Antitranspirant in stress management.. Abiotic stress management in fruit crops

1. PRESENTATIONON,
Use of anti transpirants & PGRs in stress management , mode of action
Department of Fruit Science, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur
SubmittedTo:
Dr. G.L. Sharma
Professor
Department of Fruit Science,
College of Agriculture,
I.G.K.V., Raipur (C.G.)
SubmittedBy:
Swati Shukla
Ph.D. (Hort.)
First Year/ IInd Semester
(Fruit Science)
COURSE NO. – FSC - 605
CREDIT HOURS- 3(2+1)

2. What is Anti transpirants
Types of Anti transpirants
Features of AT
Conclusion
Anti transpirants in plant stress management
PGRs in Stress management
CONTENTS
Mode of action of various PGR
References

3. Anti-transpirants
Types of anti-transpirants
1. Film-forming compounds
• Film forming antitranspirant form a
colourless film on the leaf surface which
reduces the transpiration rate but have no
effect on gasses exchange (Gale, 1961).
• In water stress condition leaf maintain its
turgidity by applying antitranspirant on it
and reduce the water loss in stress
condition (Amor et al., 2010)
• Ex:- Low viscosity waxes, Silicone oils,
Hexadeconol, Methanol, Ethyl alcohol.
Anti transpirants are the chemical compound which favours reduction in
rate of transpiration from plant leaves by reducing the size and number
of stomata and gradually hardening them to stress (Ahmed et al., 2014).

4. 2. Stomatal regulating compound
• Most of the anti transpirant functions as stomatal closer compound
when it applied over leave.
• Some fungicide like phenyl mercuric acetate (PMA) and herbicide like
Atrazine in low concentration serve as anti transpirant by inducing
stomatal closing (Zelitch, 1962).
• Many effective stomatal regulating compounds and also their
concentrations used, the percent decrease in transpiration and stomatal
condition.
• phenyl mercuric acetate, 8-hydroxyquinoline sulphate, and the
mono-methyl ester of decenylsuccinic acid appeared to be the
highly effective compounds (Zelitch, 1968).

5. 3. Reflectance compound
• White material which reflects solar radiation and
increase the leaf albedo when they applied on leaves
surface.
• Coating of reflectance type of chemical reduce the
leaf temperature.
• It was experimentally proved that we diminished a
transpiration rate up to 22-28% and also reduced leaf
temperature 3o to 4o after coating of kaolinite (225 mg
dm-2) (Hagan and Davenport, 1970).
• Some chemical compounds decrease leaf
temperature by reflecting the solar radiation which
cause retard transpiration rate and increase the water
use efficiency of crops (Bittelli et al., 2001; Moftah and
Humaid, 2005; Jifon and Syvertsen, 2003).

6. Features of Antitranspirant
4. Growth retardant type
These chemicals reduce shoot growth and increase root growth
and thus enable the plants to resist drought. They may also, induce
stomatal closure.
Cycocel .
 Non toxicity.
 Non-permanent damage to stomata mechanism.
 Specific effects on gaurd cells and not to other cells.
 Effect on stomata should persist at least for one week.
 Chemical or material should be cheap and readily available.

7. Antitranspirants in plant stress management
• It is a substance involved in increasing drought stress resistance.
• Water stress are substantially impacts yield. Hence, the application
of Antitranspirant immediately prior to this stage may conserve water
and improve grain set which could outweigh the photosynthetic
limitations (Kettlewell et al., 2010).
• High water demanding crops growing in areas of water scarcity.
• Optimized yield levels under infrequent rainfall situations.
• Saving large nurseries when water is scarce in summer months.
• In viticulture, anti-transpirants are implemented to avoid water dispersion of
the plant with consequent effects on the composition of the fruit, the yield
elements and in part also on the final product, wine (Song et al., 2012)

8. Plant Growth Regulators (PGRS) in stress management in
Application of some of the PGRs will prove beneficial for better crop growth and
develop
Cycocel: For promoting root growth (for more water absorption) and suppressing
leaf area development (for reducing transpiration loss of water) and delaying on
set of leaf senescence.
Cytokinins: They delay the leaf senescence processes and also favour stem
reserve utilization by the developing grains especially during the water deficit
situations.
Brassinolides:These PGRs increase the photosynthetic activity of the plants.
Ascorbic acid: Ascorbic acid acts as an anti-oxidant agent for scavenging
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) accumulating under stress and thus avoiding
membrane damage. ment when grown under water deficit situations.
Triazoles: a group of plant growth retardants, improve plant survival under low soil
moisture conditions. Ex: Paclobutrazol, Triapenthenol, Uniconazol and BAS -111.

9. Mode of action
• Abscisic Acid contributes to the increase of xylem water potential as well as
water uptake to the plant in the presence of salt.
• Increase of ABA concentration in the xylem is correlated with reduced leaf
conductance and general inhibition of leaf growth.
• Salt stress stimulated ABA synthesis in roots and its xylem transport and well
correlated to the stomatal reactions.
• It has been reported that exogenous application ABA reduces ethylene release
and leaf abscission under salt stress in citrus, probably by decreasing the
accumulation of toxic Cl- ions in leaves (Gomez et al., 2002).
Interfere with biosynthesis of gibberellins by inhibiting the oxidation
of Kaurene to Kaurenoic acid by inhibiting the activities of
cytochrome P-450 dependent oxygenases.Increases the level of ABA.

10. .
Ethylene : ACC oxidase activity increases in the first 24 hours of stressful
treatment, while in sensitive varieties, it decreases. There are variations in the
biosynthesis of ethylene in the susceptible and tolerant varieties of wheat (Valluru
et al., 2016).
The physiological and biochemical responses to conditions anoxia and hypoxia are
very rapid, and the production of ethylene can be about 8-15 times higher than the
level normal them.
Jasmonic acid: They induce the expression of genes that encode specific proteins,
which may include protease inhibitors, enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of
flavonoids, osmotics, and lipoxygenase, and different proteins associated with the
pathogenesis (Andrade et al., 2005).
The rapid induction of JA levels observed in the leaves with water deficit is due to
the loss of turgor and changes related to the transport of ions, while it had no
influence on the closure of stomata (de Ollas & Dodd, 2016).

12. Brassinosteroids (BR): BR regulated stress response by activation or
suppression of key enzymatic reactions, induction of protein
synthesis, and the production of various chemical defence
compounds.
BRs also restored the level of chlorophylls and increased nitrate
reductase activity under salt stress.
Salicylic acid (SA): It is an endogenous growth regulator of phenolic
nature, which participates in the regulation of physiological processes
in plants such as growth, photosynthesis, nitrat metabolism, ethylene
production, heat production and flowering and also provides
protection against biotic and abiotic stresses such as salinity.
Exogenous application of salicylic acid enhanced the photosynthetic
rate and also maintained the stability of membranes, thereby
improved the growth of salinity stressed plants.

13. Triacontanol: Chen et al. found that antenna pigment level or PSII efficiency was increased with
the application of TRIA and observed an increase in the activity of Rubisco enzyme.
Improved photosynthetic activity is an important response of plants to TRIA, which is increased via
TRIA induced increase in plant growth and dry weight.
TRIA application enhanced the specific activity of Rubisco, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase
and malate dehydrogenase enzymes.
TRIA induced growth-enhancing or hormonal impacts could be due to the changes at the level of the
cell membrane.
Fig: Mode of action of Triacontanol under stress

14. Conclusion
• Endogenous growth regulators are vital components of plant growth
and development under water stress conditions.
• Several reports have shown that water stress alters the level of growth
regulators, and the resulting balance of growth regulators helps in
providing better stress adaptability to plants.
• Antitranspirants can be used to protect plants against cold drying winds
of winter and hot drying winds of summer.
• To protect plants when their roots are frozen in the winter depriving
them of their normal moisture intake as well as during periods of
drought.
• The use of materials or chemicals which reduce the transpiration losses
or helps in improving water uptake are realized in dry farming areas, in
nursery and some high value materials.

15. References
• Andrade, A., Vigliocco, A., Alemano, S., Miersch, O., Botella, M. A., & Abdala, G. 2005.
Endogenous jasmonates and octadecanoids in hypersensitive tomato mutants during
germination and seedling development in response to abiotic stress. Seed Science Research,
15(04), 309-318.
• Ahmed, Y. M. Ahmed 2014. Impact of Spraying Some Antitranspirants on Fruiting of Williams
Bananas Grown Under Aswan Region Conditions. Stem Cell., 5(4) : 34-38.
• Boyer JS. Plant productivity and environment. Science. 1982;218(4571):443-448.
• Del Amor, F.M., Lopez-Cruz, I.L., Ramirez-Arias, A.2006. The effect of anti transpirants on
growth and water uptake of sweet pepper plants: Experiments and empirical modelling. Acta
Hort. 7: 575-580.
• de Ollas, C., & Dodd, I. C. 2016. Physiological impacts of ABA–JA interactions under water-
limitation. Plant molecular biology, 91(6), 641-650.
• Reduction of transpiration through foliar application of chitosan. Agricultural & Forest
Meteorology, 107(3) : 167-175.
• Zelitch, I. and P. E. Waggoner (1962). Effect of chemical control of stomata on
transpiration of intact plants. Proceeding National Academy of Sciences U. S. A., 48 :
1297-1299.