2. Defining Social Psychology The scientific study of how a person’s behavior, thoughts and feelings are influenced by the real, imagined or implied presence of others
3. What differentiates Social Psychology from other disciplines? Focus on social nature of the individual person Two assertions: Person is influenced by social environment Individual actively construes social situations – we do not respond to environments as they are but as we interpret them to be
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6. Social Norms Social norms – rules and standards that are understood by a group and that guide behavior without the force of laws Emerge out of interaction with others May or may not be stated explicitly Sanctions are not legal but come from disapproval within social networks
7. What are examples of social norms in the Philippines? Can norms be maladaptive?
8. Formation and Transmission of Norms Formation Value to society – importance of reinforcement e.g., dress code for JG SOM Function – survival e.g., sibling incest avoidance Transmission Active instruction Demonstrations Storytelling, rituals Nonverbal behavior
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10. Conformity Change own position to a contradictory position because of presence of others Perceived or real pressure
11. Asch’s Research on Conformity Which of the lines on the left most closely matches line A on the right? What would you say if you were in a group of 6 others, and all agreed the answer was 3? 1 2 3 A
12. Asch’s Research on Conformity When alone, 95% of participants got all the answers correct But 75% went against their own eyes at least once if the group gave a wrong answer People faced with strong group consensus sometimes go along even though they think the others may be wrong
13. Why do people conform? To be right Consensus implies correctness To be liked Easier to get along with the group To clarify who we are Being different from group makes us feel bad about ourselves
14. Factors that influence Conformity Unanimity of majority Group cohesion (may lead to groupthink) Private responses Prior commitment Task difficulty Size of group
15. Groupthink Thinking that occurs when people place more importance on maintaining group cohesiveness than on assessing the facts of the problem with which the group is concerned
16. Characteristics of Groupthink Invulnerability Rationalization Lack of introspection Stereotyping Pressure Lack of disagreement Self-deception Insularity
17. Compliance Particular kind of response – acquiescence - to a request Changing one’s behavior as a result of other people directing or asking for change May be implicit or explicit
18. Principles that increase Compliance Authority Social validation and Social Proof Scarcity Affiliation Reciprocity Consistency and Commitment
19. Milgram’s Authority-Obedience Experiments Most published experiment in obedience studies in social psychology 65% of participants gave maximum voltage (450 volts) Results demonstrate the influence of orders from authority
20. Increasing Compliance Authority Rule: one should be more willing to comply to the suggestions of a legitimate authority Social Validation rule: one should be more willing to comply to a request if it is consistent with what similar others are thinking or doing. “List Technique”
21. Increasing Compliance Scarcity Rule: One should try to seek those opportunities that are scarce or dwindling Psychological reactance Censorship Affiliation Rule: one should be more willing to comply to a request of friends or other liked individuals Physical attractiveness, similarity, liking, compliments, cooperation
22. Increasing Compliance Reciprocity: effective societies depend on the obligation of an individual returning the form of behavior that he or she has received from another “That’s not all Technique” Consistency Rule: after making a commitment to a position, one should be more willing to comply to a request that is consistent with that position
23. Choose a current issue in the Philippines How is social influence played out in this particular issue? Cite negative and positiove consequences of social influence in relation to this issue
24. Commitment Techniques The Foot-in-the-Door Technique The Low-Ball Technique The Bait and Switch Technique Labeling Technique
25. FIRST STEP SECOND STEP TACTIC Gain Target’s Compliance With a Small Request Foot-in-the-Door example: “Would you sign a petition to support Gawad Kalinga build homes?
26. FIRST STEP SECOND STEP TACTIC Foot-in-the-Door Gain Target’s Compliance With a Small Request Make A Related, Larger Request Would you sign a petition to support GK build homes? “Would you work for 2 wks. For GK to build homes?”
27. SECOND STEP TACTIC FIRST STEP Get an Agreement to a Specific Arrangement Low-Ball Get Customer to Agree to Buy a New Car for P 800,000
28. FIRST STEP TACTIC SECOND STEP Get an Agreement to a Specific Arrangement Change The Terms of The Arrangement Low-Ball Get Customer to Agree to Buy a New Car for P 800,000 “Oh, you wanted tires and seats? Then that’ll be P 1 M.”
29. FIRST STEP SECOND STEP TACTIC Advertise a Low Price on a New Cellphone Spur The Target to Take a Course of Action Bait and Switch
30. FIRST STEP TACTIC SECOND STEP Advertise a Low Price on a New Cellphone “That cellphone is junk, but just P 9000 more buys this beauty!” Spur The Target to Take a Course of Action Describe Course as Unwise, Suggest Alternative Bait and Switch
31. FIRST STEP SECOND STEP TACTIC “You Are A Very Generous Person!” Assign The Target a Trait Label Labeling
32. FIRST STEP TACTIC SECOND STEP “Say, Can You Contribute to Gawad Kalinga ?” “You Are A Very Generous Person!” Seek Compliance With a Label- Consistent Request Assign The Target a Trait Label Labeling
33. Effects of Others on Task Performance SOCIAL FACILITATION The tendency for the presence of other people to have a positive impact on the performance of an easy task Social impairment: negative influence SOCIAL LOAFING The tendency for people to put less effort into a simple task when working with others on that task
