The document discusses language features used by women that signal lack of confidence according to linguist Robin Lakoff. These include hedging devices like tag questions, lexical hedges, rising intonation on declaratives, and intensifiers. Tag questions in particular are used more by women to express uncertainty and soften directives. While women use more politeness devices than men when speaking to both women and men, social status and the gender of conversational partners can influence language patterns between groups. The document also examines gendered metaphors and morphology in the English language.

2. According to an American linguist, Robin
Lakoff, women express :
 Uncertainty
 Lack of confidence

3.  Close the door.
 That’s an adorable dog
 Oh dear, the TV set’s broken
 I’ll be damned there’s a friend of mine!
 I was very tired
 I was so mad
 My goodness,there’s Bu Diah Sunggingwati!

4.  Lexical hedges or filler
▪ you know, sort of, well, you see.
 Tag question,
▪ she’s very nice, isn’t she?
 Rising intonation on declaratives,
▪ it’s really good?
 Intensifiers such as just and so
▪ I love him so much
 ‘Superpolite’ forms
▪ indirect request

5. There are two language features used by
women:
 Hedging devices
▪ signal lack of confidence
 Boosting devices
▪ Signal persuade their addressee to take them
seriously

6. USING TAG QUESTIONS
 EXPRESS
 Uncertainty
 Doubt
 FUCTION
 Facilitative or positive politeness devices
 Soften directive or criticism

7. Function of Tag Questions Women Men
Expressing uncertainty 35% 61%
Facilitative 59% 26%
Softening 6% 13%
TOTAL 100% 100%

8.  Meaning based on pronunciation
 Position in the utterance
 Kinds of speech act
 To whom  who is using the utterance
 Speech behavior  status

9.  Women use more politeness devices then
the men
▪ Men to men  fewer politeness
▪ Men to women  more politeness
 Social Role or Status
 Different Pattern of Language
▪ Statusful women
▪ Title man

10.  Interrupting Behavior
Based on research, women got interrupted
more than men.
 Conversational Feedback
According to American studies, women do
the more positive feedback to the
conversational partner better than men do.

11. Women Gossiping:
• Usually consist of experiences, problems,
feeling
• Avoid criticizing people in order not to make
the atmosphere becomes discomfort.
Men Gossiping:
• Tend to argue about certain topics, criticized
each other and sometimes make the
conversational partner feels down.

13. Approaching the constructive of gender
as a process rather than regarding
gender as a given category
• The ways in which people construct
particular kinds of social identity
– Narratives of personal experience
• Interactive pragmatic particles
• Appealing to shared experience
– Contestive and conformist gender identity
• Using an assertive discourse

15.  Sexiest language is one example of the way a
culture or society conveys its values from one
group to another and from one generation to
the next
 Language conveys attitudes. Sexiest
attitudes stereotype a person according to
gender rather than judging on individual
merits
 Sexiest language encodes stereotyped
attitudes to women and men

16. It’s concerned with the way language
expresses both negative and positive
stereotypes of both women and men

17. ENGLISH METAPHORS
ANIMAL IMAGERY FOOD IMAGERY
WOMEN MEN WOMEN MEN
Bitch Stud Crumpet Parsnip
Old Biddy wolf tart
Cow
Chick Bird Sugar Veg
Kitten sweetie Cabbage
honey

18.  GENERIC STRUCTURE
 ENGLISH MORPHOLOGY
MEN WOMEN
BASE FORMS BASE FORMS + SUFFIX
LION LIONESS
COUNT COUNTESS
ACTOR ACTRESS
USHER USHERETTE
HERO HEROINE
AVIATOR AVIATRIX

19. THANKS A LOT