This document discusses key elements of plots and fictional texts, including:
- The five main elements of a basic plot: exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution.
- Common plot types like overcoming a monster, rags to riches, quest, voyage and return, comedy, tragedy, and rebirth.
- How plots provide character development, suspense, and emotional engagement for stories.
- Examples of plots in short stories and poems.
- Additional elements like conflict, theme, characters, characterization techniques, and point of view.
Analyze theme used in a particular text (.pptxJoAneSieras
This document provides information about analyzing themes in texts. It defines theme as the central idea or message of a story, essay, or narrative. Analyzing a theme involves identifying the main idea or thought the author aims to express. The document includes an example paragraph and activity that asks the reader to analyze the theme in two given paragraphs and explain it briefly in 2-3 sentences.
This document provides an introduction to creative nonfiction, including definitions and examples. It explains that creative nonfiction tells true stories using techniques from fiction like character development and narrative structure. It discusses key elements like setting, plot, characters, point of view, and the different forms creative nonfiction can take such as memoirs and personal essays. Common techniques are also outlined, including using narration, observation, braiding multiple narratives, and drawing insights from personal experiences.
The document discusses different literary genres including creative nonfiction, fiction, drama, and news stories. It provides examples and definitions of these genres, examining their key elements and conventions. Guidelines are also given for analyzing stories, plays, and films by describing characters, settings, plots, and themes.
This document provides an overview of different patterns of development that can be used when writing, including narration, definition, description, comparison/contrast, sequence, cause and effect, and problem and solution. It discusses each pattern and provides examples. The document concludes with an activity asking students to identify causes and effects, and an assignment to write a paragraph using one of the discussed patterns.
USE KNOWLEDGE OF TEXT STRUCTURE TO GLEAN THE INFORMATION HE/SHE NEEDS.pptxMikeeMagss
This document discusses the six general classifications of academic texts: essay, concept paper, reaction paper, position paper, report, and research. It provides definitions and examples for each classification. Essays exhibit a formal tone and can be considered academic. Concept papers define an idea or concept and clarify its meaning. Reaction papers provide a personal perspective on a given work. Position papers assert an argument and aim to convince the audience of a valid opinion. Reports retell data or events. Research involves highly formal reports.
Graphic organizers are visual displays that show the relationships between facts, ideas, and terms. They can take many forms depending on the type of information being organized, such as hierarchical, sequential, comparative, or causal relationships. Common graphic organizers include tree maps, spider maps, fishbone diagrams, Venn diagrams, matrices, and flow charts. They help students and learners organize information in a visual way.
The document provides information about creative writing, specifically focusing on intertextuality and drama. It defines intertextuality as the interconnections between related works of literature that influence a reader's interpretation. It also defines drama as a literary form designed to be performed on stage using dialogue and action to portray life or tell a story. The document then discusses elements of a one-act play, including that they are typically 10-40 pages and focus on a single plot, location, and time period with 4 or fewer characters.
Analyze theme used in a particular text (.pptxJoAneSieras
This document provides information about analyzing themes in texts. It defines theme as the central idea or message of a story, essay, or narrative. Analyzing a theme involves identifying the main idea or thought the author aims to express. The document includes an example paragraph and activity that asks the reader to analyze the theme in two given paragraphs and explain it briefly in 2-3 sentences.
This document provides an introduction to creative nonfiction, including definitions and examples. It explains that creative nonfiction tells true stories using techniques from fiction like character development and narrative structure. It discusses key elements like setting, plot, characters, point of view, and the different forms creative nonfiction can take such as memoirs and personal essays. Common techniques are also outlined, including using narration, observation, braiding multiple narratives, and drawing insights from personal experiences.
The document discusses different literary genres including creative nonfiction, fiction, drama, and news stories. It provides examples and definitions of these genres, examining their key elements and conventions. Guidelines are also given for analyzing stories, plays, and films by describing characters, settings, plots, and themes.
This document provides an overview of different patterns of development that can be used when writing, including narration, definition, description, comparison/contrast, sequence, cause and effect, and problem and solution. It discusses each pattern and provides examples. The document concludes with an activity asking students to identify causes and effects, and an assignment to write a paragraph using one of the discussed patterns.
USE KNOWLEDGE OF TEXT STRUCTURE TO GLEAN THE INFORMATION HE/SHE NEEDS.pptxMikeeMagss
This document discusses the six general classifications of academic texts: essay, concept paper, reaction paper, position paper, report, and research. It provides definitions and examples for each classification. Essays exhibit a formal tone and can be considered academic. Concept papers define an idea or concept and clarify its meaning. Reaction papers provide a personal perspective on a given work. Position papers assert an argument and aim to convince the audience of a valid opinion. Reports retell data or events. Research involves highly formal reports.
Graphic organizers are visual displays that show the relationships between facts, ideas, and terms. They can take many forms depending on the type of information being organized, such as hierarchical, sequential, comparative, or causal relationships. Common graphic organizers include tree maps, spider maps, fishbone diagrams, Venn diagrams, matrices, and flow charts. They help students and learners organize information in a visual way.
The document provides information about creative writing, specifically focusing on intertextuality and drama. It defines intertextuality as the interconnections between related works of literature that influence a reader's interpretation. It also defines drama as a literary form designed to be performed on stage using dialogue and action to portray life or tell a story. The document then discusses elements of a one-act play, including that they are typically 10-40 pages and focus on a single plot, location, and time period with 4 or fewer characters.
This document provides an overview of different patterns of written texts including comparison-contrast, classification, definition, description, and narration. It defines each pattern and provides examples. Comparison-contrast identifies similarities and differences between two or more subjects. Classification groups items into categories or types. Definition explains the nature and limitations of a concept. Description uses vivid details and sensory language to convey information about appearances or characteristics. Narration tells a story, whether real or fictional, through elements like characters and plot. The document is intended to help readers understand and evaluate different text structures.
This document defines and provides examples of different forms of creative nonfiction, including autobiography, biography, memoir, reflective essay, and exposition. It discusses the key characteristics of each form. For example, it states that an autobiography is a self-written life story, while a biography is the life story of another person written by someone else. It provides examples of each form. The document is intended to teach students about different types of creative nonfiction writing.
The document provides guidance on writing an effective thesis statement, including that it should:
1) Be a complete sentence stating the main idea of the essay;
2) Express an opinion or attitude rather than just stating the topic;
3) Often include subtopics to signal how the essay will be organized;
4) Typically be located at the end of the introduction paragraph.
Q2_W1_Writing a Close Analysis and Critical Interpretation.pptxMelvyEspanol1
The document discusses different reading approaches used to analyze and interpret literary texts, including extensive reading, scanning, and skimming. Extensive reading involves reading longer texts to improve knowledge, scanning means quickly reading texts to extract detailed information, and skimming means identifying the main idea of a text quickly. The document provides examples of how these approaches are used and teaches the differences between them.
Elements, Techniques and Literary Devices in Drama.pptxHarleneAsendido2
Drama is a form of literature meant to be performed on stage. It is presented through dialogue between characters. A drama uses elements like characters, setting, plot, dialogue, and themes to imitate and reflect life. Dramas can be performed on stage, broadcast on television, or published in printed form. They provide insights into the customs and lives of the people they portray.
Sdo navotas creative_writing_q2_m3_elements of drama (one - act play).fv(26)DepEd Navotas
The document provides guidance on conceptualizing the elements of a one-act play, including characters, plot, setting, and structure. It discusses that a one-act play tells a single story within one act through a limited number of characters and events. Examples are given of linear and non-linear plot structures as well as techniques for developing believable characters.
Here are examples of figures of speech from the poem:
Simile:
1. "Katulad ng ibong nasa himpapawid" - Like a bird in the sky
2. "Ang hindi magmahal sa kanyang salita / Mahigit sa hayop at malansang isda" - One who does not love his language is worse than an animal or stinky fish
3. "Ang wikang Tagalog tulad din sa Latin" - The Tagalog language is like Latin
Metaphor:
1. "Ang salita nati’y tulad din sa iba" - Our language is like others
2. "
Creative non-fiction is a genre that uses storytelling techniques to deliver factual information in an engaging way. It requires the research skills of journalism combined with the narrative skills of fiction writing. By making information vivid and emotional, creative non-fiction aims to give readers a deeper understanding than just presenting verifiable facts. Examples show how it uses vivid language, emotions, and the reader's imagination to stimulate thought and arrive at larger truths beyond mere facts. Creative non-fiction has applications in history, travel writing, profiles, memoirs, journalism, and even business where storytelling can be persuasive.
This document discusses defining claims and critical reading. It defines a claim as the central argument or thesis of a text that a writer is trying to persuade the reader of. There are three main types of claims: claims of fact which are verifiable statements, claims of value which make judgments about what is good/bad, and claims of policy which suggest actions to solve problems. Critical reading involves engaging with what an author is trying to say by asking questions about the main argument and thinking within and beyond the text. Effective readers form evaluative statements by making assertions about a text's content/properties and counterclaims that respond to the author's claims.
The document provides guidance on writing a reaction paper. It discusses the differences between a reaction paper and a diary entry. A reaction paper is meant for a broader societal audience, while a diary entry is personal. A reaction paper uses more formal language and rhetorical devices to inform readers and provide a measured response to an event or experience. It can help readers make decisions by providing reviews and perspectives. The document emphasizes that a well-written reaction paper can help people feel less alone and better understand how to navigate the world.
Uses knowledge of text structure to glean the information he/she needsMichelle390295
This document discusses different text structures and summarizing techniques. It describes common text structures like spatial/description, cause and effect, comparison and contrast, chronological order, and problem-solution. For each structure, it provides examples and explanations of how it organizes information. The document also discusses summarizing as condensing a lot of information into a short synopsis that touches on the main points. It offers methods for summarizing like using previewing techniques, including the thesis in the first sentence, and answering who, what, when, where, why and how. Finally, it states that summarizing is an important academic skill for note-taking and researching essays.
This document provides an overview of reading and writing skills, including patterns and properties of written texts. It discusses 8 patterns of development for written texts: cause-effect, classification, comparison-contrast, definition, description, narration, persuasion, and problem-solution. It also outlines 4 key properties of written texts: organization, coherence, cohesion, language use, and language mechanics. Specific elements are described for each pattern and property, such as common signal words, text structure, punctuation, spelling, and capitalization guidelines. The document is intended to teach students how to analyze and understand different types of written works.
The document provides guidance on creating an outline for an essay. It explains that an outline allows writers to plan their essay in an organized way before drafting. The outline should include an introduction with a thesis statement, three body paragraphs each with a topic sentence and supporting details, and a conclusion. Sample outlines are included to demonstrate how to structure the paragraphs and supporting ideas.
The document provides information on the key properties of a well-written text, including organization, coherence, cohesion, and language use. It discusses the importance of organizing ideas with a clear beginning, middle, and end through proper transitional devices. Coherence is described as the logical development of ideas and cohesion as the grammatical connections between sentences. The document also addresses language use and mechanics in well-structured writing.
This document provides an overview of text organization and different types of claims that can be made in written texts. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences or less:
Text organization refers to how a text structures information to aid comprehension, including physical format, signal words, and clear beginning, middle, and end. The document also defines explicit and implicit information and outlines three main types of claims: claims of fact, which make statements backed by evidence; claims of policy, which call for actions; and claims of value, which make judgments based on ethics, tastes, or other subjective measures.
Understanding text structures is an important reading skill because it aids comprehension of informational texts. Get middle school students started the process of understanding and analyzing Text Structures and Organizations with this engaging PowerPoint presentation. Presentation addresses the five most common structures: : description, chronological, cause/effect, compare/contrast, and problem/solution. Examples and teacher instructions are included. Aligned to Common Core ELA-Literacy Standards: RI.6.1, 7.1, 8.1; 5.11C; 6.10C; 7.10C; 8.10C.
This document provides an overview of elements of fiction such as character, plot, setting, point of view, theme, and tone. It discusses different types of characters (round, flat), points of view (first, second, third person), types of plots (progressive, episodic), how setting can impact a story, the use of conflict and irony. It also covers literary devices like foreshadowing, symbolism, and motif. The document is intended to help students better understand and analyze stories by making them aware of these common elements.
Lesson 1 Academic Language used from Various Disciplines.pptxSheryl Padel
The document discusses differentiating formal and informal language used in academic texts from various disciplines. It provides guidance on structuring academic texts, citing sources to avoid plagiarism, and using clear and unambiguous language. Techniques for summarizing academic texts are also presented, including the SOMEBODY WANTED BUT SO method and using cues like SAAC, 5Ws and 1H, FIRST THEN FINALLY, and GIVE ME THE GIST to extract the key details and chronology.
The document discusses plot structure in creative writing. It defines plot as the sequence of events that make up a story. Plots typically follow five main elements: exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution. It provides examples of short stories to illustrate how they follow this basic structure. The document also outlines several classic plot types, such as overcoming the monster, rags to riches, the quest, and voyage and return. In conclusion, it notes that while there are many stories, most follow a few basic patterns and structures.
The document summarizes several influential narrative theories:
- Tzodorov's theory of narrative equilibrium which describes 5 stages from an initial stable state to restoration of a new equilibrium.
- Pam Cook's description of standard Hollywood narrative structure as linear, providing closure, and containing spatial/temporal coherence.
- Kate Domaille's identification of 8 common narrative types including Achilles, Cinderella, Circe, and Romeo and Juliet.
- Vladimir Propp's analysis of Russian folktales finding they share 7 character types including the Hero, Donor, Villain, and Princess.
- Joseph Campbell's concept of the monomyth describing the hero's journey through stages from ordinary world to
This document provides an overview of different patterns of written texts including comparison-contrast, classification, definition, description, and narration. It defines each pattern and provides examples. Comparison-contrast identifies similarities and differences between two or more subjects. Classification groups items into categories or types. Definition explains the nature and limitations of a concept. Description uses vivid details and sensory language to convey information about appearances or characteristics. Narration tells a story, whether real or fictional, through elements like characters and plot. The document is intended to help readers understand and evaluate different text structures.
This document defines and provides examples of different forms of creative nonfiction, including autobiography, biography, memoir, reflective essay, and exposition. It discusses the key characteristics of each form. For example, it states that an autobiography is a self-written life story, while a biography is the life story of another person written by someone else. It provides examples of each form. The document is intended to teach students about different types of creative nonfiction writing.
The document provides guidance on writing an effective thesis statement, including that it should:
1) Be a complete sentence stating the main idea of the essay;
2) Express an opinion or attitude rather than just stating the topic;
3) Often include subtopics to signal how the essay will be organized;
4) Typically be located at the end of the introduction paragraph.
Q2_W1_Writing a Close Analysis and Critical Interpretation.pptxMelvyEspanol1
The document discusses different reading approaches used to analyze and interpret literary texts, including extensive reading, scanning, and skimming. Extensive reading involves reading longer texts to improve knowledge, scanning means quickly reading texts to extract detailed information, and skimming means identifying the main idea of a text quickly. The document provides examples of how these approaches are used and teaches the differences between them.
Elements, Techniques and Literary Devices in Drama.pptxHarleneAsendido2
Drama is a form of literature meant to be performed on stage. It is presented through dialogue between characters. A drama uses elements like characters, setting, plot, dialogue, and themes to imitate and reflect life. Dramas can be performed on stage, broadcast on television, or published in printed form. They provide insights into the customs and lives of the people they portray.
Sdo navotas creative_writing_q2_m3_elements of drama (one - act play).fv(26)DepEd Navotas
The document provides guidance on conceptualizing the elements of a one-act play, including characters, plot, setting, and structure. It discusses that a one-act play tells a single story within one act through a limited number of characters and events. Examples are given of linear and non-linear plot structures as well as techniques for developing believable characters.
Here are examples of figures of speech from the poem:
Simile:
1. "Katulad ng ibong nasa himpapawid" - Like a bird in the sky
2. "Ang hindi magmahal sa kanyang salita / Mahigit sa hayop at malansang isda" - One who does not love his language is worse than an animal or stinky fish
3. "Ang wikang Tagalog tulad din sa Latin" - The Tagalog language is like Latin
Metaphor:
1. "Ang salita nati’y tulad din sa iba" - Our language is like others
2. "
Creative non-fiction is a genre that uses storytelling techniques to deliver factual information in an engaging way. It requires the research skills of journalism combined with the narrative skills of fiction writing. By making information vivid and emotional, creative non-fiction aims to give readers a deeper understanding than just presenting verifiable facts. Examples show how it uses vivid language, emotions, and the reader's imagination to stimulate thought and arrive at larger truths beyond mere facts. Creative non-fiction has applications in history, travel writing, profiles, memoirs, journalism, and even business where storytelling can be persuasive.
This document discusses defining claims and critical reading. It defines a claim as the central argument or thesis of a text that a writer is trying to persuade the reader of. There are three main types of claims: claims of fact which are verifiable statements, claims of value which make judgments about what is good/bad, and claims of policy which suggest actions to solve problems. Critical reading involves engaging with what an author is trying to say by asking questions about the main argument and thinking within and beyond the text. Effective readers form evaluative statements by making assertions about a text's content/properties and counterclaims that respond to the author's claims.
The document provides guidance on writing a reaction paper. It discusses the differences between a reaction paper and a diary entry. A reaction paper is meant for a broader societal audience, while a diary entry is personal. A reaction paper uses more formal language and rhetorical devices to inform readers and provide a measured response to an event or experience. It can help readers make decisions by providing reviews and perspectives. The document emphasizes that a well-written reaction paper can help people feel less alone and better understand how to navigate the world.
Uses knowledge of text structure to glean the information he/she needsMichelle390295
This document discusses different text structures and summarizing techniques. It describes common text structures like spatial/description, cause and effect, comparison and contrast, chronological order, and problem-solution. For each structure, it provides examples and explanations of how it organizes information. The document also discusses summarizing as condensing a lot of information into a short synopsis that touches on the main points. It offers methods for summarizing like using previewing techniques, including the thesis in the first sentence, and answering who, what, when, where, why and how. Finally, it states that summarizing is an important academic skill for note-taking and researching essays.
This document provides an overview of reading and writing skills, including patterns and properties of written texts. It discusses 8 patterns of development for written texts: cause-effect, classification, comparison-contrast, definition, description, narration, persuasion, and problem-solution. It also outlines 4 key properties of written texts: organization, coherence, cohesion, language use, and language mechanics. Specific elements are described for each pattern and property, such as common signal words, text structure, punctuation, spelling, and capitalization guidelines. The document is intended to teach students how to analyze and understand different types of written works.
The document provides guidance on creating an outline for an essay. It explains that an outline allows writers to plan their essay in an organized way before drafting. The outline should include an introduction with a thesis statement, three body paragraphs each with a topic sentence and supporting details, and a conclusion. Sample outlines are included to demonstrate how to structure the paragraphs and supporting ideas.
The document provides information on the key properties of a well-written text, including organization, coherence, cohesion, and language use. It discusses the importance of organizing ideas with a clear beginning, middle, and end through proper transitional devices. Coherence is described as the logical development of ideas and cohesion as the grammatical connections between sentences. The document also addresses language use and mechanics in well-structured writing.
This document provides an overview of text organization and different types of claims that can be made in written texts. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences or less:
Text organization refers to how a text structures information to aid comprehension, including physical format, signal words, and clear beginning, middle, and end. The document also defines explicit and implicit information and outlines three main types of claims: claims of fact, which make statements backed by evidence; claims of policy, which call for actions; and claims of value, which make judgments based on ethics, tastes, or other subjective measures.
Understanding text structures is an important reading skill because it aids comprehension of informational texts. Get middle school students started the process of understanding and analyzing Text Structures and Organizations with this engaging PowerPoint presentation. Presentation addresses the five most common structures: : description, chronological, cause/effect, compare/contrast, and problem/solution. Examples and teacher instructions are included. Aligned to Common Core ELA-Literacy Standards: RI.6.1, 7.1, 8.1; 5.11C; 6.10C; 7.10C; 8.10C.
This document provides an overview of elements of fiction such as character, plot, setting, point of view, theme, and tone. It discusses different types of characters (round, flat), points of view (first, second, third person), types of plots (progressive, episodic), how setting can impact a story, the use of conflict and irony. It also covers literary devices like foreshadowing, symbolism, and motif. The document is intended to help students better understand and analyze stories by making them aware of these common elements.
Lesson 1 Academic Language used from Various Disciplines.pptxSheryl Padel
The document discusses differentiating formal and informal language used in academic texts from various disciplines. It provides guidance on structuring academic texts, citing sources to avoid plagiarism, and using clear and unambiguous language. Techniques for summarizing academic texts are also presented, including the SOMEBODY WANTED BUT SO method and using cues like SAAC, 5Ws and 1H, FIRST THEN FINALLY, and GIVE ME THE GIST to extract the key details and chronology.
The document discusses plot structure in creative writing. It defines plot as the sequence of events that make up a story. Plots typically follow five main elements: exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution. It provides examples of short stories to illustrate how they follow this basic structure. The document also outlines several classic plot types, such as overcoming the monster, rags to riches, the quest, and voyage and return. In conclusion, it notes that while there are many stories, most follow a few basic patterns and structures.
The document summarizes several influential narrative theories:
- Tzodorov's theory of narrative equilibrium which describes 5 stages from an initial stable state to restoration of a new equilibrium.
- Pam Cook's description of standard Hollywood narrative structure as linear, providing closure, and containing spatial/temporal coherence.
- Kate Domaille's identification of 8 common narrative types including Achilles, Cinderella, Circe, and Romeo and Juliet.
- Vladimir Propp's analysis of Russian folktales finding they share 7 character types including the Hero, Donor, Villain, and Princess.
- Joseph Campbell's concept of the monomyth describing the hero's journey through stages from ordinary world to
This document provides an overview of key elements of plot structure, including setting, conflict, the typical five-part plot structure (exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution), techniques for manipulating time like flashbacks and foreshadowing, and types of conflict. It defines setting as the time, place, and period in which the story takes place. It explains that conflict is the central struggle that drives the plot and can be external or internal. It outlines the typical five parts of plot structure and provides examples. It also summarizes techniques like flashbacks and foreshadowing for manipulating the sequence and timing of events.
This document provides an overview of key plot elements including conflict, plot structure, timing/pacing, flashbacks/forwards, and foreshadowing. It defines plot as a series of related events that drive the story forward. Conflict is described as the struggle between opposing forces, which can be external (between characters/forces) or internal (within a character). Plot structure is typically made up of an exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution. Timing/pacing involve manipulating the story's timeline. Flashbacks/forwards shift between past/future, while foreshadowing hints at future events.
The document provides information about narrative texts and their structures. It discusses:
1. What a narrative text is, including that it tells an imaginative story in the past to entertain and teach moral lessons.
2. The generic structures of narrative texts, including orientation, complication, resolution, and re-orientation.
3. Language features commonly found in narrative texts, such as action verbs, characters (protagonist, antagonist), past tense verbs, time connectives, adjectives, dialogue, and thinking verbs.
The document discusses various narrative theories and theorists that are relevant for evaluating media productions. It describes key concepts of narrative like story, discourse, diegesis, and verisimilitude. Theories covered include Todorov's 5 stages of narrative, Propp's character archetypes, and Campbell's monomyth structure. The document reinforces that narratives across cultures generally have common structures and use binary oppositions. It emphasizes distinguishing narrative structure from theme or ideology.
Narrative and screenplays with sample screenplay and guideDB3igs
The document provides information on key elements of narrative and screenplay structure, including:
1) A screenplay tells a visual story through a logical sequence of cause and effect events centered around a protagonist pursuing goals against antagonistic forces.
2) Common narrative structures include a five-part formula involving equilibrium, disruption, recognition, attempt to repair, and reinstatement of equilibrium.
3) Effective openings introduce major characters, set the tone and pace, and present an incident that sets the plot in motion. Exposition is best kept brief and conveyed indirectly through action.
4) Conflict is essential to drama as it drives characters through a range of emotions and keeps audiences engaged. A strong "active question" motiv
This document discusses various narrative theories and theorists that are important for analyzing media texts and productions. It outlines key concepts such as narrative structure, characters, linear vs nonlinear narratives, and restricted vs multi-strand narratives. Theories discussed include Propp's character archetypes, Todorov's 5-stage model, Barthes' plot development, and Levi-Strauss' idea of binary opposites. It also covers the Kuleshov effect and how editing can influence audience perception.
Narratives across different cultures generally follow common structural patterns involving disruption of equilibrium, action in response, and restoration of a new equilibrium, with theorists like Propp and Campbell identifying universal narrative archetypes like The Hero's Journey. Narrative theory examines how stories are constructed through elements like characters, events, themes, and the relationship between the story and its telling. Understanding narrative conventions and how they shape meaning is important for analyzing how media texts engage audiences.
The document discusses character arcs, which describe the emotional change or development of a character over the course of a story. A character typically begins with a certain viewpoint that changes due to events in the narrative. Examples are provided of characters who transform from misogynistic to empathetic or carefree to traumatized. Character arcs are driven by inner conflicts that mirror the story's outer conflicts and keep the narrative tension high. Effective character arcs involve a character gradually overcoming a personal flaw or limitation through the rising and falling action of the plot.
Children's Literature - Introduction - Definition and Elements (KMB)Kris Thel
Definition of literature - “pieces of writing that are valued as works of art, especially novels, plays and poems”. (Oxford Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary).
This document defines and provides examples of key literary devices used in storytelling, including plot (exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution), setting, conflict (internal and external), point of view (first person, third person limited, third person omniscient), and theme. These literary devices are the essential building blocks that every story utilizes to develop characters, advance the narrative, create atmosphere, and convey the author's central message or theme.
This document discusses characterization and how plot and character work together in fiction. It provides examples from works like Breaking Bad, The Walking Dead, and A Doll's House to illustrate key points. The main ideas are:
1) Writers have to create believable characters and show inner change through words alone, drawing on skills in psychology, philosophy, history and more.
2) Crises or precipitating events can bring out the best or worst in characters and propel the plot. In Breaking Bad and A Doll's House, diagnoses and threats respectively drive changes.
3) Characters are revealed through how they deal with conflicts, and plots create opportunities for this through obstacles that force characters to act
This document provides an overview of key elements of fiction, including classification of commercial and literary fiction, plot structure, characterization, point of view, theme, and conflict. It discusses commercial fiction as intended for entertainment, while literary fiction aims to broaden awareness of life. Plot is described as the order of events, including components like exposition, rising action, climax, falling action and resolution. Conflict can be between characters, character vs nature/society/self. Protagonists are the main characters, while antagonists oppose them.
The document discusses the principles of storytelling known as the "Five S's of Screenwriting": Story, Storytelling, Structure, Sequences, and Spine. It provides details on each element: Story is about the progression of events and the main character's reaction; Storytelling involves theme, beginning, genre, and point-of-view character; Structure follows three-act structure; Sequences involve building the story through a series of scenes and 12 story beats; Spine is discovering the unifying idea that synthesizes what the story is about. The document encourages developing stories with powerful moral dilemmas and inner flaws for the main character.
The document provides research on developing an adventure film project. It outlines various storytelling techniques and elements that can be applied, including Todorov's Equilibrium model, Dan Harmon's Story Circle, Propp's character archetypes, and the hero's journey narrative structure. Examples of existing adventure films are analyzed for their use of settings, characters, and plot points. Potential story ideas are generated exploring themes of villains threatening environments, advanced mech technology, and international computer hacking rings. Overall, the document serves as a reference for crafting an adventure narrative and highlighting influential storytelling models.
The document discusses several key elements of fiction, including setting, characters, theme, plot, and conflict. It provides definitions and examples of each element. Setting establishes the time and place of the story. Characters are the people or creatures in the story. The theme is the central idea or message of the story. Plot is the sequence of events, and conflict is the problem or struggle that characters face. The document also differentiates between internal and external types of conflict.
This document discusses the eight elements of a story: setting, characters, conflict, theme, plot, point of view, tone, and style. It provides definitions and examples for each element. Students will be assigned to analyze a short novel of their choice by identifying how it incorporates these eight key story elements. They must submit their analysis as a Word document to the instructor's email by next Monday at 11:59pm in preparation for a presentation the following Thursday.
Lesson elements of story with motivation Shiela Capili
The document provides information about key elements of stories and movies, including setting, characters, plot, conflict, point of view, theme, and other techniques. It defines these elements and gives examples. Setting is described as the time and place of the story. Character types include protagonists, antagonists, flat/round, and static/dynamic characters. Plot elements include exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution. Conflict can be external/internal. Point of view can be first or third person. Theme conveys the overall message or lesson of the story.
Similar to Elements of Factual-Nonfictional in Texts.pptx (20)
This document outlines a lesson on writing coherent and organized paragraphs. It begins by defining the objectives of the lesson, which are to define coherence, identify techniques for achieving it, and write an essay demonstrating these techniques. It then discusses what makes a paragraph coherent through logical ordering, transitions, repetition, parallel structure, and conclusion. Examples are provided. Students are given an activity to arrange sentences into a coherent paragraph and assess a sample essay. For an enrichment activity, students are asked to write an essay about their own family culture applying the lesson's coherence techniques.
The document discusses literature reviews and provides guidance on how to conduct one. It begins by outlining three fundamental research questions posed by Guba and elaborated on by Gray: what is knowable, the relationship between the knower and known, and how things are found out. It then defines a literature review as an account of published work on a topic by scholars. The purpose is to convey existing knowledge and ideas, identify gaps and avoid duplicating work. Effective literature reviews are organized around a thesis, synthesize results, and identify areas for further research. The document provides questions to guide conducting a thorough literature review and critical analysis of sources.
The document provides guidance on conducting an effective literature review. It discusses that the purpose of a literature review is to establish the context and terms, survey previous work on the topic, explore how others have addressed similar questions, and identify gaps. The document emphasizes critical analysis of existing research to understand strengths and weaknesses. It provides tips for planning, reading, analyzing, drafting and revising a literature review. It also covers proper citation formats and avoiding plagiarism when incorporating outside information.
There are two main types of sampling methods: probability sampling and non-probability sampling. Probability sampling aims to give all members of a population an equal chance of being selected through random selection processes. Non-probability sampling does not use random selection processes, making it difficult to ensure all population members have an equal chance of being included. Specific probability sampling methods include simple random sampling, cluster sampling, systematic sampling, and stratified random sampling. Common non-probability sampling methods are convenience sampling, judgmental sampling, and snowball sampling.
The document discusses the importance of theoretical and conceptual frameworks in research. It defines a theoretical framework as the foundation upon which a research study is built, borrowing from existing theories. A conceptual framework organizes concepts and variables into a structure to explain the phenomenon under study. The document provides guidance on developing frameworks, including selecting relevant theories, relating concepts, and placing frameworks in a thesis. Culture and determinism theories are presented as examples.
The document discusses theoretical and conceptual frameworks in research. It begins by defining a theoretical framework as a summary of a researcher's theory regarding a problem developed through a literature review. A theoretical framework identifies variables and their relationships. It establishes the structure that guides a research process. A conceptual framework is a hypothesized model that identifies concepts and relationships without existing theory. It provides an outline of preferred approach and relationships between variables. The document distinguishes theoretical frameworks as based on existing literature and theory, while conceptual frameworks are less formal and based on concepts and observations.
The document discusses drawing conclusions from findings in research. It provides lessons on identifying concluding paragraphs, the purpose of conclusions, and examples of summarizing findings and matching them to appropriate conclusions. Students participate in an activity where they review scenarios and situations to derive conclusions. They are assessed on organizing their thoughts, cooperation, and overall understanding. The importance of drawing conclusions is reflected on, noting they are not limited to academic purposes and help in various areas.
Data can be presented in various ways. This document discusses different methods for presenting data, such as visually with charts and graphs or in written form. A quiz is included to test the reader's understanding of the methods discussed.
Data can be presented in various ways. This document discusses different methods for presenting data, such as visually with charts and graphs or in written form. A quiz is included to test the reader's understanding of the methods discussed.
The document discusses population and sampling methods used in research. It defines key terms like population, sampling, parameter, and statistic. It also describes different sampling procedures like simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, purposive sampling, and multi-stage sampling. The document emphasizes that the sampling method must reflect the unit of analysis in the study. It also explains that multi-stage sampling is commonly used in educational research where units are selected in multiple steps.
The document summarizes key aspects of conducting research:
1. It defines the overall research plan as collecting data through a systematic process of measuring variables of interest.
2. It explains that a population is the total group of people or objects relevant to the research, while a sample is a subset selected to represent the population.
3. It describes data collection as gathering and measuring information on variables of interest in a systematic way.
This document discusses research ethics and outlines key concepts in the field. It describes how researchers were not properly considering subjects' interests, leading to problems like lack of informed consent. To address this, the US government established regulations and the Institutional Review Board (IRB) system in 1974. The Belmont Report from 1979 established three core ethical principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. Researchers must follow federal regulations and obtain IRB approval to ensure ethical research conduct and protection of human subjects.
This document analyzes disaster risk reduction and preparedness as the basis for developing a comprehensive intervention program. It examines past cases of disasters to identify gaps and weaknesses in existing policies, programs, and community practices. The analysis aims to inform the design and implementation of more effective and inclusive measures to build resilience against natural hazards and future climate impacts.
This document provides instructions for editing a presentation template in either Google Slides or PowerPoint. It explains that the user can click the "Use as Google Slides Theme" button to edit the template in Google Slides, or click the "Download as PowerPoint template" button to edit in PowerPoint. It also reminds the user to download and install the fonts used in the template in order to fully edit the presentation.
module3 teaching and assessment of lit.studies - Copy.pptxAnalieCabanlit1
The document discusses literature as a significant human experience. It defines literature as any form of writing that deals with human society and experiences in an artistic way. Literature comments on themes relating to the human condition, such as death, relationships, and conformity, which make it relatable to readers. It also teaches lessons about life through exploring human possibilities and helping people discover themselves and find meaning in life. The document examines different genres and elements of literature such as prose, poetry, fiction and non-fiction.
The document describes several types of documentary films:
- Fully narrated documentaries rely heavily on voiceover narration to explain visuals and develop plot lines. Examples include nature documentaries on the BBC.
- Fly-on-the-wall documentaries attempt to observe settings unaffected by filmmakers, though editing can manipulate reality. Little narration is used.
- Mixed documentaries combine elements like observation and narration to construct narratives using interviews, images, and archives.
- Self-reflexive documentaries acknowledge the camera and have the filmmaker directly address the audience to provide narrative. This style focuses more on the filmmaker than the content.
This document outlines the typical chapters and sections included in a research paper. Chapter 1 introduces the topic and problem being studied. Chapter 2 discusses related literature and frameworks. Chapter 3 describes the research methodology, including the design, respondents, instruments, and statistical analysis. Chapter 4 presents, analyzes, and interprets the collected data. Finally, Chapter 5 summarizes key findings, draws conclusions, and provides recommendations.
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
2. It is beginning of the
story where characters,
setting, and the main
conflict are typically
introduced.
EXPOSITION
It is beginning of the story
where characters, setting,
and the main conflict are
typically introduced.
EXPOSITION
It is where the main character
is in crisis and events leading
up to facing the conflict begin
to unfold. Also, it is where the
story becomes complicated.
RISING
ACTION It is the peak of the story, it is where
major event occurs in which the main
character faces a major enemy, fear,
challenge, or other source of conflict.
The most action, drama, change, and
excitement occurs here.
CLIMAX
It is where the story begins to
slow down and work towards
its end, tying up loose ends.
FALLING ACTION
Also known as the denouement, the
resolution is like a concluding
paragraph that resolves any
remaining issues and ends the
story.
RESOLUTION
Elements of Factual/Nonfictional in Texts
A. Plot
A plot is the sequence of events that make up a story, it is either told, written, filmed, or sung. The plot is
the story, and more specifically, how the story is being developed, unfolds, and moves in time. Plots are
typically made up of five main elements:
3. Here are a few very short stories with sample plots:
Example 1
Kaitlin wants to buy a puppy. She goes to the pound and begins looking through the
cages for her future pet. At the end of the hallway, she sees a small, sweet brown
dog with a white spot on its nose. At that instant, she knows she wants to adopt
him. After he receives shots and a medical check, she and the dog, Berkley, go
home together.
In this example, the exposition introduces us to Kaitlin and her conflict. She wants a
puppy but does not have one. The rising action occurs as she enters the pound and
begins looking. The climax is when she sees the dog of her dreams and decides to
adopt him. The falling action consists of a quick medical check before the
resolution, or ending, when Kaitlin and Berkley happily head home.
4. Example 2
Scott wants to be on the football team, but he’s worried he won’t make
the team. He spends weeks working out as hard as possible,
preparing for try outs. At try outs, he amazes coaches with his skill as
a quarterback. They ask him to be their starting quarterback that year
and give him a jersey. Scott leaves the field, ecstatic!
The exposition introduces Scott and his conflict: he wants to be on the
team but he doubts his ability to make it. The rising action consists of
his training and try-out; the climax occurs when the coaches tell him
he’s been chosen to be quarterback. The falling action is when Scott
takes a jersey and the resolution is him leaving the try-outs as a new,
happy quarterback.
5. Each of these stories has
an exposition as characters and conflicts are
introduced
a rising action which brings the character to the
climax as conflicts are developed and faced, and
a falling action and resolution as the story concludes.
6. Types of Plot
There are many types of plots in the world! But, realistically, most of them fit
some pattern that we can see in more than one story. Here are some classic plots
that can be seen in numerous stories all over the world and throughout history.
a. Overcoming the Monster
The protagonist must defeat a monster or force in order to save some people—
usually everybody! Most often, the protagonist is forced into this conflict, and comes
out of it as a hero, or even a king. This is one version of the world’s most universal
and compelling plot—the ‘monomyth’ described by the great thinker Joseph
Campbell.
Examples:
Beowulf, Harry Potter, and Star Wars.
7. b. Rags to Riches:
This story can begin with the protagonist being poor or rich, but at some point, the
protagonist will have everything, lose everything, and then gain it all back by the
end of the story, after experiencing great personal growth.
Examples:
The Count of Monte Cristo, Cinderella, and Jane Eyre.
c. The Quest:
The protagonist embarks on a quest involving travel and dangerous adventures in
order to find treasure or solve a huge problem. Usually, the protagonist is forced to
begin the quest but makes friends that help face the many tests and obstacles
along the way. This is also a version of Campbell’s monomyth.
Examples:
The Iliad, The Lord of the Rings, and Eragon
8. d. Voyage and Return:
The protagonist goes on a journey to a strange or unknown place, facing danger
and adventures along the way, returning home with experience and
understanding. This is also a version of the monomyth.
Examples:
Alice in Wonderland, The Chronicles of Narnia, and The Wizard of Oz
e. Comedy:
A happy and fun character finds a happy ending after triumphing over difficulties and
adversities.
Examples:
A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Fantastic Mr. Fox, Home Alone
9. f. Tragedy:
The protagonist experiences a conflict which leads to very bad ending, typically death.
Examples:
Romeo and Juliet, The Picture of Dorian Gray, and Macbeth
g. Rebirth:
The protagonist is a villain who becomes a good person through the experience of the
story’s conflict.
Examples:
The Secret Garden, A Christmas Carol, The Grinch
As these seven examples show, many stories follow a common pattern. In fact,
according to many thinkers, such as the great novelist Kurt Vonnegut, and Joseph
Campbell, there are only a few basic patterns, which are mixed and combined to form
all stories.
10. The Importance of Using Plot
The plot is what makes a story a story. It gives the story
character development, suspense, energy, and emotional
release (also known as ‘catharsis’). It allows an author to
develop themes and most importantly, conflict that makes a
story emotionally engaging; everybody knows how hard it
is to stop watching a movie before the conflict is resolved.
11. Plots can be found in all kinds of fiction. Here are a few examples.
Example 1
The Razor’s Edge by Somerset Maugham
In The Razor’s Edge, Larry Darrell returns from World War I disillusioned. His
fiancée, friends, and family urge him to find work, but he does not want to. He
embarks on a voyage through Europe and Asia seeking higher truth. Finally, in
Asia, he finds a more meaningful way of life.
In this novel, the plot follows the protagonist Larry as he seeks meaningful
experiences. The story begins with the exposition of a disillusioned young man
who does not want to work. The rising action occurs as he travels seeking an
education. The story climaxes when he becomes a man perfectly at peace in
meditation.
12. Example 2
The Road not Taken’ by Robert Frost
Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,
And sorry I could not travel both
And be one traveler, long I stood
And looked down one as far as I could
Then took the other, as just as fair,
And having perhaps the better claim
And both that morning equally lay
In leaves no step had trodden black.
I shall be telling this with a sigh
Somewhere ages and ages hence:
Two roads diverged in a wood, and I,
I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference.
Robert Frost’s famous poem “The Road Not
Taken,” has a very clear plot: The exposition
occurs when a man stands at the fork of two
roads, his conflict being which road to take. The
climax occurs when he chooses the unique
path. The resolution announces that “that has
made all the difference,” meaning the man has
made a significant and meaningful decision.
13. Plot Devices are ways of propelling the storyline to move
forward. It serves to motivate the characters, creating urgency of
resolving complicated situations. This however can be compared
with moving a story forward using a dramatic method by making it
happen since the character are capable of doing “well developed
reasons”.
Plot Outline is a narrative of a story that can be transformed into
a film. It consists of a page with longer and detailed synopsis
summarized into one or two paragraphs.
14. B. Conflict are problems, issues, or situations that the character needs to resolve
through time. Conflict is often expressed through the actions and dialogues of the
character(s).
Types of Conflict
(1)One Character Against Another Conflict shows one character
having a grievance against another character.
(2)A Character or Group Against Society Conflict demonstrates a
character who is against society’s values, ideas, norms, culture,
and values.
(3)A Character Against Nature Conflict reflects a character who is
wrestling with natural disasters or calamities.
(4)Character Against Himself or Herself Conflict illustrates the inner
struggles and emotions of the character (wood, 2013).
15. Theme pertains to the idea that philosophers deeply think or it is simply the subject
of the story.
Character
A character is an individual (could be an object or animal but usually
as a person) in a narrative in a work of fiction or creative nonfiction. The
act or method of creating a character in writing is known as
characterization.
Characters perform actions, create dialogues, and can be seen
through their physical appearance. “A character may provide
background information, description, or an assessment of another
character’s life or personality. However, be sure to filter out character’s
bias (woods, 2013, p.142).
16. Types of Characterization
1.Direct (Explicit) Characterization- informs the readers of what the
character is like which can be deciphered through the narrator, or
through how the characters behave, act, or speak.
2.Indirect (Implicit) Characterization – allows the readers to infer
about the character’s thoughts, actions, conversations, physical
appearance, idiosyncrasies, and workmanship or team play with
other characters.
The Character’s conversations will reflect his or her personality,
determining whether the character is educated or not, the formality
and informality of the situation.
17. Point of view is the perspective from which a speaker or writer
recounts a narrative or presents information. This is also known as a
viewpoint. This depends on the topic, purpose, and audience. Writers
of nonfiction may rely on the first-person point of view (I, we), the
second-person (you, your, you're), or the third-person (he, she, it,
they).
18. With first-person point of view, the character is telling the story. You will see the
words "I," "me," or "we" in first-person point of view. This point of view is commonly
used for narratives and autobiographies.
First-person point of view can be singular or plural. The singular form uses "I" or
"me" and plural form uses the word "we." Both are used to give the writer's personal
perspective.
Some examples of first-person narrative include:
I always look forward to my summer vacation at the beach. I like to collect
seashells and swim in the ocean.
We love walking the dogs in the woods. We all think it is so much fun.
If it was up to me, I would choose the white car.
We didn't want to drive so we took the train to the city and back home
19. When writing in second-person point of view, the writer has the
narrator speaking to the reader. The words "you," "your," and "yours"
are used in this point of view. Some common uses for second-
person point of view are directions, business writing, technical
writing, song lyrics, speeches, and advertising.
Some examples of second-person point of view are:
In just a few simple steps you can make a big change in your life!
To make a great chili is you must season it early and often.
Management is very happy with the progress you are all making.
You gotta fight for your right to party! - "Fight for Your Right,"
Beastie Boys
20. Third-person point of view has an external narrator telling the story. The words "he," "she," "it," or
"they" are used in this point of view. This point of view can either be omniscient where the reader
knows what all the characters are doing in the story or it can be limited to having the reader only know
what is happening to one specific character. Third person can also be gender specific or neutral,
singular or plural.
Third-person point of view is often used in academic writing and fictional writing.
Some examples of third person point of view:
He is a great football player. He scored the most touchdowns this season.
She was the one who knew all the answers on the test. She had the highest grade in the entire
class.
What they told her was not the truth.
She heard a loud crash in the middle of the night. She was so scared that she didn't know what she
should do next.
21. Angle of the Story
Angle is the precise way to choose on how to tell a story — it’s
the element that sets your story apart from all the rest. In other
words, a way of presenting your information and telling the story
that makes it interesting, unique, and memorable.
Angle can be opposite to the ending of the essay, it can be
comparisons, or opposing point of views.
22. black – evil or death ladder – connection between heaven and
earth
broken mirror – separation light – good, power
dark – death, shadows night – end of road, peace, death or darkness
day – beginning, good, opportunities red rose – love and romance
dove – peace water – baptism, purification
fire – danger, anger, passion, love, pain
or death
Symbols or Symbolism
Symbols in literary writing is usually applied in poetry and each symbol signifies a meaning. When an author
introduces a particular mood or emotion, the writer uses symbolism, hinting it rather than saying it literally.
Some common types of symbols are:
Symbolism is employed by writers to make the literary piece interesting and the ability of not giving the literal
sense of the ideas or things. Likewise, an action, event, or exchange of words in a conversation may illicit symbolic
values (Literary Devices).
23. Irony
Irony is the use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal
meaning.
Irony is a storytelling tool used to create a contrast between how things seem
and how they really are beneath the surface. The term comes from the Latin
word ironia, which means “feigned ignorance.” The three main types used in
literature are dramatic, situational, and verbal, as mentioned above.
People often conflate irony with sarcasm, coincidence, or bad luck. While these
concepts can have ironic characteristics, they’re not interchangeable with irony.
So for example, if you run to catch the bus and miss it by two seconds, that’s not
ironic — unless the reason you’re late is that you were bragging about how you
wouldn’t miss the bus. This creates an unexpected and comic contrast to what
would otherwise just be an unfortunate situation.
24. Figures of Speech
A figure of speech is a word or phrase that possesses a separate
meaning from its literal definition. It can be metaphor or simile,
designed to make a comparison. It can be the repetition of alliteration
or the exaggeration of hyperbole to provide a dramatic effect.
25. Types of Figure of Speech
There are countless figures of speech in every language, and they fall
into hundreds of categories. Here, though, is a short list of some of the
most common types of figure of speech:
A. Metaphor
Many common figures of speech are metaphors. That is, they use words
in a manner other than their literal meaning. However, metaphors use
figurative language to make comparisons between unrelated things or
ideas. The “peak of her career,” for example, is a metaphor, since a
career is not a literal mountain with a peak, but the metaphor represents
the idea of arriving at the highest point of one’s career.
26. B. Idiom
An idiom is a common phrase with a figurative meaning. Idioms are different
from other figures of speech in that their figurative meanings are mostly known
within a particular language, culture, or group of people. In fact, the English
language alone has about 25,000 idioms. Some examples include “it’s raining
cats and dogs” when it is raining hard, or “break a leg” when wishing someone
good luck.
Example
This sentence uses an idiom to make it more interesting:
There’s a supermarket and a pharmacy in the mall, so if we go there, we
can kill two birds with one stone.
The idiom is a common way of saying that two tasks can be completed in the
same amount of time or same place.
27. C. Proverb
A proverb is a short, commonplace saying that is universally
understood in today’s language and used to express general truths.
“Don’t cry over spilt milk” is a popular example. Most proverbs employ
metaphors (e.g. the proverb about milk isn’t literally about milk).
Example
This example uses a proverb to emphasize the situation:
I know you think you’re going to sell all of those cookies, but don’t
count your chickens before they hatch!
Here, “don’t count your chickens before they hatch” means that you
shouldn’t act like something has happened before it actually does.
28. D. Simile
A simile is a very common figure of speech that uses the words “like” and “as” to
compare two things that are not related by definition. For example, “he is as tall as a
mountain,” doesn’t mean he was actually 1,000 feet tall, it just means he was really
tall.
Example
This example uses a simile for comparison:
The internet is like a window to the world—you can learn about everything online!
The common phrase “window to the world” refers to a hypothetical window that lets
you see the whole world from it. So, saying the internet is like a window to the world
implies that it lets you see anything and everything.
29. E. Oxymoron
An oxymoron is when you use two words together that have
contradictory meanings. Some common examples include small
crowd, definitely possible, old news, little giant, and so on.
F. Metonym
A metonym is a word or phrase that is used to represent something
related to bigger meaning. For example, fleets are sometimes
described as being “thirty sails strong,” meaning thirty (curiously, this
metonym survives in some places, even when the ships in question
are not sail-powered!) Similarly, the crew on board those ships may
be described as “hands” rather than people.
30. G. Irony
Irony is when a word or phrase’s literal meaning is the opposite of its figurative
meaning. Many times (but not always), irony is expressed with sarcasm (see
Related Terms). For example, maybe you eat a really bad cookie, and then say
“Wow, that was the best cookie I ever had”—of course, what you really mean is
that it’s the worst cookie you ever had, but being ironic actually emphasizes just
how bad it was
31. Dialogue
Dialogue is a written or spoken conversational exchange between two or more people, and a
literary and theatrical form that depicts such an exchange.
Dialogue, when used as a literary technique, helps to advance the plot of a narrative, as
characters engage in dialogue to reveal plans of action and their inner thoughts and emotions.
Sometimes, authors show us a character's inner dialogue where thoughts and feelings are revealed
as the character has a conversation with him or herself. Often, we read outer dialogue, which occurs
between two characters as spoken language.
Other literary devices:
(1)Hyperbole is a term for overstatement or exaggeration.
(2)Understatement is exactly the opposite of hyperbole, when the writer tries to play down the
significance, magnitude, or intensity of a situation or event.
(3)Incongruity is a circumstance when something is out of proportion or strange situations knit
together.
(4)Irony is a position when there is “a gap between what is said and what is meant” (woods, 2013).
32. Examples of Dialogue:
"Lisa," said Kyle, "I need help moving this box of toys for the garage sale. Will
you help me?"
"Sure!" Lisa put her book down and moved to lift one end of the box for her
brother. She glanced down into the box. "Hey!" she exclaimed. "You can't give
away your Harry Potter collection!"
"Well, I am not taking them to college with me." Kyle smiled at his little sister.
"Do you want them?"
"Yes!" Lisa smiled back. "I will read them all again, and it will remind me of how
we used to pretend to be Harry and Hermione."
"They are yours, Squirt." As Kyle smiled as his sister, he realized how much
things would change in the next few days.
33. Scene
A scene is where the place and time where the action of the literary and factual narrative takes place.
The word ‘scene’ has multiple literary definitions. On one hand, it is ‘A place or setting regarded as having a particular
character or making a particular impression.’ (OED). When we talk of a scene as a unit of story structure, a scene is ‘A
sequence of continuous action in a play, film, opera, or book’ (OED). It’s also ‘A representation of an incident, or the incident
itself.’ (OED)
How do these definitions combine? Scenes, individual story units smaller than chapters (but somewhat self-contained),
show us sequences of actions and incidents that reveal place and time, characters’ actions, reactions or dilemmas.
Scenes (in short fiction and novels, plays and films) serve several functions. They:
Move the story forward: They keep us engaged, asking ‘what happens next?’
Establish characters’ arcs or cause and effect. This links to the first point. For example, a scene might begin with a
character missing a train. As a result, the character may be late for a meeting. The reader wonders what impact this small
misfortune will have
Reveal consequences of earlier events. A subsequent scene following the missed train, for example, might show the
consequences for the character when they are late for a crucial meeting
Make a story easier to follow. Scenes chunk what could be a narrative mess into digestible units of action and event.
They allow us to play with how we release information to the reader (for example, a scene resolving an earlier subplot
might only take place much later in a novel. As writers we can make some plot gratification instant and some delayed)