Climate change effect on fruit crops

1. Presented by,
Swati Shukla
Ph.D. (Hort.)Fruit Science
Seminar Incharge
Dr. Prabhakar Singh
Head,
Department of Fruit Science,
College of Agriculture,
Indira Gandhi Krishi
Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.)
SEMINAR
ON
“Recent advances in effect of climate change on
management of abiotic stress in important fruit crops.”
COURSE NO.- FSC- 691
CREDIT HOURS- 1(0+1)

2. Content
 Climate Change
 Current scenario
 Abiotic stress
 Stress interaction
 Implications of Abiotic Stresses
 Impact of climate change on fruit crops
 Abiotic stress in important fruits
 Adaptation to climate change in fruit crops
 Mitigation to climate change in fruit crops
 Case study
 Conclusion
 References

3. What do you mean by climate change……?
Climate change refers to the variation in the Earth's global
climate or in regional climates over time.
UNFCCC, defines climate change as “a change of climate
which is attributed directly or indirectly to human
activity that alters the composition of the global
atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate
variability observed over comparable time periods.”
( IPCC ,2007)

5. Current scenario
2016- Warmest Year on record (source – NASA)
Global mean surface temperature will rise between 1.8˚C – 4.0˚C by 2100
(IPCC, 2014)

6. WHAT IS STRESS ?
 Stress in biology is any change in environmental conditions that
might reduce or adversely change a plant’s growth or development.
 Stress may be defined as any environmental conditions that
prevents the plants from achieving its full genetic potential.
 Strasser 1998 defined it as ‘a condition caused by factors that tend
to alter an equilibrium’, Stresses that impact upon seeds can affect
plant reproduction and productivity, and, hence, agriculture and
biodiversity.
 Stress is defined as a phenomenon that limits crop productivity or
destroys biomass (Grime, 1979).

7. Types of stresses
1. Biotic Stress
Biotic stress is stress that occurs as a result of damage done to plants by
other living organisms. It includes bacteria, fungi, nematodes, viruses
and insect –pest.
2. Abiotic Stress
The negative impact of environmental factors on plant growth and yield.
Any adverse factor acting on physiological processes/ biochemical
activity of the plant is called abiotic stress.
Abiotic stress is best defined as any factor exerted by the environment
on the optimal functioning of the plant.

8. STRESS
Abiotic component
• Sunlight
• Salt concentration
• Drought conditions
• Temperatures
• Soil condition
• Oxidative agents
• Cold conditions
• Metal toxicity
Biotic component
• Virus
• Fungal pathogens
• Bacteria
• Nematodes
• Insects
• Weed

9. Abiotic Stress Conditions
Edaphic (soil)
Water stress
Excess Deficit
Salt/ iron stress
Deficiency Toxicity
Atmospheric
Temperature
stress
Heat
stress
Cold
stress
Light stress

10. Stress Interaction
What is stress interaction
• In many cases the abiotic stresses do not occur independently and
thus Stress environment may involve a complex of interacting stress
factors.
• All the factors are interrelated. For instance, an increase in
temperature would certainly bring out a decrease in humidity.
Types of stress interaction
1. Synergistic interactions
• The ability to accumulate nutrient is inhibited by drought and low
light Intensity.
• Metabolic process induced by cold temperature may enhance
protection against photochemical damage.

11. 2. Antagonistic interactions
• It occurs when one stress enhances the ability of the plant
to tolerate another stress.
• During the chilling stress there is often an increase in the
concentration of cryoprotectant molecules in tissue.
• Acclimation of chilling stress will accord a certain amount
of water stress tolerance in plants.
• Plants are more susceptible to the detrimental impact of
water stress under high light conditions.

12. Effects of stress combination
1. Negative interactions of multiple stresses
 The ability of plants to recognize and respond to specific
stress combinations is particularly important when those
individual stress could elicit a negative effect on plant
growth and reproduction.
 Climate change models predict that the occurrence and
intensity of drought and heat waves will increase in future
& lead to reduction in production.( IPPC, 2007,).
 High temperature and drought are perhaps the two most
major stress limiting crop growth and yield and
combination of these stresses cause many physiological
changes. (Rizhsky et al.,2002)

13. 2. Positive interactions of multiple stresses
• Drought stress, would cause a reduction in stomatal
conductance, thereby enhancing the tolerance of plant to
O3 stress (Pakkonen et al., 1998).
• In addition , ROS concentration enhanced by drought or O3
alone were decreased under the stress combination to a
value comparable to the controlled condition.
• The accumulation of these compunds under the stress
combination was linked to the maintenance of a lower
NA+ : K+ ratio, with a better performance of the cell water
status and photosynthesis compared with salt stress
alone. (Allakhverdiev et al., 2003, Cuin & shabala,2005).

14. Drought and Salinity Stress.
1. Proline & glycine betaine accumulation:
• Glycine betaine accumulation in osmotically stressed plants
resulted from increased rates of synthesis, whereas, with proline,
synthesis and catabolism appears to be co-ordinately regulated in
response to water stress.
• Genetic evidence indicates that accumulation of glycine betaine
promotes salt tolerance.
• Salt stress inhibits sucrose synthesis and promotes accumulation of
mannitol.
• mannitol concentrations increase in response to osmotic stress.

15. Implications of Abiotic Stresses
Type of stress Impact Reference
High temperature Production timing will change ,
photosensitive crop will mature
faster.
Datta (2013)
More salinity. Coastal regions can expect much
faster percolation of sea water .
Datta (2013)
Winter temperatures
and precipitation
Induction of dormancy, bud
break and ensuring flowering in
apples.
Jindal and Mankotia (2004)
Decrease in snowfall Increase in temperature in apple
growing regions and reflected in
low yield of apple in regions
below 1500 msl .
Rana et al., 2008
Hot and dry conditions Proline accumulation in
pomegranate .
Halilova and Yildiz ,2009

16. Implications of Abiotic Stresses
Type of stress Impact Reference
Increase in temperature
and CO2
an increase in population of pests and
severity of diseases in presence of
host plant. It increases the rate of
reproductive cycle of insect and pest.
-----
High humidity (85-90%),
moderate temperatures
(maximum temperature
of 25-26°C and minimum
of 18-20°C)
favourable condition for the initiation
of disease.
Chhata et
al., 2006
Higher temperature Floral abortions, flower & fruit drop. Datta, 2013
Heat stress During flowering, increase pollination
failures.
-----
Direct sunlight & high
temperature
Apple fruits had a higher sugar content
in extended harvesting.
Brooks &
Fisher, 1996

17. How this changing climate effect fruit crops
 Effect of High Temperature in various stages of Crop Growth
Growth stage Effect of High temperature
Vegetative growth High temperature exposure (43˚C) in Almond bud failure like
symptoms appear in which there is complete separation of distorted
and compressed cells from surrounding tissues takes place by a
periderm like layer, (Hellali and Kester, 1979).
Flowering Abnormal pattern of bud break and development in temperate fruit
trees. In apricot, the warm temperature (15.9˚C) 3-5˚C higher than
the normal results in underdeveloped pistils. (Rodrigo and Herrero
2002).
Fruit set & yield The higher temperature during fruit set stage also affect the fruit
retention.
On trifoliate orange rootstocks, when exposed to 30-35˚C for 48h in
a controlled environment increased the fruit drop.

18. Effect of High temperature on various Fruit Crops
Sr. No. Name of Fruit
Crops/Cultivars
Effect of High Temperature
1. Apple Sunburn
2 Apple CV.
Jonagold
Bitter pit
3 Apricot Reduction in the no. of bud , flowers & fruits
4 Avocado Reduced fruit set
5 Cherry Accelerate pollen tube growth
6 Citrus Poor colour development
7 Mango Spongy tissues & fruit cracking
8. Pineapple Sun scald

19. Effect of Low temperature on various Fruit Crops
Sr. No. Name of Fruit
Crops/Cultivars
Effect of High Temperature
1. Almond Pollination & fertilization is highly reduced
2 Aonla Oozing of water from fruits
3 Banana Below 10˚C leads to impedance of inflorescence &
malformation of bunches.
4 Ber Fruits are shrivelled , brown and turn black
5 Citrus Drying up of fruit & twigs
6 Pomegranate Hardening of fruits
7 Mango Floral induction

20. Inadequate
Chilling
Prunus avium (sweet cherry cv.
Stella) subject to low chill show
reduced flower size and pedicel
lengths, (Mahmood et al., 1999).
Flower quality
Under mild californian
winter apricot yield was
limited by low fruit set.
(Brown, 1952).
Fruit set
Fruit quality
Varying chilling resulted in
variation in size of apple
fruits, (Grebeye & Berg,
2000).
Warm winter s in pome
fruits , may abscisc flower
primordia, (Brown, 1952).
Flower bud abscission
In Prunus communis
autumnal warming delayed
anthesis , with the response
being greater for flowering
cultivars. (Atkinson & Lucar,
1996).
Anthesis

21. WATER STRESS
Condition of soil or atmosphere or both that prevents the
plant in obtaining sufficient water for its function.
 Water stress is of two types-
1. Drought stress:
Drought in meteorological term, it is commonly defined as
period without significant rainfall.
2. Flooding stress:
Water supplied excessively to an area. It can also be
defined as overflow of water in soil in excess of field
capacity.

22.  Effect of Flooding in various stages of Crop Growth
Fruits Effect of flooding
Apple Resulting in severe injury to the root system.
Tree roots in waterlogged soils stop growing, minerals are not absorbed,
leaves turn yellow and remain small, and finally roots begin to die as infections
of phyto- pathogen microorganisms occurs in “wet-feet” conditions.
Cherry Fruit cracking
Pineapple Excess moisture may cause the yellowing of the leaves followed by red and it
reduces the length
Mango Reduce root dry weight, resulting in an increased shoot to root ratio, reduced
net carbon dioxide assimilation rates.
papaya Papaya is susceptible to fungal root diseases. Killing of waterlogged plants.

23. WIND STRESS
 Wind stress is visual stress incurred by wind causes damage to
seedlings, breaking branches and even uprooting the whole plants
Impact of Wind Stress on fruit growth
S.No. Crop Effect of wind stress
1 Banana Uprooting, tearing and removal of whole leaf lamina,
susceptible to toppling
2 Litchi Fruit skin cracking and sun burn
3 Mango Fruit drop
4 Papaya Crinkled leaves, reduced growth, fruit set, fruit
quality, and productivity,
5 strawberry Increased symptoms of bacterial or fungal diseases

24. SALT STRESS
 When salt concentration exceeds threshold value is known as Salt
Stress.
Impact of Salt Stress on fruit growth
S.No. Crop Effect of salt stress
1 Mango scorching of leaf tips and margins, Leaf curling, reduces
growth, causes abscission of leaves and death of trees
2 Pineapple Leaf length and mass, plant fresh and dry weight, leaf
elongation and leaf water potentials decline with increasing
the salinity in pineapple.
Saline irrigation water also adversely affect the fruit yield
and quality.
3 Grapes Leaf burn and Necrotic symptoms

25. Highly tolerance Medium Tolerance Highly sensitive
Date palm, Ber,
Aonla, Guava and
Sapota
Pomegranate, Fig,
Jamun,
Cashew nut and
Phalsa
Mango, Apple,
Citrus, Pear and
Strawberry
Salt Stress

26. RADIATION STRESS
• Irridiation increase activity of polygalactouronase and pectin methyl
esterase which leads to significant degradation of pectin.
• Ionizing radiation may increase anthocyanins in strawberries
(Breitfellner et al., 2002),
• flavinoides in grapefruits and other phenolic compounds in oranges
(Vanamala et al., 2003)
• Even in the visible range, irradiances far above the light saturation
point of photosynthesis cause high light stress, which can disrupt
chloroplast structure and reduce photosynthetic rates, a process
known as photo-inhibition.

27. Physiological and quality parameters of fruit crops affected by exposure to
increased CO2 level
Physiological and quality
parameter
Effect of high CO2
Crop
Respiration ↓ Blueberries
↑ Lemon, mango
= Apple
Firmness ↑ Strawberry, raspberry
Colour intensity ↑ Grape
Ascorbic acidity ↑ Strawberry, orange
Antioxidant capacity ↓ strawberry
Tritable acidity = Grape
Volatile compound ↓ Mango
Source: Moretti et al., (2010)

28. List of important physiological disorders and their relative cause in
fruit crops are as follows
Fruit crop Disorder Caused due to References
Mango Spongy tissue Convection heat Katrodia et al., 1985
Aonla Unfruitfulness Temperature Bhargava et al., 2011
Loquat Purple spot Temperature Gariglio et al., 2003
Grape Berry drop High tem. & lack of
pollination
Jawanda et al., 1974
Citrus Granulation Water moisture Zong et al., 1979
Mango Black tip Harmful gases –CO
& SO2
Negi, 1999
Pomegranate Fruit cracking Variation in day &
night temperature
EI-Rhman, 2010
Source: (Mishra et al., 2016)

29. Damage of mango flowering and fruits in Gujarat during the year 2015
80-90% loss in mango production during
the year 2015 due to:-
 Unseasonal rain during fourth week of
February.
 Heavy dew attack during flowering
season
 Unseasonal rains and dew attack
reduce fruit setting and increase fruit
drop at pea & marble stage.
 Increase incidence of shooty mould &
powdery mildew diseases.
JAU, Junagadh Viradia and Varu (2015)

30. Impact of Weather Parameters on Flowering Behaviour of Different
Mango Varieties in Central Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh
Table.1 -Average dates of Panicle initiation and its relation with weather parameters
(temperature and relative humidity )
Sinha et al., (2020)

31. Table.2 Average dates of flower opening and its relation with weather parameters
(temperature and relative humidity )
Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.902.127

32. Abiotic Stress in Important fruits
Important
Crops
High / low
temperature and
RH
Water deficit/ excess Hot winds and
Salinity stress
1. Mango (42˚C )- pollen
viability less, low fruit
set, pre mature
ripening, low tem.
(10˚C) reduces
number of perfect
flowers, delay panicle
emergence, pollen
tube growth, mango
malformation, spongy
tissue.
Flooding reduced CO2
assimilation, reduced
stomatal conductance,
reduction in the
emergence of vegetative
flushes during the stress
period.
Salinity stress -
growth inhibition;
Toxicity and
injury; Nutritional
imbalance.
2. Citrus Flower & fruit drop ,
poor colour
development, thick
skin, insipid juice
Reduction in leaf
initiation, leaf size
reduced , shoot tip
tendril wilt
Fruit drop, fruit sun
burn.

34. Fruit cracking
Granulation
Sun Burn
Fruit drop

35. Abiotic Stress in Imoprtant fruits
Importa
nt Crops
High / low
temperature and RH
Water deficit/
excess
Hot winds and
Salinity stress
3. Banana Low- delayed leaf emergence,
chilling injury, uneven
deformed fruits
Reduction in no. of
bunches, uneven
leaf emergence,
deformed flower
emergence
Dessication of leaves,
poor pollination
( in kerala heat waves
reduced yields of
banana 70-80%).
4. Grape above 46°C causes thick skin
of berries, High night
temperature reduces
anthocyanin accumulation,
Increased humidity due to
prolonged rainfall makes
fruits tasteless and there is
skin cracking.
Drought stress
reduces the berry
size, delayed
ripening, limlit root
growth
Leaf burn ,necrotic
symptom

37. Abiotic Stress in Imoprtant fruits
Importa
nt Crops
High / low
temperature and RH
Water deficit/
excess
Hot winds and
Salinity stress
5. Papaya •Low temperature (10 °C)
inhibits growth and affect
fruit development,
•Extreme of low temperature
burning of leaves followed
anthracnose
•High temperature induces
more maleness
susceptible to
fungal root diseases
Crinkled leaves,
reduced growth, fruit
set, fruit quality.
6. Guava An increase of 0.2°C
temperature reduction in the
areas suitable for
development of red colour in
guava; (Deshmukh, 2017)
Fruit quality
decrease
7. Litchi High tem. (above 38˚C ), with
low humidity below 60%)
induced fruit cracking
Fruit skin cracking, sun
burn

38. Abiotic stress managmnt in fruit crops
3 Basic principles:-
• Avoidance- prevent exposure to stress.
• Mitigation- sustained action that reduces or eliminate long
term risk.
• Adaptation- adjustment in natural or human systems in
response to actual or expected climatic stimuli and their
effects.

39. Strategies for adaptation &
mitigation

40. High temperature stress
• Use of reflective fabric
• Evaporative cooling
• Bagging of fruit
• Use of Anti transpirants

41. Water Stress
 Use of drought tolerant cultivar.
 Nutritional Management --Potassium and magnesium during conditions of water deficit.
Use of antitranspirants
 Materials causing stomatal closure
 Herbicides: like 2, 4-D, Phosphon D and Atrazine.
 Fungicides like Phenyl Mercuric Acetate (PMA).
 Metabolic inhibitors like Hydroxyl sulfonates, Potassium
metabisulphite etc.
 Growth hormones like ABA, Etheral, TIBA, Succinic acid, Ascorbic
acid and Cycocel.
 Use of plant growth regulators (PGRs):
– Spray of Cycocel & Mepiquat chloride
– Cytokinins and Salicylic acid
– Brassinolides increase the photosynthetic activity of the plants
– Ascorbic acid.

42. Soil and water conservation
 Use nutrient efficient fertigation system & manuring.
 Terraces and bunds
 Rain water harvesting structures

43. Mitigation of Wind stress:
• Shelter belts and wind breaks:
Refers to growing trees and tall
crops across the direction of
prevailing wind to reduce the
physiological and mechanical
damage to crops.
• Wind breaks reduce the wind
velocity and create favourable
microclimate.
• Staking: Providing support to the
crop plants like Banana.

44. Mitigation of Salt Stress
Grow more resistant/ tolerant varieties
S.No Name of Fruits Rootstocks/ Cultivar
1. Citrus Rangpur Lime, Rough Lemon, Sweet Orange,
Sour Orange.
2. Stone fruit Lovell, Shalil
3. Avocado West Indian races
4. Grape Salt Creek, Dogridge, Thompson Seedless
5. Berry Boysenberry, Indian Summer Raspberry
6. Strawberry Lassen, Shasta
Source: (Singh et al., 2009)

45. List of some fruit cultivar tolerant to abiotic stress
S.NO. Crop Cultivar Tolerant
1. Pomegranate Ruby Drought
2. Custard apple Arka sahan Drought
3. Fig Denna and Excel Drought
4. Grape TRY (G) -1 Drought
5. Mango Bappakai Salinity
6. Lime Rangpur lime and Cleopatra mandarin Salinity
7. Papaya Pusa Giant Strong wind
Bose & Mitra (1996)

46. Crop Cultivars Tolerant
Apricot Badami, Rannil Heat Stress
Aonla Francis Chakkia Heat Stress
Peach Flordasun, Sunlet Heat Stress
Banana Shrimanti, Grand Nain Heat Stress
Poovan, Karpuravali Heat & Cold stress
Guava L-49, Allahabad Safeda Drought & Cold stress
Mango Sindhuri, Arka
Neelechal
Drought
Ber Sev, Seb, Gola, Mundia, Umran Drought
Apple York Imperial Drought
Sweet orange Mosambi Drought & Heat stress
Indira Nain Cold stress
Fruit crops cultivars tolerant to different abiotic stresses
CRIDA, Hyderabad Maheshwari et al.,( 2015)

47. Rootstocks tolerant to different abiotic stresses
Crop Rootstocks Specific features
Mango Kurrukan, Nekkare Salt tolerant
Custard apple Pond apple Tolerant to flood condition
Ber Z. nummularia Salt tolerant
Z. rotundifolia Drought tolerant
Citrus Trifoliate orange Cold hardy
Rangpur lime Drought tolerant
Grape Dogridge Drought & Salt tolerant
Apple MM111 & MM104
MM104
Drought tolerant
Cold hardy
Plum MyrobalanB Cold hardy
Cherry Gisela
Mahaleb
Cold hardy
Drought tolerant
)

48. Introduction of low chilling cultivars
Low chilling Apple
There are few varieties adapted to mild winter climates (chill hours below 500)
Pear
Patharnakh, Gola, Leconte, Keiffer, Smith, Baghugosha, China Pear, Pineapple,
Baldwin, Tenn, Flordahome, Ayers Hood, Orient, Carnea, TsuLi, YaLi, P. calleryana
(rootstock requires 400 chilling hours)
Source: (Rai et al., 2015)

50. Cropping System
 The term cropping system refers to the crops, crop
sequences and management techniques used on a
particular agricultural field over a period of years.
Cropping system= Cropping pattern + Management
Types of cropping system
1. Mono-species orchards: Mono-species also referred as
monoculture.
• In this, fruit trees of a single species are planted in the field.
• This system is common in modern horticulture, where trees are
planted densely, using dwarf or semi-dwarf trees with modified
canopy to ensure better light interception and distribution and ease
of mechanization

51. 2. Multi-storeyed cropping : Growing plants of different height in the
same field at the same time is termed as multi-storeyed cropping.
 Examples of some multistoried cropping
i. Coconut+ banana + pineapple
ii. Coconut+ banana
iii. Coconut+ pasture
iv. Mango+ pineapple
v. Mango+ papaya+ pineapple
vi. Coconut+ jackfruit+ coffee+ papaya+ pineapple
vii. Coconut+ papaya+ pineapple Multiple cropping
3.Intercropping:
• Intercropping, as one of the multiple cropping systems, has been
practiced by farmers for many years in various ways and most areas,
and has played a very important role in India.
• Intercropping with leguminous crops.

52. The recommended intercrops for some important
horticultural crops are given:
Crop Age intercrop
Mango Upto 7 years Leguminous vegetables, papaya
(filler)
Grape Upto 8 monthS Bitter gourd in pandal
Apple , pear Upto 5 years Potato, Cabbage
Banana Upto 4 months Sunhemp, onion

53. Mixed cropping
HDP in mango
Inter cropping in pineapple

54. Fruit based diversified cropping system for arid region
developed by CIAH
Aonla (Emlica officinalis) Based Cropping System
• The tree canopy of aonla allows filtered light and permit
intercropping even after it has made full growth.
Two models have been developed-
(i) M1 = Aonla – Ber – Brinjal –Mothbean – Fenugreek
(ii) M2 = Aonla – Prosopis – Suaeda –Mothbean – Mustard.
Highest gross return (25662 Rs ha-1) was obtained under M2 model.

55. ICAR research complex the eastern region at Ranchi
1. In the locations having comparatively better soil conditions and
facilities of supplemental irrigation,
 litchi (Litchi chinensis) based models with guava (Psidium
guajava) as filler crop can be grown with intercropping of French
bean(phaseolus vulgaris) and cowpea (Vigna sinensis) during
initial eight years.
2. In the location having no supplemental irrigation with sloppy land,
 mango +gamhar (Gmelina arborea) + Stylosanthes hamata
(Grass) model will be more effective.
• On the highest part of watersheds having gravelly land or coarse soil
formations, aonla based system can be most effective.

56. Effect of plastic mulching on yield of different fruit crops
Crop Yield ( t/ ha.) Increased in yield (%)
Unmulched Mulched
Guava 18.36 23.12 25.93
Mango 4.93 7.16 45.23
Papaya 73.24 120.29 64.24
Ber 7.02 8.92 27.06
Pineapple 10.25 11.75 14.63
Banana 53.99 73.32 33.95
Litchi 111.0 125.0 12.61
Environmental Sci. Res. Lab. , Mumbai Patil et al., (2013)

57. Salinity tolerance of some grapevine cultivars as affected by salt creek and
freedom rootstocks
 Objectives:- To study variability in salt tolerance of varieties (Flame seedless,
Early sweet, Superior seedless and Red glob) grafted on 2 rootstocks (salt creek,
freedom) compared with own rooted vines on growth and nutrient content under
varying levels of salinity treatments (1000, 2000, 3000 ppm).
 Results:- Vine growth significantly decreased with the increase in salinity levels in
all vines. ( Reason: Increasing salt concentration significantly reduced the N, P and
K contents in the leaf petioles.)
 At the highest salinity level (3000 ppm), the survival vine percentage was 0% for
own rooted vines, except , the own rooted flame seedless that recorded 50 percent
of vine survival .
 Among the scion- rootstock vines, about 70-80% vine survival was observed with
the vines grafted on salt creek and 60- 65% in vines grafted on freedom rootstock.
 Conclusion:- All the cultivars grafted on Salt creek rootstock were more tolerant
to salinity.
National Research Centre, Egypt Desouky et al., (2015)

58. Effect of bagging type on fruit cracking (%) and sunburn fruits (%) in
pomegranate during 2011 & 2012 seasons.
Treatments Fruit cracking (%) Sunburn fruit (%)
2011 2012 2011 2012
Control 5.00 6.00 23.0 25.0
Brown
paper bag
2.00 2.00 2.00 3.00
White
paper bag
5.00 7.00 2.00 5.00
Prgmen
bag
1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00
Agrail
white bag
3.00 4.00 5.00 10.0
Agrail red
bag
6.00 7.00 10.00 15.0
Agrail blue
bag
6.00 6.00 1.0.00 16.0
Plastic bag 8.00 10.0 25.00 24.0
Egypt Mohammed (2014)

59. Ways that can be sequestered carbon
Carbon stock and sequestration by aonla and mango.
Particulars Anola Mango Total
Number of trees sampled 191 113 304
Tree study in orchard 723 544 1267
Area (ha.) 7.4 5.7 13.1
Volume(m cube ) 50 46 95
Above ground biomass (tons) 56 38 94
Below ground biomass (tons) 15 10 24
Total biomass (tons) 70 47 117
Carbon stock in biomass (tons) 38 26 64
Equivalent CO2 in biomass 139 96 235
Carbon stock t / ha. 5.1 4.5 9.6
Equivalent CO2 t/ha. 18.7 16.8 35.5
Carbon stock(CS)= 0.55ˣ total biomsss
eCO2 of CO2= CSˣ3.663
Rajasthan

60. Carbon sequestration potential of different fruit tree species.
Rajouri, J &K Gupta and Sharma (2014)

61. Conclusion
• The aberrant climatic parameters directly and indirectly affect the
producton and quality of fruit around the world.
• Changing climatic parameters has affected the normal growth and
development, altered flowering behaviour, influenced the quality fruit
production and has brought about changes in pest and disease incidence.
• Evaluation of wild species, landraces should be probed thoroughly, which
could be a source of resistant genes for tying over adversaries of the
temperature.
• Adoption of improved agro-techniques like mulching and cover crops in
orchards will help in bringing down the orchard temperature.
• Therefore, in the changing climate scenario we need to have a robust and
systematic action plan to counter the ill effects and thereby sustaining our
production, productivity and quality of fruit crops.

62. References
1. Jindal, K.K., Mankotia, M.S. 2004. Impact of changing climatic
conditions on chilling units, physiological attributes and
productivity of apple in western Himalayas. Acta Horticulture 662,
111-117.
2. Datta S. 2013. Impact of climate change in Indian horticulture-a
review. International Journal of Science, Environment and
Technology ;2(4):661-671.
3. Singh H.P., Shukla S., Malhotra S.K. 2009. Ensuring quality planting
material in horticulture crops. In A Book of Lead Papers 9th
Agricultural Science Congress held from;22-24p.
4. El-Rhman, I.2010. Physiological studies on cracking phenomena of
pomegranates. Journal of Applied Sciences Research ;6(6):696-703.

63. References
5. Katrodia JS, Rane DA, Salunkhe DK. 1985.Biochemical nature of
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