Words and word phrases class 2
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Words are the basic elements of language and can be classified into three main groups: lexical words, function words, and inserts. Lexical words are the main carriers of information and include content words like nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Function words indicate meaning relationships and include structural words like determiners, pronouns, auxiliaries, prepositions, and conjunctions.
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Tema 1 iii
- Words can be made up of a single unit of meaning (morpheme) or can have a more complex structure through inflection, derivation, and compounding. Inflection involves adding suffixes to change word class or meaning. Derivation adds affixes to change word identity or class. Compounding combines word stems.
- Phrases group words into higher units and can contain other phrases. The head determines the phrase type as noun, verb, adjective, or adverb. Noun phrases contain a noun head and may take syntactic roles. Verb phrases center around a lexical verb and show tense.
Nominal and functional parts of speech
The document provides an overview of the different parts of speech in English, including their definitions and classifications. It discusses nouns, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, numerals, and prepositions. For each part of speech, it covers morphological and semantic properties, functions, and ways they can be classified.
The word group theory
The document defines and classifies word groups. Word groups consist of at least two words that are syntactically connected but do not form a full sentence. They are classified based on their structure and syntagmatic relations. The main types are subordinate, coordinate, and predicative word groups. Subordinate word groups include noun phrases and verb phrases. Noun phrases consist of a noun head and optional pre-modifiers, post-modifiers, or both. Verb phrases include a verb head along with optional nominal, adverbial, or mixed complements.
Syntax
Syntax deals with how words are combined into larger units like phrases, sentences, and texts. There are different syntactic theories that approach this topic in various ways, such as transformational grammar, constructional syntax, and communicative syntax. Basic syntactic notions include syntactic units, forms, meanings, functions, positions, and relations between units.
The parts of speech problem
The document discusses different approaches to classifying words into parts of speech. There are four main approaches discussed: classical/logical-inflectional, functional, distributional, and complex. The classical approach uses word forms and inflections to classify words, while the functional approach considers meaning and use. The distributional approach focuses solely on word order and substitutability. The complex approach integrates semantic, formal, and functional criteria.
Morphology
Morphology is the study of how words are formed from smaller meaningful units called morphemes. Morphemes are the smallest units of language that carry meaning or function. There are two types of morphemes: free morphemes, which can stand alone as words, and bound morphemes, which must be attached to other elements. Morphology examines the rules for combining morphemes, such as affixing prefixes and suffixes, to form new words. It also analyzes the relationship between word structure and meaning.
The morpheme
The document discusses the concept of the morpheme, which is the smallest meaningful unit that forms words. It defines morphemes and their characteristics, including allomorphs, free and bound morphemes, overt and covert morphemes. It also discusses the different types of morphemes including root morphemes, affixal morphemes, prefixes, suffixes, and inflections. Finally, it covers the different ways that words can be derived, including synthetically using affixes, analytically using auxiliary words, and suppletively using different stems.
Grammatical meaning
This document discusses grammatical meaning and categories. It defines grammatical meaning as the meaning of a whole class or subclass conveyed by a word. Grammatical categories are systems that express generalized grammatical meanings through paradigmatic correlations between forms. Categories can be realized synthetically, analytically, or through sound changes and are based on oppositions between forms. Grammatical categories correlate with both conceptual categories and objective reality.
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Tema 1 iii
- Words can be made up of a single unit of meaning (morpheme) or can have a more complex structure through inflection, derivation, and compounding. Inflection involves adding suffixes to change word class or meaning. Derivation adds affixes to change word identity or class. Compounding combines word stems.
- Phrases group words into higher units and can contain other phrases. The head determines the phrase type as noun, verb, adjective, or adverb. Noun phrases contain a noun head and may take syntactic roles. Verb phrases center around a lexical verb and show tense.
Nominal and functional parts of speech
The document provides an overview of the different parts of speech in English, including their definitions and classifications. It discusses nouns, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, numerals, and prepositions. For each part of speech, it covers morphological and semantic properties, functions, and ways they can be classified.
The word group theory
The document defines and classifies word groups. Word groups consist of at least two words that are syntactically connected but do not form a full sentence. They are classified based on their structure and syntagmatic relations. The main types are subordinate, coordinate, and predicative word groups. Subordinate word groups include noun phrases and verb phrases. Noun phrases consist of a noun head and optional pre-modifiers, post-modifiers, or both. Verb phrases include a verb head along with optional nominal, adverbial, or mixed complements.
Syntax
Syntax deals with how words are combined into larger units like phrases, sentences, and texts. There are different syntactic theories that approach this topic in various ways, such as transformational grammar, constructional syntax, and communicative syntax. Basic syntactic notions include syntactic units, forms, meanings, functions, positions, and relations between units.
The parts of speech problem
The document discusses different approaches to classifying words into parts of speech. There are four main approaches discussed: classical/logical-inflectional, functional, distributional, and complex. The classical approach uses word forms and inflections to classify words, while the functional approach considers meaning and use. The distributional approach focuses solely on word order and substitutability. The complex approach integrates semantic, formal, and functional criteria.
Morphology
Morphology is the study of how words are formed from smaller meaningful units called morphemes. Morphemes are the smallest units of language that carry meaning or function. There are two types of morphemes: free morphemes, which can stand alone as words, and bound morphemes, which must be attached to other elements. Morphology examines the rules for combining morphemes, such as affixing prefixes and suffixes, to form new words. It also analyzes the relationship between word structure and meaning.
The morpheme
The document discusses the concept of the morpheme, which is the smallest meaningful unit that forms words. It defines morphemes and their characteristics, including allomorphs, free and bound morphemes, overt and covert morphemes. It also discusses the different types of morphemes including root morphemes, affixal morphemes, prefixes, suffixes, and inflections. Finally, it covers the different ways that words can be derived, including synthetically using affixes, analytically using auxiliary words, and suppletively using different stems.
Grammatical meaning
This document discusses grammatical meaning and categories. It defines grammatical meaning as the meaning of a whole class or subclass conveyed by a word. Grammatical categories are systems that express generalized grammatical meanings through paradigmatic correlations between forms. Categories can be realized synthetically, analytically, or through sound changes and are based on oppositions between forms. Grammatical categories correlate with both conceptual categories and objective reality.
Grammar and lexis
This document provides an overview of grammar and lexis. It defines grammar as how parts of words, words, and word groups are organized and changed to create meaning. It then lists and describes the main grammatical forms - nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, determiners, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions, and exclamations. It also discusses grammatical uses and the functions of different parts of speech. The document then defines lexis as individual words and word sets, and discusses different types of word meanings including affixation, compounds, collocations, idioms, antonyms, lexical sets, and word families.
Unit 1 and 2
This document provides an overview of grammar and lexis. It defines grammar as how parts of words, words, and word groups are organized and changed to create meaning. It then lists and describes the main grammatical forms - nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, determiners, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions, and exclamations. It explains the functions of these parts of speech, such as nouns naming people and things, verbs showing actions, and adjectives providing descriptions. The document also defines lexis as individual words and word sets, and describes different types of word meanings including literal meaning, meaning from affixes or compounds, collocations, idioms, antonyms, and
Linguistics -Syntax
This document discusses syntax and sentence structure. It defines syntax as the rules of sentence formation and the component of grammar that represents a speaker's knowledge of phrase and sentence structure. It discusses constituents, phrase structure rules, syntactic categories, and phrase structure trees. Phrase structure trees are used to represent the hierarchical structure of sentences and show constituent structures and syntactic categories. The document notes that language has an infinite quality, as sentences can always be lengthened through the addition of modifiers. It provides examples of phrase structure trees and tests to identify verbs phrases and noun phrases.
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Syntax is the grammar and structure of language. It deals with the arrangement of words and phrases to form sentences. There are 11 word classes called parts of speech, including nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. Tree diagrams are used to represent sentence structure with elements like sentences (S), noun phrases (NP), determiners (Det), and verb phrases (VP). Syntax examines what elements go where in a sentence. Grammar sets the rules for correct language usage, including syntax, morphology, and other constructions. While grammar is the overall term, syntax specifically studies sentence structures.
Grammar, lexis and function
Grammar refers to the rules of how elements of written and spoken language relate and function within a sentence. It includes components like parts of speech, modifiers, pronouns, and verb tenses.
Lexis refers to the set of words in a language used by a specific group that have a specific meaning and grammatical function. Elements of lexis include antonyms, synonyms, prefixes/suffixes, and compounds.
A language function describes the reason for communication, such as apologizing, advising, thanking, or inviting. Functions help describe how language is used in context.
Syntax course
- Syntax is the study of the structure of sentences and how words are combined to form phrases and clauses.
- A sentence can be broken down into constituents, which are phrases or words that serve a grammatical function within the sentence. Constituents are combined and related through syntactic rules and analysis.
- Syntactic analysis involves identifying parts of speech, morphological features like tense and case, and syntactic functions like subjects, objects, and complements to determine a sentence's structure.
Lecture 2 sentence structure constituents
The document summarizes key concepts from a lecture on sentence structure and constituents. It defines what a sentence and constituent are, and explains that sentences can be broken down into constituents like phrases. Constituents are groupings of words centered around a head word. Phrases are named after their head words, and can be further divided into intermediate and ultimate constituents in a hierarchical structure. The document also discusses tests for identifying constituents and provides examples of applying these concepts.
Voice
The document discusses the category of order in linguistics. It addresses the category of order, the problem of the perfect, and the perfective form and aspect. Specifically:
- The category of order represents temporal correlation between perfect and non-perfect verb forms. It builds its own category different from tense and aspect.
- There are three views on the problem of the perfect - as a tense, aspect, or specific category. Scholars have proposed terms like "the category of time relation" or "the category of order" to describe it.
- The perfective form is indifferent to aspect in English. It denotes the end of a bounded perfective process or the actual meaning is determined by context for verbs
Mood, Non-Finite Verb Forms
The document discusses the category of mood in the English verb. It defines mood as a grammatical category that expresses the speaker's attitude toward the process or action, indicating whether it is regarded as a fact or non-fact. The indicative mood expresses facts, while the subjunctive and imperative moods express non-facts. The subjunctive mood can be further divided into varieties based on meaning and form. The document also discusses how moods are realized in English and some issues surrounding their analysis.
Grammar and lexis
Grammar refers to how words are organized to create meaning and includes parts of speech, grammatical forms, and grammatical uses. There are 9 parts of speech including nouns, verbs, adjectives, which describe a word's function. Grammatical forms include plural nouns, gerunds, prefixes, and suffixes. Grammatical uses involve structures like the present progressive and present simple tenses to communicate meaning. Lexis refers to individual words and sets of words, and words can have denotative meanings as well as figurative meanings. Lexical features include prefixes, suffixes, collocations, compounds, idioms, and antonyms/synonyms that influence a word's meaning.
The noun
The document summarizes different perspectives on the noun and case systems in English. It discusses the noun as a part of speech denoting things, its semantic and morphological characteristics like number and gender. It also examines different views on whether English has cases expressed through inflection or syntax, with perspectives ranging from no cases to up to six semantic cases.
Different meanings of the same lexical meaning
This document discusses different types of meaning that can arise from the same lexical units. It explains that the meaning of a whole phrase cannot simply be determined by adding up the meanings of individual words. Instead, there are three types of idioms - idioms proper, unitary complexes, and composites - where the connection between words is non-additive. It also discusses how related meanings can arise through derivation, replacement, or figurative extension of base meanings. Analyzing differences in meaning involves identifying the semantic relation and determining the semantic domains involved.
Saussure
Ferdinand de Saussure was a Swiss linguist born in 1857 who studied languages across Europe and taught Sanskrit. He is considered the founder of modern linguistics. He taught a seminal course on general linguistics from 1907-1911 that influenced many fields. Saussure argued that language should be studied as a system of signs composed of a signifier (sound pattern) and signified (concept). He distinguished between langue (the system shared by a language community) and parole (individual instances of language use). Saussure's work emphasized that language is a social construct whose elements are arbitrarily linked and exist in a network of relationships. He introduced key concepts like the arbitrary nature of the sign, synchronic vs
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This document provides an overview of syntax, including different types of adjectives, adverbs, clauses, and transformations. It defines key syntactic concepts like modification, constituents, coordination, subordination, and relative clauses. It also describes different types of adjectives, adverbs, clauses and their functions in sentences. Finally, it briefly discusses structural description, structural change, and some common transformation rules.
Function words & content words
Function words serve important grammatical functions and have little meaning on their own. They include articles, auxiliary verbs, conjunctions, determiners, intensifiers, prepositions, pronouns, and interjections. Articles precede nouns and can be definite or indefinite. Auxiliary verbs combine with other verbs to form verb phrases. Conjunctions link words and phrases. Determiners introduce nouns. Pronouns replace nouns.
Above The Clause & Below The Cluase In Functional Grammar
This document discusses linguistic concepts related to clause structure and analysis. It defines key terms like group, phrase, clause complex, taxis, logico-semantic relationships and expansion. It provides examples of nominal groups, verbal groups, adverbial groups and conjunction groups. It also explains the different types of taxis (parataxis and hypotaxis) and logico-semantic relationships (expansion and projection). Several questions are included at the end to test understanding of the concepts covered.
The verb
The document discusses various categories of verbs including person, number, tense, and aspect. It explains that person associates a process with the speaker, addressee, or others. Number shows if a process involves one or more doers. Tense reflects time and expresses the relation between an action and the moment of speaking. Aspect expresses how an action is portrayed as proceeding, such as with continuous or perfective forms. The document also discusses challenges with classifying verbs and analyzing categories like future tense and aspect in English.
Content and Function Words
While content words and function words are often categorized separately, the document argues that it is difficult to draw a sharp line between the two. Some words can function as either content or function words depending on how they are used in an utterance. Numerals and pronouns are provided as examples of words that could fall into both categories. Ultimately, the same lexical word may take on content or functional roles based on its meaning and position in a sentence.
Lexical and grammatical categories
This document provides an overview of lexical and grammatical categories in language. It discusses the categories of nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, determiners, auxiliaries, coordinators, and complementizers. For each category, it provides examples and explanations of the syntactic and semantic properties that define the category and distinguish it from other categories. It also notes some exceptions and borderline cases between categories.
Grammatical categories and word classes
This work examines some of the grammatical categories of modern English, and it presents a classification of words according to their category and function.
Tema i. introductory_concepts_and_categories (1)
The document provides an analysis of Lewis Carroll's nonsense poem "Jabberwocky" from Through the Looking Glass. It notes that while some words are English, most are nonsense words invented by Carroll. It analyzes the made-up words as stems that refer to things in the real world, while smaller English words provide grammatical categories. Stems and whole words are termed "lexemes" that name or refer, while morphological parts are called "morphemes" that mark grammatical categories. The poem is analyzed as using invented lexemes but real English morphemes to tell a nonsensical story.
Syntax.ppt
This document provides an introduction to basic syntactic notions in English, including sentences, their structure, and their main components. It discusses sentences as the basic unit of syntax and how they express predicativity through relations to the speech act, speaker, and reality. Sentences are then classified based on their structure as simple or complex. The main parts of sentences - the subject, predicate, and object - are defined and categorized based on their structure, grammatical type, and position within the sentence. Other sentence elements like attributes, appositions, and adverbial modifiers are also introduced.
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Unit 1 and 2
This document provides an overview of grammar and lexis. It defines grammar as how parts of words, words, and word groups are organized and changed to create meaning. It then lists and describes the main grammatical forms - nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, determiners, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions, and exclamations. It explains the functions of these parts of speech, such as nouns naming people and things, verbs showing actions, and adjectives providing descriptions. The document also defines lexis as individual words and word sets, and describes different types of word meanings including literal meaning, meaning from affixes or compounds, collocations, idioms, antonyms, and
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This document discusses syntax and sentence structure. It defines syntax as the rules of sentence formation and the component of grammar that represents a speaker's knowledge of phrase and sentence structure. It discusses constituents, phrase structure rules, syntactic categories, and phrase structure trees. Phrase structure trees are used to represent the hierarchical structure of sentences and show constituent structures and syntactic categories. The document notes that language has an infinite quality, as sentences can always be lengthened through the addition of modifiers. It provides examples of phrase structure trees and tests to identify verbs phrases and noun phrases.
Syntax
Syntax is the grammar and structure of language. It deals with the arrangement of words and phrases to form sentences. There are 11 word classes called parts of speech, including nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. Tree diagrams are used to represent sentence structure with elements like sentences (S), noun phrases (NP), determiners (Det), and verb phrases (VP). Syntax examines what elements go where in a sentence. Grammar sets the rules for correct language usage, including syntax, morphology, and other constructions. While grammar is the overall term, syntax specifically studies sentence structures.
Grammar, lexis and function
Grammar refers to the rules of how elements of written and spoken language relate and function within a sentence. It includes components like parts of speech, modifiers, pronouns, and verb tenses.
Lexis refers to the set of words in a language used by a specific group that have a specific meaning and grammatical function. Elements of lexis include antonyms, synonyms, prefixes/suffixes, and compounds.
A language function describes the reason for communication, such as apologizing, advising, thanking, or inviting. Functions help describe how language is used in context.
Syntax course
- Syntax is the study of the structure of sentences and how words are combined to form phrases and clauses.
- A sentence can be broken down into constituents, which are phrases or words that serve a grammatical function within the sentence. Constituents are combined and related through syntactic rules and analysis.
- Syntactic analysis involves identifying parts of speech, morphological features like tense and case, and syntactic functions like subjects, objects, and complements to determine a sentence's structure.
Lecture 2 sentence structure constituents
The document summarizes key concepts from a lecture on sentence structure and constituents. It defines what a sentence and constituent are, and explains that sentences can be broken down into constituents like phrases. Constituents are groupings of words centered around a head word. Phrases are named after their head words, and can be further divided into intermediate and ultimate constituents in a hierarchical structure. The document also discusses tests for identifying constituents and provides examples of applying these concepts.
Voice
The document discusses the category of order in linguistics. It addresses the category of order, the problem of the perfect, and the perfective form and aspect. Specifically:
- The category of order represents temporal correlation between perfect and non-perfect verb forms. It builds its own category different from tense and aspect.
- There are three views on the problem of the perfect - as a tense, aspect, or specific category. Scholars have proposed terms like "the category of time relation" or "the category of order" to describe it.
- The perfective form is indifferent to aspect in English. It denotes the end of a bounded perfective process or the actual meaning is determined by context for verbs
Mood, Non-Finite Verb Forms
The document discusses the category of mood in the English verb. It defines mood as a grammatical category that expresses the speaker's attitude toward the process or action, indicating whether it is regarded as a fact or non-fact. The indicative mood expresses facts, while the subjunctive and imperative moods express non-facts. The subjunctive mood can be further divided into varieties based on meaning and form. The document also discusses how moods are realized in English and some issues surrounding their analysis.
Grammar and lexis
Grammar refers to how words are organized to create meaning and includes parts of speech, grammatical forms, and grammatical uses. There are 9 parts of speech including nouns, verbs, adjectives, which describe a word's function. Grammatical forms include plural nouns, gerunds, prefixes, and suffixes. Grammatical uses involve structures like the present progressive and present simple tenses to communicate meaning. Lexis refers to individual words and sets of words, and words can have denotative meanings as well as figurative meanings. Lexical features include prefixes, suffixes, collocations, compounds, idioms, and antonyms/synonyms that influence a word's meaning.
The noun
The document summarizes different perspectives on the noun and case systems in English. It discusses the noun as a part of speech denoting things, its semantic and morphological characteristics like number and gender. It also examines different views on whether English has cases expressed through inflection or syntax, with perspectives ranging from no cases to up to six semantic cases.
Different meanings of the same lexical meaning
This document discusses different types of meaning that can arise from the same lexical units. It explains that the meaning of a whole phrase cannot simply be determined by adding up the meanings of individual words. Instead, there are three types of idioms - idioms proper, unitary complexes, and composites - where the connection between words is non-additive. It also discusses how related meanings can arise through derivation, replacement, or figurative extension of base meanings. Analyzing differences in meaning involves identifying the semantic relation and determining the semantic domains involved.
Saussure
Ferdinand de Saussure was a Swiss linguist born in 1857 who studied languages across Europe and taught Sanskrit. He is considered the founder of modern linguistics. He taught a seminal course on general linguistics from 1907-1911 that influenced many fields. Saussure argued that language should be studied as a system of signs composed of a signifier (sound pattern) and signified (concept). He distinguished between langue (the system shared by a language community) and parole (individual instances of language use). Saussure's work emphasized that language is a social construct whose elements are arbitrarily linked and exist in a network of relationships. He introduced key concepts like the arbitrary nature of the sign, synchronic vs
Syntax
This document provides an overview of syntax, including different types of adjectives, adverbs, clauses, and transformations. It defines key syntactic concepts like modification, constituents, coordination, subordination, and relative clauses. It also describes different types of adjectives, adverbs, clauses and their functions in sentences. Finally, it briefly discusses structural description, structural change, and some common transformation rules.
Function words & content words
Function words serve important grammatical functions and have little meaning on their own. They include articles, auxiliary verbs, conjunctions, determiners, intensifiers, prepositions, pronouns, and interjections. Articles precede nouns and can be definite or indefinite. Auxiliary verbs combine with other verbs to form verb phrases. Conjunctions link words and phrases. Determiners introduce nouns. Pronouns replace nouns.
Above The Clause & Below The Cluase In Functional Grammar
This document discusses linguistic concepts related to clause structure and analysis. It defines key terms like group, phrase, clause complex, taxis, logico-semantic relationships and expansion. It provides examples of nominal groups, verbal groups, adverbial groups and conjunction groups. It also explains the different types of taxis (parataxis and hypotaxis) and logico-semantic relationships (expansion and projection). Several questions are included at the end to test understanding of the concepts covered.
The verb
The document discusses various categories of verbs including person, number, tense, and aspect. It explains that person associates a process with the speaker, addressee, or others. Number shows if a process involves one or more doers. Tense reflects time and expresses the relation between an action and the moment of speaking. Aspect expresses how an action is portrayed as proceeding, such as with continuous or perfective forms. The document also discusses challenges with classifying verbs and analyzing categories like future tense and aspect in English.
Content and Function Words
While content words and function words are often categorized separately, the document argues that it is difficult to draw a sharp line between the two. Some words can function as either content or function words depending on how they are used in an utterance. Numerals and pronouns are provided as examples of words that could fall into both categories. Ultimately, the same lexical word may take on content or functional roles based on its meaning and position in a sentence.
Lexical and grammatical categories
This document provides an overview of lexical and grammatical categories in language. It discusses the categories of nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, determiners, auxiliaries, coordinators, and complementizers. For each category, it provides examples and explanations of the syntactic and semantic properties that define the category and distinguish it from other categories. It also notes some exceptions and borderline cases between categories.
Grammatical categories and word classes
This work examines some of the grammatical categories of modern English, and it presents a classification of words according to their category and function.
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1. Definitions of key terms like morphology, morpheme, morph, and allomorph.
2. A brief history of the study of morphology from ancient grammarians to its modern conception.
3. Explanations of different types of morphemes like free vs bound and derivational vs inflectional.
4. Diagrams illustrating the classification of morphemes and relationship between morphs, morphemes, and allomorphs.
5. Links to online lectures and research articles on topics like the effect of morphology on word understanding and second language vocabulary.
Morphology
The study of the structure of words and how words are formed out of smaller meaningful pieces and other words.
Mental grammar
This document discusses linguistic competence and descriptive grammar. [1] Linguistic competence refers to the unconscious mental grammar and rules that allow people to understand and produce language. [2] Descriptive grammar describes how a language is actually used by analyzing and formulating rules based on real usage, without judgments of right or wrong. [3] Linguists are interested in linguistic competence, the mental grammar, though they must study descriptive grammar as an intermediary to understand competence.
Chapter 2 grammatical metalanguage
This document provides an overview of grammatical metalanguage and parts of speech. It discusses semantic, structural, and functional criteria for defining parts of speech. The major parts of speech - nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs - are described as open classes that new words can be added to. Minor parts of speech like auxiliaries and prepositions are closed classes. Nouns are defined based on their meaning, position, and grammatical functions. Verbs are defined based on denoting action or state of being and can inflect for tense and aspect. Adjectives modify nouns and some can compare degrees. Adverbs modify verbs and contribute meaning related to direction, manner, time, and frequency.
Syntax (I Bimestre)
This document provides an overview of linguistics and English syntax. It discusses key topics such as language, linguistics, linguistic phenomena, core sentence patterns, English phrase structure, noun phrases, pronouns, verbs, tense, aspect, and modality. It also examines the internal and external syntax of phrases and how noun phrases can function as complements.
Syntax
This document defines and categorizes the different parts of speech in syntax. It discusses lexical categories such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, determiners, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions and auxiliary verbs. It also examines phrasal categories including noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, adverbial phrases and prepositional phrases. Examples are provided to illustrate different parts of speech and how they are arranged to form sentences.
Class 2
The document summarizes key topics in morphology, including parts of speech, inflection, and word formation. It discusses how nouns can take plural or possessive forms, verbs can be inflected for tense, aspect, person and number, adjectives can show comparison, and adverbs modify without inflection. Pronouns are inflected for case. Morphemes are minimal meaning units, and morphology examines inflectional and derivational affixes that can change a word's form or part of speech. Examples are provided to illustrate morphological concepts.
Traditional grammar 1
This document discusses syntax and morphology. It defines key terms like sentence, clause, phrase, word, and morpheme. It explains that morphemes are the smallest meaningful elements of language and can be bound or free. Words are made up of morphemes, including affixes like prefixes and suffixes. Affixes can change a word's meaning or class. The document also discusses word classes like nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and functional words and how to identify them based on morphological, syntactic and semantic tests.
MORPHOLOGY-REPORT.pptx
This document discusses morphology and word formation. It defines morphology as the study of the internal structure of words. It discusses how words are formed through processes like affixation, compounding, reduplication, and alternation. It also describes the hierarchical structure of derived words. Different types of languages are discussed, including analytic, synthetic, agglutinative, fusional, and polysynthetic languages. The key morphological concepts of morphemes, affixes, stems, and lexical categories are explained. Finally, it outlines procedures for morphological analysis when studying a new language.
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Nouns number
Number refers to whether a noun is singular or plural based on its meaning. Singular nouns relate to one entity or item, while plural nouns relate to two or more entities or items. There are several classifications of nouns according to their number, including regular nouns that form plurals by adding -s, irregular nouns that change spelling or form for plurals, and special classes of nouns like collective nouns, binary nouns, and pluralia tantum nouns that are always plural in form regardless of number. Proper nouns, noncount nouns, and abstract nouns are usually singular.
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This document defines and describes the key areas of study in grammar. It discusses descriptive grammar which objectively describes language constructions, and prescriptive grammar which lays down rules for correct language use. It also outlines the main subfields of grammar including morphology, syntax, phonetics, phonology, semantics and pragmatics. Morphology studies word structure, syntax studies sentence structure, phonetics studies speech sounds, and semantics and pragmatics examine meaning and communication purposes.
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Words and word phrases class 2
- 2. WHAT ARE WORDS? Basic element of language. They are independent in their role in larger units. CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO THREE GROUPS Lexical Words or Function Words Inserts Content Words or Structural Words
- 3. LEXICAL WORDS They are the main carriers of information in a text. They can be subdivided into: word class They are open-class. They have a complex internal structure and can be composed of several parts. They can be head of phrases. They are generally stressed in speech. they remain if a sentence is compressed in a newspaper headline.
- 4. Lexical word classes Common Nouns Nouns Proper Nouns Lexical Verbs
- 5. Adjectives ( handsome, talkative, nice) Adverbs (slowly, rarely, carefully)
- 6. Function Words Classes They can be categorized in terms of word classes. They indicate meaning relationship, they help us to interpret units. They belong to closed class.
- 7. Determiners Indefinite article Definite article Demonstrative determiners ( this, that,these,those) Quantifiers ( specify how many or how much of a noun)
- 8. Pronouns Personal ( subjective and objective) Demonstratives Reflexive ( they refer back to the previous noun phrase, eg, myself, yourself, etc.) Reciprocal ( they refer to a previous noun phrase but indicate a mutual relationship) Possessive Indefinite ( someone, everything, nobody)
- 9. Relatives ( that, who, which) Interrogatives ( Wh- questions) Auxiliaries verbs Primary Auxiliaries: be – have – do Modal Auxiliaries: will- can- shall- may – must- would- could- should might.
- 10. Prepositions Adverbial particles Group of words closely linked to verbs. They are used to build phrasal verbs. ( break down, shut up, find out) Coordinators Coordinating Conjunctions : and – but- or- nor. Correlative coordinators: both / and – either /or – not only / but also – neither/ nor. Subordinators : introduce clauses known as dependant clauses. ( if, because, since, while, however)
- 11. Grammatical Units : are meaningful elements which combine with each other in a structural pattern. SENTENCES The window was open and a bird flew into the room. CLAUSES I´m studying English. PHRASES The teacher. Very expensive. Rather slowly.
- 12. WORDS See - football – cheap – walked – the MORPHEMES: minimal unit form. It may be a whole word or a word formation ( eg. suffixes, prefixes) man ( single word) Manly ( 2 morphemes) man + ly (suffix) Unkind ( 2 morphemes) un (prefix) + kind