This document discusses the major endocrine glands in the human body, including their locations, secretions, and functions. It describes the hypothalamus and pituitary gland which regulate other endocrine glands. The thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, gonads and thymus are also summarized in terms of their hormone productions and roles in metabolism, growth, and development.

1. By –
Mr. Ashok Bishnoi
Lecturer,JINR
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2.  Gland:- It is a group of cell which take certain
material from tissue fluid & make new substances
of them.
 Classification:- it is classified in to two groups.
◦ Exocrine & duct gland -which secrete in to cavity.
◦ Endocrine & ductless gland:- which secrete in to
tissue & blood.
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3.  Hypothalamus
 Pineal gland (1)
 Pituitary (1)
◦ Anterior P.
◦ Posterior P.
 Thyroid gland (2)
 Parathyroid glands (4)
 Thymus (1)
 Adrenal Glands (2)
◦ Cortex
◦ Medulla
 Islets of Langerhans (1)
 Gonads
◦ Ovaries in female (2)
◦ Testes in male (2)
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5. Figure 11-3: Autonomic control centers in the brain
Hypothalamus:-

6.  It Regulates , emotions, feeding/satiety, thirst,
body temperature, etc.
 Controls the release of hormones from the anterior
and posterior pituitary
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7. “7” releasing hormones are made in the hypothalamus
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)
Gonadotropin-Releasing hormone (GnRH)
Growth hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH)

8. Growth hormone-Release Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH)
Prolactin-Releasing factor (PRF)
Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormone (PIH)
 All of these are released into the blood in the
capillaries and travel immediately
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10.  It is lie in the hypophyseal phosa of the sphenoid
bone below the hypothalamus.
 Weight is about “500” mg
Endocrine-Glands.ppt 10

11.  Anterior P. (Adenohypophysis):-
◦ Growth Hormone (GH)
◦ Prolactin Hormone (PH)
◦ Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
◦ Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
◦ Adrenocorticotropic Hormone(ACTH)
◦ Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
◦ Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
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13.  Posterior p (Neurohypophysis):-
◦ Oxytocin
◦ Antidiuretic H. (ADH)
Endocrine-Glands.ppt 13

14.  Oxytocin
◦ Stimulates smooth muscle contraction of uterus &
mammary glands.
 Antidiuretic H.
◦ Stimulates water reabsorption in collecting ducts.
◦ Stimulates vasoconstriction (vasopressin)
◦ Lack  diabetes insipidus

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17.  Position:- Situated in the neck in front of the
larynx & trachea at the level of 5th
,6th
& 7th
cervical
& 1st
thoracic vertebrae.
 Weight it is about:- 25 gm
 Shape:- Butterfly in shape
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18. 18

19.  It consisting of two lobes one on either side of
thyroid cartilage
 The lobe are cone shaped
 About 5cm long
 3 cm wide
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20.  Blood supply by:- Superior & inferior thyroid
artery.
 Venous drainage by:- thyroid vein
20

21. Secretion of hormone:-
1. T3 (Tri-iodothyronine)
2. T4 (Thyroid)
Function:-
◦ Increases BMR & produce energy
◦ It help in metabolism of protein ,fat
3. Calcitonin
Function:-
◦ Reduce blood calcium level
◦ It reduce reabsorbtion of calcium level from bone
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22. 22

23.  Location:- The parathyroid gland is located in the
neck
 There are “4”small parathyroid glands.
 Two abunded in the posterior surface of each lob
of the thyroid glands.
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24.  Shape:- Spherical in shape
 Length:- 0.3-0.6cm long
 Weight:- 25mg
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26.  Arterial supply: inferior thyroid artery (superior
thyroid,)
 Venous drainage: Inferior, middle, superior
thyroid veins
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27.  Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Function:-
 Increase blood calcium level when it is low
(9-10.5 mg/dl)
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30. 30

31.  Position:-One situated on the upper pole of the
each kidney
 Length:- About “4” cm long
 Around “3” cm thick
Endocrine-Glands.ppt 31

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33.  The gland compose of two parts which have
different structure & function.
 The outer part is Cortex
 The inner parts is Medulla
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34. Secretion of hormone:-
A. Adrenal Cortex:-
1. Glucocorticoid ( Regulation of metabolism of glucose)
2. Mineralocorticoids-(Aldosterone-maintain water & electrolyte)
3. Sex hormone-(Androgen in male-play role in reproductive activity)
Endocrine-Glands.ppt 34

35. B-Renal Medulla:-
1. Adrenaline ( Epinephrine)
2. Noradrenalin (Nor epinephrine)
Function:-
 Increase HR
 Increase BP
 Increase Metabolic rate
 Dilating pupiles
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36.  Hypo-secretion
Addison’s disease -
glucocorticoid deficiency
person becomes highly
susceptible to disease and
deteriorating effects of stress
 Hyper-secretion:
Cushing’s Syndrome
mobilization of fat from lower
body to the thoracic and upper
abdominal regions giving raise
to “Buffalo Torso”

37.  Control centers for
blood glucose
 Insulin from beta
cells
 Glucagon from
alpha cells
 Somatostanin from
delta cell
Endocrine-Glands.ppt 37

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39.  Ovaries in female:-
◦ Estrogens
◦ Progesterone
 Testes in male:-
◦ Testosterone, etc.
 Reproductive functions when we study
reproductive system.
Endocrine-Glands.ppt 39

40.  Suspended in third ventricle from
diencephalon
 Melatonin
◦ ? Inhibits early puberty
◦ ? Day/night cycles
 Timing of sleep, body temperature, appetite
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41.  = “Thymus gland”
 Thymopoietins, thymic factor, thymosins
◦ Influence development of T lymphocytes
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42.  Stomach (gastrointestinal hormones)
 Heart  ANP(Atrial natriuretic peptide)
 Kidneys  erythropoietin
 Adipose tissue  leptin
 Skin  cholecalciferol (vit. D precursor)
 Placenta  progesterone
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43.  Growth
 Healing
 Water balance & Blood Pressure
 Calcium Metabolism
 Energy Metabolism
 Stress
 Regulation of other Endocrine Organs