follows.
• Coal tar
• Wood tar
• Mineral tar

21. Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Technology, Dhule
Department of Civil Engineering 21
Prepared
By-
Prof.
Basweshwar
S.
J.
3.1.3 Highway Materials: Bituminous materials – Bitumen, Tar, and Asphalt – various
properties, Design of Bituminous paving mixes-Marshall stability test
Coal Tar
• Coal tar is the by-product obtained
during the production of coal gas.
• It is used for preserving timber,
laying macadam roads etc.
• The process consists of coal heated in
closed iron vessels and the
evaporated gases are collected in
tubes.
• These tubes are circulated with
cooling water.
• So, some matter is deposited in these
tubes and it is nothing but coal tar.
• It is dense and strong-smelling liquid.
• It is in black color.
Wood Tar
• Wood tar is obtained by
the distillation of resinous
woods like pines etc.
• The distillation of
resinous wood provides
the creosote oil which has
very good preservative
property.
• So, wood tar is well
suitable for preserving
wood.
Mineral Tar
• Mineral tar is produced
by the exploitation of
kerogens.
• Kerogens are generally
obtained from
bituminous shale’s
which are nothing but
rocks.
• Volatile content of
mineral tar is very less.

22. Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Technology, Dhule
Department of Civil Engineering 22
Prepared
By-
Prof.
Basweshwar
S.
J.
Comparison Between Asphalt, Bitumen and Tar Properties
Property Asphalt Bitumen Tar
Color Blackish brown Dark color with slight reddish tinge Deep black
State Solid or semi-solid Solid Viscous Liquid
Carbon content Low Medium High
Water Resistance More More Less
Acid resistance More More Less
Adhesive power Less More High
Setting time Less Less More

23. Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Technology, Dhule
Department of Civil Engineering 23
Prepared
By-
Prof.
Basweshwar
S.
J.
3.2 Design of Bituminous paving mixes-Marshall stability test
• The mix design (wetmix) determines the optimum bitumen content.
• This is preceded by the dry mix design.
• There are many methods available for mix design which vary in the size of the test specimen,
compaction, and other test specifications.
Marshall mix design
• The Marshall stability and flow test provides the performance prediction measure for the
Marshall mix design method.
• The stability portion of the test measures the maximum load supported by the test specimen at a
loading rate of 50.8 mm/minute.
• Load is applied to the specimen till failure, and the maximum load is designated as stability.
• During the loading, an attached dial gauge measures the specimen's plastic flow (deformation)
due to the loading.
• The flow value is recorded in 0.25 mm (0.01 inch) increments at the same time when the
maximum load is recorded.

24. Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Technology, Dhule
Department of Civil Engineering 24
Prepared
By-
Prof.
Basweshwar
S.
J.