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Chapter 6.nutrition full
- 1. 6.1: Types ofNutrition 6.2: Balanced Diet 6.3: Malnutrition 6.4:Digestion Process 6.5:Process of Absorption & Assimilation CHAPTER 6
- 2. 6.6: Formationof Faeces & Defecation 6.7: Good Eating Habits 6.8:Importance of a Healthy Digestive System 6.9: Importance of Macronutrient & Micronutrient in Plant 6.10: Photosynthesis 6.11:Mechanism of Photosynthesis 6.12: The Factors Affecting Photosynthesis 6.13:Technology used in Food Production 6.14: Food Processing Technology
- 3. 6.1 Types OfNutrition AUTOTROPHS HETEROTROPHS
- 4. Def: consistof classes of food – Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Vitamins, Minerals, Roughage and Water. 6 factors affecting daily E requirement AGE SEX OCCUPATION CLIMATE PREGNANCY & LACTATION SIZE OR BODY WEIGHT P L Puan Lela AG Ambil Getah O Oren pakai S Sanggul S Silang yg C Comel P L Puan Lela AG Ambil Getah O Oren pakai S Sanggul S Silang yg C Comel 6.2
- 5. VITAMINS Fat-Soluble A, D, E , K stored in body fat Water-soluble B n C cannot stored in the body supplied in the daily diet
- 6. Sources, f(x) &effects A D E K B1 B2 B6 Ascorbic Acid Folic Acid
- 7. Lack of ??? Khagendra- Nepal
- 8. Symptoms of Deficiency Vitamin/ Mineral Causes D / Calcium / Phosphorus -Rickets -Osteomalacia -Osteoporosis B6 / Magnesium -Retarded growth E / K / Iron -Anaemia B5 / Sodium (Na)/chlorine (Cl) ~NaCl -Muscle cramps -Fatigue B1 / Potassium -Beri-beri -Muscular weakness Sulphur -Symptoms of protein deficiency Fluorine -Tooth decay Iodine -Goitre
- 9. Roughage or dietaryfibre
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- 12. -Insufficient proteins -Flaky skin,thin muscles, thin hair -Sweeling of the body ~ retention of fluid in tissues ~ stomach -Stunted/retarded growth Kwashiorkor Marasmus -Occurs in children aged btw 9 & 12 -Drastic loss of body weight -Effects : very thin + wrinkled skin
- 13. Excessive intake of.. CARBOHYDRATESPROTEINS LIPIDS - Cardiovascular disease - High blood pressure - Atherosclerosis ~ stroke & brain haemorrhage - D.M - cancers -Increase URIC ACID content in blood -Cardiovascular diseases - Atherosclerosis - heart attack -Hypertension / HBP
- 14. Excessive intake of… MINERALSEFFECTS - Na & Ca - Kidney stones - Fe (iron) - Kidney damage VITAMINS EFFECTS A - Hair loss, vomiting, bone ache, joint pain, liver & bone damage B6 - Numb feet, poor coordination B3 -Flushed face and hands - Liver damage C - Gastrointestinal upset D -Calcification of soft tissues E -Kidney damage K - Liver damage & anaemia
- 15. Starch + water 6.4FOOD DIGESTION 1. Digestion in the MOUTH maltose secrete chewing triggers rolled into enters (by peristalsis)# epiglottis
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- 17. Digestion in Stomach -pH 1.5 – 2.0 - Stops the xtvt of amylase - Kill bact. In food Protein + water Polypeptides Caseinogen + water Casein
- 18. Digestion in duodenum Starch+ water maltose Polypeptide + water peptides Lipid droplets + water glycerol + FA Pancreatic amylase trypsin lipase
- 19. Digestion in smallintestine • Intestinal juice – digestive enzymes • F(x) – digest of peptides & dissaccharides 1) Protein digestion • Peptides + water amino acids 2) Carbohydrates digestion ( Ma La S ) • Maltose + water glucose • Sucrose + water glu + fructose • Lactose + water glu + galactose erepsin maltase sucrase lactase
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- 24. How its work?? 1.RUMEN -Largest compartment - Cellulose broken down by cellulase (bact & protozoa) 2.RETICULUM - Further hydrolysis - CUD – its content - Regurgitated bit by bit - Soften & break down cellulose mouth3.OMASUM -Reswallowed cud -Large small particles by peristalsis -Water is removed 4. ABOMASUM -True stomach - gastric juices – protein & other F Small intestine Lembu Makan R – Rumput R – Redah O – Onak dan A – Air Busuk Lembu Makan R – Rumput R – Redah O – Onak dan A – Air Busuk
- 25. Rodents Cellulose digested by cellulase-producing bact Cellulosedigested by cellulase-producing bact
- 26. Digestive System -Faeces 1st batch -soft & watery -2nd batch faeces – drier & harder -Caecum & appendix = enlarged to store cellulase- producing bact - products pass thru alimentary canal = TWICE
- 27. Comparison of cellulose digestionprocess in human, ruminant & rodentSimilarities 1) 2) Differences Aspect Human Ruminant Rodent Stomach chambers Cellulase producing bact Food passes thru alimen. canal Gastric juice is produced at Size of caecum Undigested cellulose
- 28. Problems related tofood digestion Incomplete digestion Lack of digestive enzymes Gallstones
- 29. 6.5 Absorption &Assimilation • Illeum – major site of nutrient absorption
- 30. Villus epithelium lacteal Capillary network epithelial cells Villi– plural of villusVilli – plural of villus
- 31. The Villi 1. Numerousin number 2. Thin-walled ( one-cell thick) 3. Network of blood capillaries 4. Lacteal – special structures
- 32. Absorption of digestedfood 1) Glucose & Amino acids - from lumen into the epithelial cells by facilitated diffusion - remaining nutrients – by active transport - from epithelial cells – absorbed into the bloodstream thru the blood capillaries in the villi - converge into the hepartic portal vein - Then transported to all parts of the body Lumen (glu & a.a) facilitated diffusion Epithelial cells bloodstream Hepartic portal vein blood capillaries all parts of the body
- 33. 2) Water Lumen epithelialcells blood capillaries 3) Water-soluble vitamins Epithelial cells blood capillaries 3) Fatty acids & glycerol Epithelial cells (tiny droplets) lacteals lympatic system Right lymphatic duct Thoracic duct Bloodstream Subclavian veins
- 34. ASSIMILATION • Definition - theconversion of nutrient into the fluid or solid substance of the body, by the processes of digestion and absorption - occurs in the LIVER and the CELLS
- 35. Assimilation in theLIVER • 7 Functions of the LIVER 1) Regulation of blood glucose concentration 2) Production of bile 3) Protein synthesis 4) Iron storage 5) Deamination of amino acids 6) Detoxification 7) Heat production
- 36. Assimilation in theLIVER synthesisconverts glucose excess DEAMINATION urea kidney
- 37. Assimilation in theCELLS AMINO ACIDS GLUCOSE AMINO ACIDSLIPIDS • new protoplasm • repair of damaged tissues • Synthesis of hormones & enzymes • Synthesis of ptns of PM • Phospholipids & cholesterol • fats – stored in adipose tissue – reserve E • release E during cellular respiration • E for chem. process i.e muscle contraction & synthesis of ptns. •Excess = Glycogen in muscles
- 39. Formation of Faeces •Contents of intestinal: 1) Mixture of water 2) Undigested food substances 3) Dead cells 4) Dead bacteria 5) Indigestible fibre (cellulose) • Colon - large intestinal - Reabsorbs almost 90% of water & minerals into the bloodstream
- 40. • Contents ofFaeces: 1) indigestible residue of food 2) dead cells shed from the intestinal lining & bile pigments & toxic subtances – eliminated from the body 3) binds to the mucus that secreted by the colon’s wall and lubricates the movement of faeces along the colon
- 41. Defaecation • How it’swork?? - the elimination of faeces - controlled by muscles around the anus, the opening of the rectum - When rectum is full, the muscles of the rectal wall contract to eject the faeces via the anus
- 42. Rectum The process ofdefecation (thru anus) Colon
- 43. 6.7 Evaluating EatingHabits Bad Eating Habits Gastritis Anorexia nervosa Bulimia Obesity
- 44. 6.8 The ImportanceOf A Healthy Digestive System 6.9 The Importance Of Macronutrient & Micronutrient in Plant
- 45. 6.10 Photosynthesis Leaf Structureand function Cross section
- 48.