Grammar refers to how words are organized to create meaning and includes parts of speech, grammatical forms, and grammatical uses. There are 9 parts of speech including nouns, verbs, adjectives, which describe a word's function. Grammatical forms include plural nouns, gerunds, prefixes, and suffixes. Grammatical uses involve structures like the present progressive and present simple tenses to communicate meaning. Lexis refers to individual words and sets of words, and words can have denotative meanings as well as figurative meanings. Lexical features include prefixes, suffixes, collocations, compounds, idioms, and antonyms/synonyms that influence a word's meaning.

1. Describing language and
language skills
Nicole Campusano
Hi!
Hello!TKT-Module 1

2. —Federico Fellini
A different language is a different
vision of life.

3. What is grammar?
● It refers to the way in which we combine or organize a group of words
to create meaning.
● We use grammar unconsciously when we speak, listen, read and write.
● Grammar includes many forms and uses.

4. Grammatical forms
It refers to how words are made up in a speech or writing way.
For example:
• Form of the plural of regular nouns base word + s
• Form of the gerund base word + ing
• Prefixes Underwater
• Suffixes Playful

5. Grammatical forms are found in:
• Parts of speech
• Grammatical structure
• Words with suffixes and Preffixes

6. How many parts of
speech are there?

7. Parts of speech
Nouns
Prepositions
Determiners
Adjectives
Adverbs
Pronouns
Conjuctions Excalamations
Verbs
There are 9 parts of speech:

8. What are parts of speech?
It describes how words behave in a sentence.
The tall boy ran very fast
Tall ran very fast
Adjective Verb
For example:
Noun Verb

9. • Parts of speech varies according to the function
Part of
speech
Examples Function Subcategorie
s
Noun Book
Milk
to name
people, things
and activities
Contable,
Uncontable,
Proper
Adjective Easygoing
Friendly
To describe a
noun
Comparative,
Superlative
Example:

10. What is grammatical
structure?
It is the arrangement of words into
patterns which have meaning.
I was playing the guitar
Past Progressive

11. What are
grammatical uses?

12. Structure Uses Example
Present Progressive • To talk about what
is happening now
• To talk about
something will
happen in the
future
- I’m studying TKT.
What are you doing
tomorrow?
-I’m buying a new
camera.
Present Simple • To talk about facts
• To talk habitual
actions
- I live in Ecuador
- I read newspapers
and books. Hello!
For example:
It refers to how grammatical structures are used to
communicate meaning.
Grammatical
Uses

13. Grammar and the language teaching classroom -Tips
Language
change over time.
Accuracy in form
and use.
Focus on
language skills.
Focus on form,
structure and
use.

14. LEXIS
It refers to individual words or
set of words.
Example: Tree, get up
What is lexis?

15. What kinds of meaning can words have?
Denotation
Denotative
meaning
Hello!
Figurative meaning
Tree.- a tree is a large plant with a
wooden trunk.
EXAMPLE
“a family tree”
EXAMPLE
Lexical Features

16. Lexical Features
Preffixes
For example:
Unsafe (opposite
meaning)
Suffixes
For example:
Easy-Easier
(comparative
meaning)
Collocations
For example:
arrive at, depend
on
Compounds
nouns
For example:
book+shop=
bookshop
Idioms
For example:
“To have
green fingers”CHUNKS
The meaning can also comes from:

17. Antonyms
Words with
opposite
meaning.
Lexical set
Words that belong to
the same topic area.
For example: family,
food, furniture
Synoyms
Words with the
same meaning.
Lexical Features Words have different relationships with one another:

18. False friends
For example:
Embarazado- Spanish
Embarrased- English

19. Homophones
For example:
there-their
Homonyms
For example:
• They sat on the river
bank.
• He put all his savings
into the bank.
*the land alongside a river.
*a place where people keep money.
• Other ways in which words can relate to one another

20. Vocabulary
extensions
activities
To use the
relationships
in meaning
between
words
Vocabulary
records
Lexis and language teaching classroom -Tips