This document discusses genetic parameters and their estimation in animal breeding. It defines genetic parameters as quantities that characterize a population's statistics, such as variance and mean, which can be estimated from sample data. The key genetic parameters discussed are heritability, repeatability, and genetic correlation. Heritability quantifies the proportion of phenotypic variation attributable to genetics. Repeatability sets an upper limit for heritability and indicates how early performance predicts later performance. Genetic correlation indicates the extent to which traits are influenced by the same genes. The document outlines methods for estimating these parameters using variance components from experimental data.
Animal genetic resources for improved productivity under harsh environmenta...ILRI
Presented by Jan Philipsson, Emelie Zonabend, Erling Strandberg, James Audho, Julie Ojango and Okeyo Mwai at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) Global Workshop, Uganda, December 2012
Uganda, December 2012
Animal genetic resource conservation and biotechnologyBruno Mmassy
The document discusses conservation of animal genetic resources and biotechnology. It defines key terms like biodiversity, animal genetic resources, and domestic animal diversity. Around 30-40% of animal genetic resources are at risk of extinction due to factors like genetic bottlenecks, inbreeding, and human activities. Methods of conservation discussed include in-situ conservation of breeds within their production environments, and ex-situ conservation which involves maintaining live populations in other environments or cryopreserving genetic material like semen, embryos, and tissues.
This PowerPoint presentation is from the third webinar in a five part series on Breeding Better Sheep & Goats. The presenter is Susan Schoenian, University of Maryland Extension Sheep & Goat Specialist.
Dairy Reproduction: Identifying Problems and Solutions for Your HerdDAIReXNET
Ray Nebel of Select Sires, Inc. presented this information for DAIReXNET on March 17, 2014. A recording of the full presentation can be found at http://www.extension.org/pages/15830/archived-dairy-cattle-webinars#.Uyigy86nbZU,
Animal breeding involves selectively mating animals with desirable genetic traits to maintain or enhance those traits in future generations. There are different systems of mating animals, including pen mating where females are brought into a male's pen to mate, and hand mating where a female in heat is mated with a male. Relationships between animals can involve monogamy between one male and female, promiscuity where any male mates with any female, or polygamy where one male mates with multiple females. Breeding systems aim to pure breed animals of the same type or crossbreed different breeds to benefit from heterosis and complementarity of traits.
Presented by Raphael Mrode, ILRI, at the workshop on Essential Knowledge for Effective Improvement and Dissemination of Genetics in Sheep and Goats, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 3–5 November 2020
This document discusses genetic parameters and their estimation in animal breeding. It defines genetic parameters as quantities that characterize a population's statistics, such as variance and mean, which can be estimated from sample data. The key genetic parameters discussed are heritability, repeatability, and genetic correlation. Heritability quantifies the proportion of phenotypic variation attributable to genetics. Repeatability sets an upper limit for heritability and indicates how early performance predicts later performance. Genetic correlation indicates the extent to which traits are influenced by the same genes. The document outlines methods for estimating these parameters using variance components from experimental data.
Animal genetic resources for improved productivity under harsh environmenta...ILRI
Presented by Jan Philipsson, Emelie Zonabend, Erling Strandberg, James Audho, Julie Ojango and Okeyo Mwai at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) Global Workshop, Uganda, December 2012
Uganda, December 2012
Animal genetic resource conservation and biotechnologyBruno Mmassy
The document discusses conservation of animal genetic resources and biotechnology. It defines key terms like biodiversity, animal genetic resources, and domestic animal diversity. Around 30-40% of animal genetic resources are at risk of extinction due to factors like genetic bottlenecks, inbreeding, and human activities. Methods of conservation discussed include in-situ conservation of breeds within their production environments, and ex-situ conservation which involves maintaining live populations in other environments or cryopreserving genetic material like semen, embryos, and tissues.
This PowerPoint presentation is from the third webinar in a five part series on Breeding Better Sheep & Goats. The presenter is Susan Schoenian, University of Maryland Extension Sheep & Goat Specialist.
Dairy Reproduction: Identifying Problems and Solutions for Your HerdDAIReXNET
Ray Nebel of Select Sires, Inc. presented this information for DAIReXNET on March 17, 2014. A recording of the full presentation can be found at http://www.extension.org/pages/15830/archived-dairy-cattle-webinars#.Uyigy86nbZU,
Animal breeding involves selectively mating animals with desirable genetic traits to maintain or enhance those traits in future generations. There are different systems of mating animals, including pen mating where females are brought into a male's pen to mate, and hand mating where a female in heat is mated with a male. Relationships between animals can involve monogamy between one male and female, promiscuity where any male mates with any female, or polygamy where one male mates with multiple females. Breeding systems aim to pure breed animals of the same type or crossbreed different breeds to benefit from heterosis and complementarity of traits.
Presented by Raphael Mrode, ILRI, at the workshop on Essential Knowledge for Effective Improvement and Dissemination of Genetics in Sheep and Goats, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 3–5 November 2020
This document discusses principles of animal genetics including Mendelian genetics. It explains Mendel's principles of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment and how they can be used to predict genotypes and phenotypes of offspring through Punnett squares. It describes genetic material including DNA, genes, and chromosomes. It discusses how genetic material is transferred from parents to offspring and defines key genetic terms. It also covers non-Mendelian inheritance patterns like incomplete dominance and codominance.
Response to selection is the change in the population mean from one generation to the next due to selection. It is represented by R or the expected genetic gain (ΔG). R is influenced by factors like heritability (h2), selection differential (S), and generation interval. Higher h2, S, and shorter generation intervals result in greater response to selection and genetic gain per year. Selection differential depends on proportion selected and herd size, while generation interval varies by species from 1-2 years in pigs and chickens to 8-12 years in horses.
This document discusses animal breeding goals. It notes that the major challenges in animal breeding are increasing food production to meet rising human population needs. Breeding goals must be defined based on factors like production system, animal purpose, and trait heritability. Key traits include productivity, health, reproduction and adaptation. Traits in the breeding goal should be measurable and recorded to estimate breeding values and select optimal parents for the next generation. The goals aim to improve multiple important traits over many generations.
Dr. Sushil Neupane's notes on "Introductory Genetics and Animal Breeding" for the 2nd year, 1st semester of the Diploma in Animal Science (latest syllabus of CTEVT) provide a comprehensive overview of key concepts and principles related to genetics and animal breeding. The notes cover fundamental topics in genetics and their practical applications in livestock production and breeding programs.
This document provides information about an animal breeding course taught by Abdirahman Awsamire at the University of Hargeisa. The course covers the historical development of animal breeding, identification of livestock breeds, genetic parameters, methods of selection, breeding programs, and conservation of animal genetic resources. The objective is for students to understand concepts of animal breeding including methods of selection, identification of livestock breeds, genetic parameters, relationship categories, and principles of breeding programs and genetic conservation.
Family selection involves selecting or rejecting entire families based on the average performance of family members. It is commonly used in species like swine and poultry with large family sizes. Family selection can provide information about traits that are only expressed in one sex or late in life. While it utilizes information from relatives, the accuracy of selection depends on factors like heritability and environmental correlations between relatives. Pedigree selection uses performance records of ancestors to estimate an individual's genetic merit, but distant ancestors provide less information and there are limitations to relying solely on pedigree.
This document discusses methods for estimating heritability and the components of phenotypic variance from genetic and environmental sources. It explains that heritability is estimated based on the resemblance between relatives, which is determined by the genetic variance they share. Various methods are described, including regression of offspring on parents, half-sib and full-sib correlations, and using twin data. The appropriate method depends on minimizing bias from non-additive genetic and common environmental effects, while maximizing precision by using data from close relatives.
Progeny testing is a technique used to estimate the breeding value of sires based on the average performance of their offspring. Each offspring receives half of its genes from its sire, so evaluating the performance of a large number of progeny provides a better indication of a sire's breeding value. Progeny testing is commonly done for males since they can produce more offspring than females. Primary selection is based on sibling averages, with bulls having the highest averages selected for official progeny testing where their daughters' performances are analyzed to estimate the bull's breeding value. Testing more progeny per sire increases the accuracy by reducing sampling errors.
This document discusses resemblance between relatives and heritability. It states that relatives resemble each other due to common genes, and the degree of resemblance can be used to estimate additive genetic variance, which is heritable. Heritability is defined as the ratio of additive genetic variance to phenotypic variance, and represents the proportion of phenotypic variation attributable to genetics. High heritability traits are more responsive to selection. The document provides examples of heritability estimates for important traits in cattle, pigs, sheep, and poultry.
This document discusses animal breeding and selection. It covers several key points:
1) Genetic improvement is the goal of any breeding program and is influenced by both genetics (G) and environment (E).
2) Selection considers the whole population, not just individuals. Tools like EPDs and performance records are used.
3) Traits like growth, reproduction, and longevity should be breeding goals. Methods like individual, family, and progeny testing are used for single or multiple trait selection.
4) Crossbreeding can increase performance through hybrid vigor/heterosis and breed complementarity compared to purebreeding. Organized crossbreeding systems maximize these benefits.
Conservation of farm animal genetic resourcesIllaya Kumar
India is a vast country, rich in biodiversity. With its geographical area of 329 million hectares, India has almost all the climatic conditions and ecological zones found in different parts of the world, ranging from perpetual snow cover to equatorial and tropical conditions, from mangroves to humid tropics and hot and cold deserts as well as all the intermediate conditions. Before the advent of fossil fuel, animal energy was the only source of farm power and that also mainly from bullocks. In the recent past, a number of native breeds are facing fast genetic degradation and dilution because of intensive production system and unplanned introduction and use of exotic germplasm. This scenario, if continued, might result in depletion of the invaluable native germplasm having better potentiality for production, draught capacity, resistance to diseases and heat tolerance ability. In general, indigenous breeds provide the necessary genetic diversity needed by modern agriculture as a means to ensure stability and are vital building blocks for future livestock breeding programmes. Conservation of indigenous animal is needed for Genetic insurance, Scientific study, Economic potential, Environmental considerations, Cultural and ethical requirements, Energy source by In situ or Ex situ conservation techniques. There are some agencies like NBAGR involved in livestock conservation and the government also implemented projects for breeds conservation. There are many successful stories such as Sabarmathi Ashram goshala in the conservation of native breeds. Many foreign countries have realized the genetic potential of our indigenous breeds and using them for improvement of their germplasm. It is high time to proceed to conserve our germplasm.
Repeatability refers to the correlation between measurements of the same trait for an individual measured more than once. It ranges from 0 to 1. Repeatability is influenced by both permanent environmental effects, which consistently impact all measurements of an individual, as well as temporary environmental effects that vary between measurements. Heritability instead refers to the degree to which offspring inherit traits from their parents. While heritability estimates the genetic influence, repeatability captures both genetic and permanent environmental influences. Repeatability can be estimated using analysis of variance to partition phenotypic variance into within and between individual components. Higher repeatability means past performance is a better predictor of future performance.
Breeding Approaches Towards Disease Resistance In LivestocksSharadindu Shil
a detailed description of instances & methodologies used in livestock breeding for developing disease resistant breeds world wide.specially helpful for veterinary post graduate students for their seminars.
This document discusses different mating systems used in animal breeding including inbreeding, outbreeding, and their various forms. Inbreeding, like intensive inbreeding and linebreeding, is used to concentrate desirable genes and make traits more predictable in offspring. Outbreeding, such as crossbreeding and outcrossing, brings in new genes to increase performance and avoid inbreeding depression. Different mating systems are used for goals like genetic superiority, hybrid vigor, maintaining breed characteristics, or upgrading commercial herds.
Feather morphology: normal, frizzle, silky
Feather distribution: normal, naked neck, feathered shanks and feet
Plumage pattern: plain, barred mottled (specific location)
Skin colour: not pigmented, yellow, blue-black
Shank colour: white, yellow, blue, green black, brown
Ear-lobe color: not pigmented, red, white and red
Comb type: single, pea, rose, walnut, V shaped
Comb size: small, medium, large
Eye colour:
Skeletal variants: normal, crested, polydactyl, extra toes, creeper, dwarf
Other specific and distinct visible traits
This document provides an outline on economic traits of layers and broilers. It discusses key traits such as age at sexual maturity, body weight, egg production, egg weight, feed efficiency, and livability for layers. For broilers, it outlines growth traits like body weight and growth rate, feed efficiency, livability, and carcass traits. It also discusses factors that influence fertility and hatchability in poultry like breed, age, nutrition, environment, and management practices.
Animal Genetic Resources Updates - South West Pacific RegionExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/programmes/en/genetics/natcord.html
This presentation by Tomasi N. Tunabuna was held at a side event during the 9th Session of the Intergovernmental Technical Working Group on Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, from 6-8 July 2016 in Rome, Italy.
This document discusses principles of animal genetics including Mendelian genetics. It explains Mendel's principles of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment and how they can be used to predict genotypes and phenotypes of offspring through Punnett squares. It describes genetic material including DNA, genes, and chromosomes. It discusses how genetic material is transferred from parents to offspring and defines key genetic terms. It also covers non-Mendelian inheritance patterns like incomplete dominance and codominance.
Response to selection is the change in the population mean from one generation to the next due to selection. It is represented by R or the expected genetic gain (ΔG). R is influenced by factors like heritability (h2), selection differential (S), and generation interval. Higher h2, S, and shorter generation intervals result in greater response to selection and genetic gain per year. Selection differential depends on proportion selected and herd size, while generation interval varies by species from 1-2 years in pigs and chickens to 8-12 years in horses.
This document discusses animal breeding goals. It notes that the major challenges in animal breeding are increasing food production to meet rising human population needs. Breeding goals must be defined based on factors like production system, animal purpose, and trait heritability. Key traits include productivity, health, reproduction and adaptation. Traits in the breeding goal should be measurable and recorded to estimate breeding values and select optimal parents for the next generation. The goals aim to improve multiple important traits over many generations.
Dr. Sushil Neupane's notes on "Introductory Genetics and Animal Breeding" for the 2nd year, 1st semester of the Diploma in Animal Science (latest syllabus of CTEVT) provide a comprehensive overview of key concepts and principles related to genetics and animal breeding. The notes cover fundamental topics in genetics and their practical applications in livestock production and breeding programs.
This document provides information about an animal breeding course taught by Abdirahman Awsamire at the University of Hargeisa. The course covers the historical development of animal breeding, identification of livestock breeds, genetic parameters, methods of selection, breeding programs, and conservation of animal genetic resources. The objective is for students to understand concepts of animal breeding including methods of selection, identification of livestock breeds, genetic parameters, relationship categories, and principles of breeding programs and genetic conservation.
Family selection involves selecting or rejecting entire families based on the average performance of family members. It is commonly used in species like swine and poultry with large family sizes. Family selection can provide information about traits that are only expressed in one sex or late in life. While it utilizes information from relatives, the accuracy of selection depends on factors like heritability and environmental correlations between relatives. Pedigree selection uses performance records of ancestors to estimate an individual's genetic merit, but distant ancestors provide less information and there are limitations to relying solely on pedigree.
This document discusses methods for estimating heritability and the components of phenotypic variance from genetic and environmental sources. It explains that heritability is estimated based on the resemblance between relatives, which is determined by the genetic variance they share. Various methods are described, including regression of offspring on parents, half-sib and full-sib correlations, and using twin data. The appropriate method depends on minimizing bias from non-additive genetic and common environmental effects, while maximizing precision by using data from close relatives.
Progeny testing is a technique used to estimate the breeding value of sires based on the average performance of their offspring. Each offspring receives half of its genes from its sire, so evaluating the performance of a large number of progeny provides a better indication of a sire's breeding value. Progeny testing is commonly done for males since they can produce more offspring than females. Primary selection is based on sibling averages, with bulls having the highest averages selected for official progeny testing where their daughters' performances are analyzed to estimate the bull's breeding value. Testing more progeny per sire increases the accuracy by reducing sampling errors.
This document discusses resemblance between relatives and heritability. It states that relatives resemble each other due to common genes, and the degree of resemblance can be used to estimate additive genetic variance, which is heritable. Heritability is defined as the ratio of additive genetic variance to phenotypic variance, and represents the proportion of phenotypic variation attributable to genetics. High heritability traits are more responsive to selection. The document provides examples of heritability estimates for important traits in cattle, pigs, sheep, and poultry.
This document discusses animal breeding and selection. It covers several key points:
1) Genetic improvement is the goal of any breeding program and is influenced by both genetics (G) and environment (E).
2) Selection considers the whole population, not just individuals. Tools like EPDs and performance records are used.
3) Traits like growth, reproduction, and longevity should be breeding goals. Methods like individual, family, and progeny testing are used for single or multiple trait selection.
4) Crossbreeding can increase performance through hybrid vigor/heterosis and breed complementarity compared to purebreeding. Organized crossbreeding systems maximize these benefits.
Conservation of farm animal genetic resourcesIllaya Kumar
India is a vast country, rich in biodiversity. With its geographical area of 329 million hectares, India has almost all the climatic conditions and ecological zones found in different parts of the world, ranging from perpetual snow cover to equatorial and tropical conditions, from mangroves to humid tropics and hot and cold deserts as well as all the intermediate conditions. Before the advent of fossil fuel, animal energy was the only source of farm power and that also mainly from bullocks. In the recent past, a number of native breeds are facing fast genetic degradation and dilution because of intensive production system and unplanned introduction and use of exotic germplasm. This scenario, if continued, might result in depletion of the invaluable native germplasm having better potentiality for production, draught capacity, resistance to diseases and heat tolerance ability. In general, indigenous breeds provide the necessary genetic diversity needed by modern agriculture as a means to ensure stability and are vital building blocks for future livestock breeding programmes. Conservation of indigenous animal is needed for Genetic insurance, Scientific study, Economic potential, Environmental considerations, Cultural and ethical requirements, Energy source by In situ or Ex situ conservation techniques. There are some agencies like NBAGR involved in livestock conservation and the government also implemented projects for breeds conservation. There are many successful stories such as Sabarmathi Ashram goshala in the conservation of native breeds. Many foreign countries have realized the genetic potential of our indigenous breeds and using them for improvement of their germplasm. It is high time to proceed to conserve our germplasm.
Repeatability refers to the correlation between measurements of the same trait for an individual measured more than once. It ranges from 0 to 1. Repeatability is influenced by both permanent environmental effects, which consistently impact all measurements of an individual, as well as temporary environmental effects that vary between measurements. Heritability instead refers to the degree to which offspring inherit traits from their parents. While heritability estimates the genetic influence, repeatability captures both genetic and permanent environmental influences. Repeatability can be estimated using analysis of variance to partition phenotypic variance into within and between individual components. Higher repeatability means past performance is a better predictor of future performance.
Breeding Approaches Towards Disease Resistance In LivestocksSharadindu Shil
a detailed description of instances & methodologies used in livestock breeding for developing disease resistant breeds world wide.specially helpful for veterinary post graduate students for their seminars.
This document discusses different mating systems used in animal breeding including inbreeding, outbreeding, and their various forms. Inbreeding, like intensive inbreeding and linebreeding, is used to concentrate desirable genes and make traits more predictable in offspring. Outbreeding, such as crossbreeding and outcrossing, brings in new genes to increase performance and avoid inbreeding depression. Different mating systems are used for goals like genetic superiority, hybrid vigor, maintaining breed characteristics, or upgrading commercial herds.
Feather morphology: normal, frizzle, silky
Feather distribution: normal, naked neck, feathered shanks and feet
Plumage pattern: plain, barred mottled (specific location)
Skin colour: not pigmented, yellow, blue-black
Shank colour: white, yellow, blue, green black, brown
Ear-lobe color: not pigmented, red, white and red
Comb type: single, pea, rose, walnut, V shaped
Comb size: small, medium, large
Eye colour:
Skeletal variants: normal, crested, polydactyl, extra toes, creeper, dwarf
Other specific and distinct visible traits
This document provides an outline on economic traits of layers and broilers. It discusses key traits such as age at sexual maturity, body weight, egg production, egg weight, feed efficiency, and livability for layers. For broilers, it outlines growth traits like body weight and growth rate, feed efficiency, livability, and carcass traits. It also discusses factors that influence fertility and hatchability in poultry like breed, age, nutrition, environment, and management practices.
Animal Genetic Resources Updates - South West Pacific RegionExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/programmes/en/genetics/natcord.html
This presentation by Tomasi N. Tunabuna was held at a side event during the 9th Session of the Intergovernmental Technical Working Group on Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, from 6-8 July 2016 in Rome, Italy.
Animal genetic resources for improved productivity under harsh environmental ...SIANI
Indigenous livestock breeds are well adapted to tropical and harsh environments, but usually rather unproductive. Therefore, crossbreeding with exotic breeds has been practiced, and often found to be successful in the first generation, but with disastrous results later on. Therefore, there is a great need for developing breeding strategies for specific populations of indigenous livestock, both in order to conserve genes necessary for survival under harsh environments, and for genetic improvement of productivity. The objective of this project is to explore the opportunities for genetic improvement of primarily two livestock populations considered of specific importance for food security in Eastern Africa, due to their resilience as regards adverse climatic stress or ability to withstand specific disease challenges in the tropics. In the first case, focus will be on the Red Maasai sheep and its crosses in Kenya and Tanzania. This breed has shown a high degree of resistance to gastrointestinal parasites and ability to withstand drought. However, there is no breeding strategy in place and this project will adopt a value chain approach with the farmers and retailers to establish appropriate breeding objectives and selection practices. We will furthermore study production systems, animal usage, survival, production, et cetera, using various interview methods and also further develop an already created production recording system. In the second study we have focused on comparing four Ethiopian cattle breeds with respect to trypanotolerance and productivity and found that one breed, the Sheko, is clearly superior. We will carry out a workshop with researchers, extension officers and farmers on how to amplify the genes for trypanotolerance into the cattle populations kept in tsetse infested areas.
This issue of the Genetics Society News features the following:
- An award was given and meetings are announced.
- The editor welcomes readers to the issue and provides information on submitting items for future issues.
- An overview of the contents includes reports on medals, meetings, students, and travel as well as features on communicating science and the 20th anniversary of Dolly the sheep.
Trypanotolerance and phenotypic characteristics of four Ethiopian cattle breedsILRI
Presented by Jennie Stein at the ILRI-EIAR-SLU Workshop on Sharing Research Results on Trypanotolerance in Indigenous Cattle Breeds and Experiences of Community Based Breed Improvement of Indigenous Sheep in Ethiopia—A Road Map for Implementation and Future R4D, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 15-16 November 2011.
USE OF EMBRYO TRANSFER IN THE CONTROL OF ANIMAL DISEASESdrarsalankhandvm
Embryo transfer can be used to control the spread of genetic and infectious animal diseases. It allows for screening embryos for undesirable traits before implantation, reducing the transmission of genetic disorders. While natural mating spreads diseases like vibriosis, trichomoniasis, and brucellosis, embryo transfer lowers this risk if proper procedures are followed. Several diseases including leptospirosis, mycoplasma, and various viruses can also be controlled through embryo transfer. It is an effective tool for detecting carriers of recessive traits and separating fetal and maternal influences in research.
Biodiversity, resource base, animal breed level characterization, and utility...ILRI
Presented by Tadelle Dessie (ILRI) at the ILRI-ICARDA Training Course on Methods and approaches of Phenotypic characterization of Animal Genetic Resources (Goats), Addis Ababa, 20-21 December 2012
The livestock sector significantly
contributes to the Kenyan economy
(entire national GDP (10%)) and overall
socio-economic development in the
Country.
In agriculture the livestock sub-sector
contributes to just below 50% of the
total agricultural GDP and
About 30% of the marketed agricultural
products. The potential is great.
The Country needs to unlock the latent
potential existing in the Arid and Semi
Arid (ASAL) lands of Kenya which
account to about 80% of the Country
the current contribution of the livestock
sector
African Chicken Genetic Gains: Tanzania achievements todateILRI
Tanzania has been working to improve local chicken genetics through the African Chicken Genetic Gains program. Key activities include:
1) Conducting a baseline survey of 3,200 households to understand current flock sizes and perceptions. 2) Testing improved chicken breeds like Sasso and Kuroiler on research stations and farms. Preliminary results show the improved breeds have higher weights and egg production.
3) Building capacity through trainings on data collection and hatchery management. 4) Partnering with hatcheries, feed suppliers, and others to help disseminate chickens and inputs.
5) Facing some challenges around timely access to fertile eggs and farmers' ability to afford supplements. Future plans include importing more breeds
Semen Banking for conservation of livestock biodiversityKaran Veer Singh
1) Semen banking is an important method for the conservation of livestock biodiversity and genetic resources in India. It involves the collection, evaluation, processing, freezing and storage of semen from genetically important breeding males.
2) For long-term conservation, a minimum of 30,000 semen doses from 15 unrelated bulls is preserved for cattle and buffalo breeds. Quality control measures ensure high post-thaw motility and integrity of stored semen doses.
3) Twenty percent of preserved semen doses for each breed are stored at the National Gene Bank in Karnal, while the remaining eighty percent are stored at regional centers, allowing for distribution and utilization of genetic material.
This document provides an introduction to genetics. It discusses how genetics is the study of heredity and variation. Key figures who contributed to genetics are mentioned, including Charles Darwin, Gregor Mendel, and scientists who confirmed that DNA is the genetic material like Oswald Avery. The main branches and scopes of genetics are also outlined, such as cytogenetics, molecular genetics, genomics, and proteomics. Different methods for genetic study are described, including pedigree analysis, karyotyping, planned experimental breeding, and twin studies. The document concludes with discussing applications of genetics in fields like medicine, agriculture, and genetic counseling.
conservation of poultry genetic resourceskanaka K K
The document discusses the conservation of poultry genetic resources. It defines poultry genetic resources and notes that chickens were domesticated around 5400 BC. It outlines some heritage poultry breeds in India that exist prior to 1950s and represent disease resistance and stress tolerance genes. The genetic diversity within poultry species is important to allow for future selection. Strategies for conservation include in situ conservation of live populations and ex situ conservation through cryopreservation and molecular techniques. Both phenotypic and genotypic characterization of breeds is important for conservation efforts.
This document discusses conservation agriculture and agroforestry practices that incorporate trees. It provides examples from several African countries of how using trees such as Faidherbia albida has increased maize yields, improved soil fertility, and transformed agricultural landscapes. National programs in countries like Malawi, Niger, and Kenya aim to increase tree cover on farms through agroforestry in order to boost food security and restore degraded lands. [/SUMMARY]
The document discusses improving soil fertility and nutrient management in developing countries. It covers topics such as world fertilizer consumption trends from 1961-2002, the role of fertilizers in the Green Revolution, impacts of fertilizers on soil organic matter and the environment, and challenges with nutrient management in different regions of Asia and Africa. In particular, it notes that while fertilizer use has increased crop production globally, Africa has seen less progress and still struggles with widespread phosphorus and micronutrient deficiencies in many countries.
The document discusses the potential for aquaculture in the MENA region to meet the demand for animal source foods. It notes that aquaculture is the only option for increasing the supply of fish, as capture fisheries production has stagnated. Egypt currently produces the most aquaculture in the region, with tilapia as the dominant species farmed. Aquaculture has increased Egypt's per capita fish supply and contributed to food and nutrition security by providing an affordable source of protein and nutrients. The document argues Egypt has high potential to further contribute to regional food security through continued aquaculture growth.
Z Tchoundjeu: Overview of ICRAF research activities in West and Central AfricaSahel_BeyondForestryLaws
The document provides an overview of the research activities of the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) in West and Central Africa. It discusses [1] ICRAF's structure in the region, [2] the main projects being implemented, including participatory tree domestication and baobab vegetable banks, and [3] the way forward. ICRAF's research aims to increase smallholder use of trees through agroforestry to improve food security, income, and environmental sustainability in the region.
Agroforestry for food security and climate resiliencePatrick Worms
Feeding 9 billion people by 2050 on less land, with less water, and more extreme weather can seem hopeless. But it is not so. Agroforestry, evergreen agriculture and using the findings of agrocecology to manage farms can all bring sizeable, durable gains in productivity - even on degraded lands. The debate needs to move on from the facile organic vs. intensive agriculture one - the future will mean combining the best of all technologies while taking the way that natural systems behave into account. Much of the science is in: it's feasible. Now we need to do it.
The document summarizes achievements and research on pigeonpea production in East and Southern Africa and Asia. Some key findings include:
1) Pigeonpea production is shifting from temperate to semi-arid tropical regions in Asia and Africa accounts for about 14% of global production.
2) Baseline studies were conducted surveying over 1,000 households in Malawi and Tanzania to understand varietal preferences, adoption rates, and challenges.
3) Popular varieties in Malawi include Mthawajuni while in Tanzania farmers prefer Bangili, though adoption of improved varieties remains low due to lack of access and higher seed costs.
4) Future research needs to focus on
Jassar Farms is a project in Pakistan that aims to empower rural farmers through dairy farming. It operates a semen processing unit that produces high quality semen from world-class genetics for artificial insemination of local cows and buffaloes. This improves milk yields by 200-300%. The farm also has a dairy division with over 375 crossbred animals that demonstrate the genetic gains. The income from an F1 cow can be 2-3 times more than local breeds. The goal is to make quality genetics accessible to small farmers and uplift their livelihoods on an economically sustainable model.
This document discusses strategic issues related to global food security. It identifies both old and new risks threatening food security, such as conflicts, HIV/AIDS, and natural resource degradation. It presents data on historical and current hunger, undernutrition rates, and cereal production, stocks, and prices. Scenarios project potential outcomes of food security by 2050 under different policy approaches. Improving food security will require increased international and national commitments.
Workshop Trade-off Analysis - CGIAR_19 Feb 2013_CRP 3.7_Mark van WijkLotteKlapwijk
The document summarizes the aims and approaches of the Livestock and Fish CGIAR Research Program. The program aims to increase the productivity of small-scale livestock and fish systems in sustainable ways to make meat, milk and fish more available and affordable to poor consumers. It plans to do this through technology development, value chain development, targeting interventions based on tradeoffs across scales, and using modeling approaches to evaluate strategies and outcomes.
Evergreen Agriculture means placing trees on farms. These systems, indigenous to Africa, can boost crop yields, provide alternative incomes, resplenish soil fertility, increase soil carbon retention, and protect biodiversity. With these systems, food security becomes attainable; the land becomes more fertile; and the farm is better protected against extreme weather events.
This slideshow presents the latest evidence about the impact of evergreen agriculture.
Overview of international transport of cattle and water buffalo: animal welfaremarketsblog
This document summarizes the international livestock trade of cattle and water buffalo. It notes key trade routes between countries in Australia/Indonesia, South/Southeast Asia, East Africa/Middle East, and Brazil/Lebanon. Problems identified include rough casting methods, beating cattle unnecessarily, and many neck cuts in Australia/Indonesia. In India/Bangladesh, most animals arrive with abrasions and lacerations. Blood tests show high levels of dehydration and metabolic depletion in transported cattle and buffalo. The trade raises concerns over animal welfare due to risks of dehydration, heat stress, sleep deprivation, injuries, and stressful handling during long journeys and slaughter.
With Indian agri-food sector becoming a hotbed for MNC investment, we look at how agribusiness can help in improving the state of Indian agriculture and the need for policy regulations. The success of NIABI in furthering agribusiness opportunities through technology commercialization shows that the incubator network can play a pivotal role in promoting agribusiness in the country. A favourable environment supporting agribusiness and incubators needs to be developed so as to promote the sector.
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1. Animal Genetic Resources Characterization & Conservation Research in
Africa: An Overview
Okeyo A.M.
Seventeenth Meeting of the Executive Committee of ALive (EC17)
Nairobi, Kenya, 5-6 April 2011
2. Outline of the presentation
1. Introduction- The global perspectives
2. Importance and role of livestock
3. Research Overview
4. Some of the Results
5. The threats to livestock genetic diversity
6. Opportunities and actionables
7. Conclusions
8. Recommendations
3. 1. The Global Facts
• World population keeps on growing: Currently 6.9
billion & will reach 9 billion by 2050)
• Livestock production is NB: 1billion keep
livestock & 60% of rural hhs, most of whom are
poor, draw income from livestock production
• Effect of climate change will be a significant
factor (temp., water, forage/crop yields!)
• Great diversity (genetics & environment):
opportunities, but both are threatened
5. Importance of livestock in Africa
• 70 % of Africa’s rural poor keep livestock
• > 200 Million people rely on livestock for
their livelihoods
• Livestock play pivotal roles in all-agro-
ecological zones (genetic diversity is key)
African cattle
- 200 million head
- 150 indigenous
breeds
6. 2. Role of Livestock
Fuel & manure
food (milk, meat &
dairy products)
7. Scola and her family in Malawi eat animal products – milk, eggs or
sometimes meat - 1 day per month, so animal product related
health concerns are non-issues here; in fact, more milk and meat
would be desirable!
8. Role cont..
nutrient recycling etc.
Draft power
saving and insurance
10. Total world livestock population by region in 2007
Numbers only tell part
of the story!
Source: FAO (2009)
11. Per capita annual consumption of animal
products (kg/person/yr) by region
Region Product and year
Meat Milk Eggs
1980 2005 1980 2005 1980 2005
Developed 76 82 198 208 14 13
countries
East & S 13 48 4.5 21 2.7 15.4
East Asia
Sub Saharan 14 13 34 30 1.6 1.6
Africa
Intensification needed in Africa, to achieve the required
Source: FAO (2009) productivity and to safeguard the natural resource base 11
12. 3. The Diversity, Overview of
Characterization & Conservation
Research
14. Even at a country level the diversity can be huge!
Dauara
Borana
Curko
Somalia
&
Ethiopian cattle
Gasara
breeds
North Somali zebu
Barca Improved Boran
Fogera
15. Type of studies
• Genetic characterization (use of genetic
markers)
• Phenotypic characterization
• Production systems assessments
• Indigenous knowledge systems
• Combinations of the above
17. Several Breed diversity studies results
• In cattle
• In sheep
• In goats
• In camels
• In chicken
18. Successful Breeding/conservation programs!
Few and far between
• Boran in Kenya
• Nguni in Southern Africa
• A few beef cattle crossbreeding programs
• Boar goat and Dorper sheep in South Africa
Potential but inadequately exploited breeds
Dawara, N’Dama
Borana goat
Kenana & Butana
Red Maasai, Bonga and Djallonke sheep
Several camel breeds
19. Too little from many!: great
diversity but low productivity!
20. Potential (bolder bars) vs realized yields & the gaps
C. Indigenous Cattle A. Exotic Cattle
6000 6000
Milk Yield per Lactation (Kg) (Kg)
5000 5000
Milk Yield per Lactation (Kg)
4000
4000
208.5 90.2% 157.0%
3000
3000 %
2000
2000
1000
170.1% 236.8% 199.1%
1000
0
Southern Africa West and Central East Africa
Africa
Southern Africa West and Central East Africa
Africa
B. Crossbred Cattle
6000
Milk Yield per Lactation (Kg)
5000
4000
3000
2000
312.6%
132.0% 65.1%
1000
0 20
Southern Africa West and Central East Africa
Africa
22. Informativeness of illumina Bovine50SNP
in some african cattle
I DEAL vs M ean of
difference
HOLSTEIN HE
-0.075
NDAMA 0.028
NELORE 0.083
SHEKO -0.006
CAPE 0.218
BUFFALO
Need to include diverse genetic resources in tools development.
23. Unique adaptation to heat, diseases, parasites
etc.
• Tolerance to disease:
Delays onset of
• ND’ama to try-
parasetemia
panosomosis
5 QTLs for tryp-
tolerance
(affects 37% of Africa &
costs US$1billion/yr)
When exposed to
severe
trypanosomosis
• Sheko challenge, other
breeds need 4 x
number of treatments
as Sheko in a year
24. Unique adaptation to heat, diseases, parasites
etc.
• Tolerance to heat and water stress-Boran
Can be watered every
other day and cope
with very high
temperatures
• Able to utilize low quality forages –Boran & Ankole
AFC: 39 Months
CI: 13 Months
8-11 calves/lifetime
Weight: 700k; 400kg
25. Trypanosomiasis
Is a fatal disease of livestock.
The livestock equivalent of sleeping sickness
in humans
T. congolense, T.
vivax
T brucei rhodesiense T
gambiense
26. Boran
N’Dama
110
90
% change in PCV
70
50
30
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150
days after infection
27. Natural field challenges
body weight
parasitaemia
PCV
F1 n’dama x
boran, boran, backcrosses
High Challenge Areas
Western Kenya, Narok
KARI-TRC
28. Alignment of N’Dama ARHGAP15 with
homologues
H P mutation at AA282
Cow NDama
KFITRRPSLKTLQEKGLIKDQIFGSPLHTLCEREKSTVPRFVKQCIEAVEK
Cow Boran
KFITRRPSLKTLQEKGLIKDQIFGSHLHTLCEREKSTVPRFVKQCIEAVEK
Human
KFISRRPSLKTLQEKGLIKDQIFGSHLHTVCEREHSTVPWFVKQCIEAVEK
Pig KFITRRPSLKTLQEKGLIKDQIFGSHLHTVCERENSTVPRFVKQCIEAVEK
Chicken KFISRRPSLKTLQEKGLIKDQIFGSHLHLVCEHENSTVPQFVRQCIKAVER
Salmon
KFISRRPSMKTLQEKGIIKDRVFGCHLLALCEREGTTVPKFVRQCVEAVEK
N'Dama (n = 35) Boran (n = 28)
Gene frequency
282P-Allele 0.990 0.125
282H-Allele 0.010 0.875
29. 5. The Great genetic diversity but is under
threat.. but not everywhere!
Unlike for crops, no gene livestock gene banks in place in
most of the African countries, and no comparable global
effort currently being made, yet they host 70% of world’s
livestock genetic diversity
Action is needed now
30. The rate of meltdown is worrying
2003
Uganda:
Proportion of pure Ankole
cattle South Western Uganda
has significantly dropped
since 2003
The Ankole story:
Who knows what will
be left in 50yrs time!
2009
31. Drastic changes are occurring but not every
where
Increased frequency of climatic extreme events:
(drought/floods), erosion, soil degradation
33. Rep.technologies: potential for conservation of
breeds under threat
Using ovaries from dead
cows, female embryo’s
can be developed in the lab Lab Embryos then transferred to
grow within recipient cows
Abattoir/OPU
Contracted
IVF & IVM surrogates
OPU
Indigenous
donor cows
35. Estimated Repository Equipment Costs
Small - Small - Medium Large
Necessary Optional
Total $12,000 - $30,650 - $113,350- $206,350 -
$47,000 $65,650 $213,150 $227,350
• Equipment cost increase due to increased quantity
and special equipment e.g., straw fillers and
labelers
36. Costs of Collecting Germplasm – Field Collection
Indicative cost (Euros) per animal for different tissues and species.
Somatic
Semen Embryos
cells*
Cattle 10 105 500
Sheep 10 82 500
Goats 10 82 500
Pigs 10 130 ?
Chickens 10 40
37. an ex situ collection is useless without a
catalogue
There are two separate data types to catalogue
1. Genotype. Is now easy!
2. Phenotype remains a critical gap. But filling this gap will pay huge
dividends.
3. The same gap limits in situ exploitation. This is a win-win!
38. Phenotype remains a critical gap
1. We need to describe animals and their environment as richly as we
possibly can.
2. This must be individual-centric and not breed centric. Breed-centric
descriptions are of limited value and potentially highly misleading.
3. New approaches allowing “proxy” phenotyping on a large scale are
needed to bring this half of the equation to reality.
39. Phenotype remains a critical gap
Can we leverage the galaxy of information from non-traditional sources to
deduce a phenotype ?
ICT (e.g. Hand held phones digital cameras)
GIS
Remote sensing
Disease modelling
Climate modelling
Markets analysis
etc
40. What to do & How
CAPTURE AND STORE LAYERS OF LINKED INFORMATION
Bio-physical data
Sources of livelihoods, indicators & constraints
Markets and market information
Animal roles & herd/flock performance
Technical info. sources & knowledge management
Related policies and institutional frameworks
Databases and Gene banks
41. 7. Conclusions
• African livestock are unique reservoirs of genetic
diversity and adaption that shouldn’t be lost.
– Need to develop context specific utilization/conservation
options & strategies
• African livestock are not genetically inferior but they are mostly
inadequately managed-genetically
• match better & produce more from fewer animals!
• Diverse development opportunities for livestock
– reducing poverty; risk management, coping with
unpredictable future
• Capacity to sustainably & better manager the existing AnGR
and deliver/share improved genetics is low
42. Conclusions cont..
• Bio-banking is not too expensive and no
one will do it for Africa, let us start now!
• In Africa, the indigenous knowledge is
being lost faster than the breeds
• Technological options to enable their
conservation and sustainable use of
African AnGR exists today:
• Genomics, bioinformatics and assisted
reproductive technologies-We only need to
apply them wisely
43. 8. Recommendations
• Better and more participatory study designs
needed
• Tools and guidelines exist, so no excuse for
doing the wrong things!
• Take advantage of emerging technologies
• New commitments & additional resources
needed to actualize the international
commitments (GPA) to immediately start:
• Informed in-situ & in-vitro and
conservation of selected
populations/breeds need to be done
• Support capacity building in the above
areas,
44. Challenges
• No, to poor success in freezing of IVEP
produced embryos remains a big drawback
• High reagent cots
• Expensive but poor sexed semen
• Unavailability of local semen sex facilities/services
• Low capacity- need for training
Thank you
Editor's Notes
Not the same thing as in developed or western world; many roles, thus many breeding objectives & greater diversity
Different cattle phenotypes in different environments: means diverse genes and options
Even at a country or neighbouring countries level, the diversity is huge: Somalia and Ethiopia for example