1

1. Credit Seminar
on
Climate change and mitigation
strategy for fruit production
COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE & FORESTRY,
JHALAWAR(RAJASTHAN)
SPEAKER
Priyanka katara
Ph.D. Scholar (Horticulture)
Fruit Science
SEMINAR IN-CHARGE
Dr. Jitendra Singh
Professor & Head
Department of fruit science

2. Introduction
Indicators of climate change
Why does our climate change
What is Global warming
Impact of climate change in plants
Effect of climate change on fruit crops
Adaptation and mitigation strategies
 Integrated horticulture management system
 Genetic approaches
 Biotechnology intervention
Conclusion

3. What is ‘climate change’?
INTRODUCTION
• Changes in the sun (Global Warming)
• Changes in the gases in the atmosphere (Greenhouse Effect)
etc..
“Weather is the day-to-day state of the atmosphere,
and is a chaotic non-linear dynamic system.”
“Climate is the average state of weather”
Climate change is a shift in ‘climate’ relative
to a given reference time period

4. Indicators of climate change
Carbon dioxide concentration
Global surface temperature
Arctic sea ice
Land ice
Sea level
http://climate.nasa.gov/key_indicators/

5. Carbon dioxide concentration

6. Global Climate Change

7. It is caused by
Natural factors Human factors
 Solar variability
 Volcanic dust levels
 Internal variability
 Geological changes
 Green house gases
 Aerosols
 Ozone depletion
 Land use change
Why does our climate change?
• Over the history of the Planet, the climate has changed naturally. It
happened during the ice ages, and may be also when the dinosaurs
disappeared.
• In addition, human activities have warmed the
climate.

8. “Greenhouse effect”
The Greenhouse Effect

9. water
Sulfur hexafluoride
Methane
Carbon dioxide
Nitrous oxide
Green house gases
Chloroflorocarbon

10. Why should we care?
Increasing surface
air temperature
from present day
to future

11. Impact of climate change in plants

12. Climate
factors
Air
Temperature
Air
Humidity
Wind
Solar
radiation
Precipitation

13. Major Light controlled process in plants
Process Effect of light
Germination Effect of dark and light requiring seeds
Stem extension Etiological effects
Leaf expansion
Prolonged illumination is required for full expansion
Chlorophyll synthesis
Illumination required for development of green pigment
Flower production Photoperiodism and control of flowering
Bud dormancy
Photoperiodic response induced in short day

14. Solar
radiation
Intensity (amt.
of energy
transmitted)
(compensation
& light
saturation point)
Quality
(wavelength)
(UVR,PAR,
NIR)
Duration
(SDP, LDP,
DNP)

15. Effect of solar radiation on fruit crop
• Light intensity influence the crop growth through
photosynthesis.
• Light intensity a minimum of 500-1000 ft candles is
required for effective rate of photosynthesis.
• Duration of light period influence time of flowering of
many fruit crops.
• Quality of light affects the process of photosynthesis,
assimilation of nutrients and dry matter distribution in
fruit crop plants.(PAR- 0.40-0.70 micron).

16. 2.TEMPERATURE
Temperature
Temperate
fruit crops
Subtropical
fruit crops
Tropical
fruit crops

17. Sunburn and sunscald
Burning of leaves and fruits, bark of
trunk may splits in extreme case
Metabolic disturbance
(Higher rate of respiration results in
stunted growth )
Heat and thermal injury
(Bleaching of chlorophyll, necrosis of
fruit tissue)
Desiccation
(wilting of leaves and new seedlings
in tropics)
HIGH
TEMPERATURE
STRESS

18. Effect of climate change
in fruit crops

19. CITRUS
Water deficit- Reduction in leaf initiation stops
Reduction in leaf size
Leathery and thick leaf
Shoot tip tendril wilt
Canopy size reduced
High temperature and RH -During flowering and fruiting
Flower and fruit drop-
Poor color development
Thick skin
Insipid juice
low yields
Hot and excessive winds- Detrimental for bearing
Fruit drop
Fruit sun burn

20. Impact of High temperature on mandarin

21. MANGO
• High temperature (42˚C)
Pollen viability
Low fruit set
Parthenocarpy
Pre mature ripening
• Low temperature(10˚C)
Reduces number of perfect
flowers
Delayed panicle emergence
pollen tube growth
Early flowering in sub tropics
Affect germination
Mango malformation
• Flooding
Reduced co2 assimilation
Reduced stomatal conductance
• High humidity rain fall and frost at flowering is harmful

23. BANANA

24. 3. Humidity
• It directly influences water relations of fruit crops
and indirectly influence leaf growth,
photosynthesis, occurrence of disease and finally
economic yield .
• It effects rate of evapotranspiration and water
requirement of the fruit crops.
• High humidity favours leaf enlargement due to high
turgor pressure.
• High humidity favours easy germination of fungal
spores on plant leaves.

25. 4. Precipitation
• It is the major source of soil moisture for crop
growth in irrigated and dryland horticulture.
• Cell growth, cell wall and photosynthesis are
adversely affected by the water stress.
• Stomatal closure due to water stress restricts CO2.
• Respiration increases and sugar accumulates under
moisture stress results in reduced crop yield.

26. n

28. 5. Wind
• Direction and velocity have significant influence on fruit
growth.
• Increases transpiration and photosynthesis.
• Hot wind accelerates the desiccation of crop.
• Alters the balance of hormones.
• Increases ethylene production and decreases GA3 of roots
and shoots.
• Hot dry winds causes reduction in plant height – due to cell
cant attain full turgidity.
• Crop lodging, shedding of flower and fruit drop – major
injury.

30. EFFECT ON DISEASES AND PESTS OF
FRUIT CROPS
 Increase or decrease of diseases and pests.
 High temperature-
Apple powdery mildew.
Sooty blotch-apples.
Blossom blight-stone fruits.
Downy mildew in grapes.
fruit fly in mango
leaf spot in banana
 Replacement of Elsinoe ampelina by C.gleosporoides in
grape.-(In A.P,Maharastra,karnataka)

31. EFFECT ON DISEASES AND PESTS OF FRUIT
CROPS
• Minor pests become major pests
• Grape -rust
Alternaria bunch
Grenaria leaf rot
Botryodiploidia dieback
• Mango-Blossom blight
• Banana -Macrophoma leaf and
fruit spot, Bacterial blight and
wilt
• Increase of vectors.
• 10c rise-aphids, jassids and
white fly incidence
Rust in grape
Blossom blight in mango
Bacterial blight in banana
jassids
whitefly
aphids

32. Agriculture is Vulnerable to Climate Change
The need for Adaptation plans have a greater
importance for agricultural sector than mitigation
ADAPTATION- MITIGATION
STRATEGIES
Aim: Increase resilience to impact of climate change and ensure
stability in fruit production

33. STRATEGIES
Integrated
Horticultural
Management
systems
Genetic
Approaches
Biotechnological
interventions

34. INTEGRATED HORTICULTURAL MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS
Resistant/toleran
t varieties
Mulching Shelter belts Canopy
management
Use of organic
manure
High density
planting
Top working Shift in crop
schedule.
Water
management
Pre and post harvest
management of produce

35. WATER SAVING WITH DRIP IRRIGATION
CROP WATER SAVING(%)
BANANA 45
GRAPE 48
SWEET LIME 61
POMEGRANATE 45
WATER MELON 66

36. FRUIT CROP CHARACTERISTICS ROOT STOCK
MANGO SALINITY AND DROUGHT KURUKKAN,
NEELESHWAR
DWARF
CITRUS DROUGHT SALINITY CLEOPATRA
MANDARIN
RANGAPUR LIME
GRAPE SALINITY DOGRIDGE
SALT CREEK
SAPOTA MOISTURE STRESS KHIRNI
FIG MOISTURE STRESS GULAR
TOLERANT ROOT STOCKS

37. GENETIC APPROACHES
Genetic
diversity and its
management
Field gene
banks
Germplasm
utilization and
selection
Root stocks
Mutation
breeding
Genetic diversity and its
management
Field gene bankMutation breeding
Rootstocks
Germplasm utilisation
and selection

38. Access to forecasts
• when to sow, what to sow, and when to harvest.
• Traditional ‘calendar’ or local ‘indigenous’
forecasting systems are become less useful for
decision-making.
• Access to reliable, appropriate forecasts is an
essential step in overcoming unpredictability, and
particularly when farmers themselves are
intimately involved in the process (e.g., Helmuth et
al. 2007).

39. Potential Mitigation Activities
• Afforestation
• Biofuels – alternative to fossil fuels and decrease
CO2 emissions.
• Land management practices for carbon sequestration:
wetland restoration, permanent cover etc.
• Reduction of tillage practices to prevent soil erosion
• Livestock feeding and grazing strategies to improve feed
efficiency and reduce CH4 emissions.
• Classification of crops into those which are climate
resilient and those which are climate sensitive.

40. RESEARCH THRUSTS
• Development of new genotypes suitable to changing environment.
• development of suitable agronomic adaptation measures for reducing the
adverse climate related production losses.
• Development of crop simulation models for horticultural crops.
• Weather based forecasting systems.
• Quantification of carbon sequestration potential of perennial
horticultural systems.
Capacity building
• There is an urgent need to train researchers, extension personals and
farmers on climate change issues.
• Infrastructural development also needs to be taken up to make the Indian
horticulture resilient to climate change.

41. Meghwal,et.al(2018 )

42. Inputs increase in climate change scenario
Nawaz , et.al.(2019)

43. Impact on yield, quality and market in
climate change
Nawaz R, et.al.(2019)

44. • Climate change will have impact on horticultural crops, due to erratic rainfall,
more demand for water and enhanced biotic and abiotic stresses.
• Under ‘ business as usual scenario’, climate change can have dramatic effects
on Horticultural production.
• Effects of climatic change likely to be greater in tropical and subtropical
developing countries.
• Ability to adjust to the effects of climate change will be a key adaptive
measure in the horticultural sector.
• Innovative methods are thus required to develop simulation models for
important horticultural crops like mango, citrus, banana and guava .
• As a matter of fact no systematic studies have been carried out to elucidate
into the effects climate change on fruits growing in India
• Therefor, detailed investigation on impact of climate on fruit growing is
necessary.
CONCLUSION