Obama and his family moved to Washington D.C. after he was elected President in 2008. The document then provides detailed anatomical descriptions of the premolars, including their number, shape, features, eruption timeline, and relations to other teeth. It describes the maxillary and mandibular first and second premolars, discussing differences between them. Diagrams illustrate aspects of the premolars like occlusal outlines, root structures, and pulp cavities.
This document provides detailed information about the mandibular first permanent molar tooth. It describes the tooth's number, eruption date, function, number of surfaces and roots. It examines the tooth's anatomy in detail, including the geometric outline and anatomical landmarks of each surface - buccal, lingual, mesial, distal and occlusal. It discusses the tooth's root trunk, roots, pulp chamber and root canals. The document also provides information about abnormalities that may be found and labels the different surfaces and anatomical features.
The document describes the anatomy of mandibular molars. It discusses the crown and root morphology of the first, second, and third molars. Key points include that first molars have the largest dimensions and five cusps, second molars typically have four cusps, and third molars often have irregular crown morphology and short, fused roots. The document also highlights anatomical features like cusp size, root curvature, and cervical line morphology across the different mandibular molar types.
This document provides detailed information about the anatomy and morphology of the permanent maxillary first molar tooth. It describes the general features including that there are 12 molars total, they are the largest teeth without deciduous predecessors, and are multi-rooted. Specific details are then given about the surfaces, roots, chronology of development, and anatomical landmarks of each surface including elevations and depressions. Comparisons are made between the maxillary first and second molars, noting differences in their occlusal outlines, root structures, and morphological features.
This document provides detailed surface anatomy information about the permanent maxillary molars. It describes the key features of each tooth surface, including the number of surfaces and roots, eruption timing, anatomical landmarks, root morphology, and variations. The key points are:
1. The permanent maxillary molar has 5 surfaces and typically 3 roots.
2. It erupts between ages 6-12 years and root development continues until age 18.
3. The buccal, lingual, mesial, and distal aspects each have distinctive anatomical features including cusp shape, cervical ridge placement, and root curvature.
4. The occlusal surface has 4 main cusps and features depressions like foss
This document describes the anatomy and characteristics of the maxillary first molar tooth. It discusses the tooth's chronology, geometric outline, surface anatomy of the crown and roots, and root characteristics. The maxillary first molar has five surfaces, three roots, and a trapezoidal crown outline. It is the largest tooth in the maxillary arch and has four well-developed cusps and sometimes a supplemental fifth cusp.
1) There are eight premolars total, with two located in the maxilla. Maxillary premolars are designated as teeth 14, 15, 24, 25.
2) Maxillary first premolars function with the canine for shearing food and supporting the mouth corners. Second premolars function with molars for mastication and maintaining vertical dimension.
3) Maxillary premolars have developmental lobes on their facial and lingual surfaces. They are wider faciolingually than mesiodistally and have convex buccal and lingual aspects. Their roots typically taper and may have a distal bend.
morphology of mandibular 1st,2nd premolar teethAkram bhuiyan
This document describes the anatomical features of the mandibular first and second premolars. For the first premolar, it notes the presence of a large buccal cusp and smaller lingual cusp, as well as developmental grooves. The root has one root with a mesial groove. For the second premolar, it describes two common crown types - a 3-cusp and 2-cusp variation. The 3-cusp type has deep grooves forming a Y-shape and multiple fossae, while the 2-cusp type has a central groove. The root is larger and longer than the first premolar.
This document describes the key features of the mandibular molars. It notes that the mandibular molars are the largest teeth in the lower jaw and there are three on each side - the first, second, and third molars. The first molar is the largest and has 5 cusps and 2 roots. The second molar is smaller, has 4 cusps, and 2 roots that are closer together. The third molar can vary in shape and position and sometimes has more than 5 cusps. It provides detailed information on the occlusal, buccal, lingual, mesial, and distal aspects of each molar.
This document provides detailed information about the mandibular first permanent molar tooth. It describes the tooth's number, eruption date, function, number of surfaces and roots. It examines the tooth's anatomy in detail, including the geometric outline and anatomical landmarks of each surface - buccal, lingual, mesial, distal and occlusal. It discusses the tooth's root trunk, roots, pulp chamber and root canals. The document also provides information about abnormalities that may be found and labels the different surfaces and anatomical features.
The document describes the anatomy of mandibular molars. It discusses the crown and root morphology of the first, second, and third molars. Key points include that first molars have the largest dimensions and five cusps, second molars typically have four cusps, and third molars often have irregular crown morphology and short, fused roots. The document also highlights anatomical features like cusp size, root curvature, and cervical line morphology across the different mandibular molar types.
This document provides detailed information about the anatomy and morphology of the permanent maxillary first molar tooth. It describes the general features including that there are 12 molars total, they are the largest teeth without deciduous predecessors, and are multi-rooted. Specific details are then given about the surfaces, roots, chronology of development, and anatomical landmarks of each surface including elevations and depressions. Comparisons are made between the maxillary first and second molars, noting differences in their occlusal outlines, root structures, and morphological features.
This document provides detailed surface anatomy information about the permanent maxillary molars. It describes the key features of each tooth surface, including the number of surfaces and roots, eruption timing, anatomical landmarks, root morphology, and variations. The key points are:
1. The permanent maxillary molar has 5 surfaces and typically 3 roots.
2. It erupts between ages 6-12 years and root development continues until age 18.
3. The buccal, lingual, mesial, and distal aspects each have distinctive anatomical features including cusp shape, cervical ridge placement, and root curvature.
4. The occlusal surface has 4 main cusps and features depressions like foss
This document describes the anatomy and characteristics of the maxillary first molar tooth. It discusses the tooth's chronology, geometric outline, surface anatomy of the crown and roots, and root characteristics. The maxillary first molar has five surfaces, three roots, and a trapezoidal crown outline. It is the largest tooth in the maxillary arch and has four well-developed cusps and sometimes a supplemental fifth cusp.
1) There are eight premolars total, with two located in the maxilla. Maxillary premolars are designated as teeth 14, 15, 24, 25.
2) Maxillary first premolars function with the canine for shearing food and supporting the mouth corners. Second premolars function with molars for mastication and maintaining vertical dimension.
3) Maxillary premolars have developmental lobes on their facial and lingual surfaces. They are wider faciolingually than mesiodistally and have convex buccal and lingual aspects. Their roots typically taper and may have a distal bend.
morphology of mandibular 1st,2nd premolar teethAkram bhuiyan
This document describes the anatomical features of the mandibular first and second premolars. For the first premolar, it notes the presence of a large buccal cusp and smaller lingual cusp, as well as developmental grooves. The root has one root with a mesial groove. For the second premolar, it describes two common crown types - a 3-cusp and 2-cusp variation. The 3-cusp type has deep grooves forming a Y-shape and multiple fossae, while the 2-cusp type has a central groove. The root is larger and longer than the first premolar.
This document describes the key features of the mandibular molars. It notes that the mandibular molars are the largest teeth in the lower jaw and there are three on each side - the first, second, and third molars. The first molar is the largest and has 5 cusps and 2 roots. The second molar is smaller, has 4 cusps, and 2 roots that are closer together. The third molar can vary in shape and position and sometimes has more than 5 cusps. It provides detailed information on the occlusal, buccal, lingual, mesial, and distal aspects of each molar.
This document provides information about the maxillary second molar tooth. It discusses the chronology of development, anatomical features including cusp and root aspects, common variations, and pulp cavity morphology. The maxillary second molar has similar buccal and mesial aspects to the first molar but with less divergent roots. It typically has a rhomboidal occlusal outline and four main cusps. The document also notes that difficulty accessing the maxillary second molar is a common dental problem.
This document describes the anatomy of mandibular premolars. It notes that the mandibular first premolar generally has a longer crown and shorter root than the second premolar. The two main types of mandibular second premolars are two-cusped and three-cusped. The document outlines distinguishing characteristics of the premolars when viewed from the buccal, lingual, proximal, and occlusal aspects.
The document discusses the anatomical features of the maxillary first and second premolars.
- The maxillary first premolar typically has two roots, a mesial marginal groove, and a hexagonal occlusal outline. In contrast, the maxillary second premolar usually has a single root, lacks a mesial groove, and has a more oval occlusal outline.
- Other distinguishing features include the lingual cusp being shorter than the buccal cusp in the first premolar but equal in height in the second premolar. The second premolar also exhibits more supplemental occlusal grooves.
This document provides a detailed anatomical description of the maxillary first molar tooth. It notes that the tooth has the largest crown size in the maxillary arch, with four well-formed cusps. It may also occasionally feature a fifth cusp called the tubercle of Carabelli. The document describes the occlusal anatomy, cusp features, developmental grooves, root anatomy, and characteristics of the tooth from different aspects.
The document discusses the anatomy of maxillary molars. There are 12 permanent molars, with the first molar being the largest and strongest. Maxillary molars have 4-5 cusps, with the mesiolingual cusp typically being the largest. They have three roots - mesiobuccal, distobuccal, and palatal. The first molar roots often curve distally and have a trifurcated root trunk. The second molar is typically smaller with variable presence of the distolingual cusp. Both maxillary molars taper distally and have concave mesial marginal ridges.
morphology of maxillary & mandibular canine teethAkram bhuiyan
This document describes the morphology of permanent canine teeth. It details the features of maxillary and mandibular canines, including their crowns, roots, and various aspects. The maxillary canine has a prominent cusp with sloping ridges, a bulky labial ridge, and the longest, strongest root. The mandibular canine is slightly narrower with a smoother lingual surface and shorter root. Key distinguishing features of canines are described for clinicians to identify their shape and position.
The document discusses the permanent maxillary canine tooth. It covers the chronology of the tooth's development, the morphology and clinical considerations. Specifically, it notes that maxillary canines begin calcifying around 4-5 months, the crown is completed by 6-7 years and eruption occurs from 11-13 years. The root is fully formed by 13-15 years. The morphology section describes the anatomical features of the crown and root from different aspects. Clinical considerations include choosing conservative treatment to preserve facial shape, restoring esthetics since canines are visible during speech and occasional anatomical variations in shape, size and position.
This document provides detailed anatomical information about the first permanent molar tooth. It describes the tooth's 5 surfaces, 2 roots, occlusal landmarks, and root canal anatomy. Key details include that it has 5 surfaces, erupts at age 6, and functions as the "key of occlusion". The roots are twice as long as the crown and inclined distally. The occlusal surface has 5 cusps separated by developmental grooves.
This document provides a detailed anatomical overview of the maxillary lateral incisors, mandibular central incisors, and mandibular lateral incisors. It describes the morphology, size, shape, angles, ridges, depressions, and other features of the crowns and roots of each tooth when viewed from the labial, lingual, proximal, and incisal aspects. Key differences between each tooth type are highlighted, such as the maxillary lateral incisor having a longer root proportionate to its crown compared to the central incisor.
Maxillary Second Premolar
the maxillary first premolar in function
Less angular ,rounded crown in all aspects.
Single root
Smaller crown cervico occlusally
Root length is as great or greater
BUCCAL ASPECT
Not as long as that of the first premolar
Less pointed
Mesial slope is
shorter than the distal slope
Buccal ridge of the crown may not be so prominent whencompared with the first premolarLINGUAL ASPECT
Lingual cusp is longer making the crown longer on the lingual sideMESIAL ASPECT
Cusps of second premolar are shorter with the buccal and lingual cusps more nearly the same length
Greater distance between cusp tips-that widens the occlusal surface buccolingually
No developmental depression on the mesial surface of the crown as on the first premolar
Crown surface is convex instead
No deep dev. Groove crossing the mesial marginal ridgeOCCLUSAL ASPECT
Outline of the crown is more rounded or oval rather than angular
Central dev. groove is shorter and more irregular
Tendency toward multiple supplementary grooves radiating from the central groove that may extend out to the cusp ridges
Makes for an irregular occlusal surface and gives a very wrinkled appearance
This document provides information about maxillary premolars and the first and second maxillary premolars specifically. It describes the anatomy, morphology, chronology of development, and relationships to surrounding teeth of these premolars. Key details include that maxillary premolars have two cusps, appear between ages 10-12 years, and are posterior teeth with broader contact areas than anterior teeth. The first premolar typically has two roots while the second premolar most often has one root.
This document describes the anatomical features of lower canine teeth. It notes that lower canines have a narrower crown than upper canines, with variations including bifurcated roots. The crown outline is trapezoidal with mesiodistal dimensions less than upper canines. Contact areas are near the incisal angle mesially and distal junction of middle and incisal thirds distally. The root is shorter than upper canines by 1-2mm with a more sharply pointed apex. Lingual surfaces are flatter with a smooth, poorly developed cingulum and less distinct marginal ridges.
mandibular premolars, common triats and differences between mandibular first and second premolar. buccal aspect, lingual aspect, mesial aspect, distal aspect, occlusal aspect of mandibular premolars
The document describes the morphology of maxillary premolars. The maxillary first premolar has two cusps, usually two roots, and erupts between ages 10-11 years. It resembles a canine in some features but has a longer mesial buccal cusp slope. The maxillary second premolar resembles the first but has a less pointed buccal cusp, shorter mesial buccal cusp ridge, and deeper distal developmental depression. It typically has one root and erupts between ages 10-12 years. Both premolars assist in tearing and chewing food.
The permanent maxillary lateral incisor resembles the central incisor in function and form, but is smaller in all dimensions except root length. It has a single tapered root that curves distally to a pointed apex. While similar to the central incisor, the lateral incisor has a more rounded crown that is shorter and narrower mesiodistally with a rounded distoincisal angle. Dental anomalies are most common in third molars, lateral incisors, and mandibular second premolars.
This document summarizes the morphology and dimensions of the maxillary central and lateral incisors. It describes the labial, lingual, mesial, distal, and incisal surfaces of the central incisor and provides measurements of crown length, root length, and cervical line curvature. It also briefly outlines the chronology of central incisor development and eruption and notes that the lateral incisor is smaller than the central incisor and has more rounded mesioincisal and distoincisal angles and more prominent marginal ridges and cingulum lingually.
10 maxillary ( first , second , third ) molars .redrosecnn4
This document discusses different types of molars, including their locations, functions, and distinguishing features. It focuses on the maxillary first molar, maxillary second molar, and maxillary third molar (also known as wisdom teeth). The maxillary molars are located posteriorly in the upper jaw and help grind food during chewing. They typically have 4 cusps but can vary between individuals. Wisdom teeth are the most posterior molars that often become impacted or erupting sideways, requiring extraction.
The document describes the anatomy of the permanent mandibular central incisor tooth. It notes that the tooth develops from four lobes, is smaller in all dimensions than the maxillary incisors, and has a labial inclination of the incisal surface. The crown is trapezoidal in shape with a straight incisal ridge meeting the root at a right angle. The root is narrow mesiodistally but wide labiolingually, tapering to a small pointed tip that often curves distally.
This document provides information about dental traits that can be used to identify and distinguish between different types of teeth. It focuses on traits of the maxillary first and second premolars. Key points include:
- Set traits distinguish primary from permanent dentition, such as premolars only being present in the permanent dentition.
- Arch traits distinguish maxillary from mandibular teeth based on differences in crown shape, size, and inclination.
- Class traits define teeth as incisors, canines, premolars, or molars based on cusp number and function.
- Type traits differentiate between individual teeth within a class, such as the maxillary first versus second premolar.
The document describes the anatomical features of the mandibular first and second premolars. It notes that the mandibular first premolar has a large buccal cusp, shorter mesiobuccal ridge, tapered lingual crown, and single-rooted tooth. The mandibular second premolar resembles the first premolar buccally but has variable lingual cusp morphology and wider dimensions mesiodistally and buccolingually with broader contact areas.
This document provides information about the maxillary second molar tooth. It discusses the chronology of development, anatomical features including cusp and root aspects, common variations, and pulp cavity morphology. The maxillary second molar has similar buccal and mesial aspects to the first molar but with less divergent roots. It typically has a rhomboidal occlusal outline and four main cusps. The document also notes that difficulty accessing the maxillary second molar is a common dental problem.
This document describes the anatomy of mandibular premolars. It notes that the mandibular first premolar generally has a longer crown and shorter root than the second premolar. The two main types of mandibular second premolars are two-cusped and three-cusped. The document outlines distinguishing characteristics of the premolars when viewed from the buccal, lingual, proximal, and occlusal aspects.
The document discusses the anatomical features of the maxillary first and second premolars.
- The maxillary first premolar typically has two roots, a mesial marginal groove, and a hexagonal occlusal outline. In contrast, the maxillary second premolar usually has a single root, lacks a mesial groove, and has a more oval occlusal outline.
- Other distinguishing features include the lingual cusp being shorter than the buccal cusp in the first premolar but equal in height in the second premolar. The second premolar also exhibits more supplemental occlusal grooves.
This document provides a detailed anatomical description of the maxillary first molar tooth. It notes that the tooth has the largest crown size in the maxillary arch, with four well-formed cusps. It may also occasionally feature a fifth cusp called the tubercle of Carabelli. The document describes the occlusal anatomy, cusp features, developmental grooves, root anatomy, and characteristics of the tooth from different aspects.
The document discusses the anatomy of maxillary molars. There are 12 permanent molars, with the first molar being the largest and strongest. Maxillary molars have 4-5 cusps, with the mesiolingual cusp typically being the largest. They have three roots - mesiobuccal, distobuccal, and palatal. The first molar roots often curve distally and have a trifurcated root trunk. The second molar is typically smaller with variable presence of the distolingual cusp. Both maxillary molars taper distally and have concave mesial marginal ridges.
morphology of maxillary & mandibular canine teethAkram bhuiyan
This document describes the morphology of permanent canine teeth. It details the features of maxillary and mandibular canines, including their crowns, roots, and various aspects. The maxillary canine has a prominent cusp with sloping ridges, a bulky labial ridge, and the longest, strongest root. The mandibular canine is slightly narrower with a smoother lingual surface and shorter root. Key distinguishing features of canines are described for clinicians to identify their shape and position.
The document discusses the permanent maxillary canine tooth. It covers the chronology of the tooth's development, the morphology and clinical considerations. Specifically, it notes that maxillary canines begin calcifying around 4-5 months, the crown is completed by 6-7 years and eruption occurs from 11-13 years. The root is fully formed by 13-15 years. The morphology section describes the anatomical features of the crown and root from different aspects. Clinical considerations include choosing conservative treatment to preserve facial shape, restoring esthetics since canines are visible during speech and occasional anatomical variations in shape, size and position.
This document provides detailed anatomical information about the first permanent molar tooth. It describes the tooth's 5 surfaces, 2 roots, occlusal landmarks, and root canal anatomy. Key details include that it has 5 surfaces, erupts at age 6, and functions as the "key of occlusion". The roots are twice as long as the crown and inclined distally. The occlusal surface has 5 cusps separated by developmental grooves.
This document provides a detailed anatomical overview of the maxillary lateral incisors, mandibular central incisors, and mandibular lateral incisors. It describes the morphology, size, shape, angles, ridges, depressions, and other features of the crowns and roots of each tooth when viewed from the labial, lingual, proximal, and incisal aspects. Key differences between each tooth type are highlighted, such as the maxillary lateral incisor having a longer root proportionate to its crown compared to the central incisor.
Maxillary Second Premolar
the maxillary first premolar in function
Less angular ,rounded crown in all aspects.
Single root
Smaller crown cervico occlusally
Root length is as great or greater
BUCCAL ASPECT
Not as long as that of the first premolar
Less pointed
Mesial slope is
shorter than the distal slope
Buccal ridge of the crown may not be so prominent whencompared with the first premolarLINGUAL ASPECT
Lingual cusp is longer making the crown longer on the lingual sideMESIAL ASPECT
Cusps of second premolar are shorter with the buccal and lingual cusps more nearly the same length
Greater distance between cusp tips-that widens the occlusal surface buccolingually
No developmental depression on the mesial surface of the crown as on the first premolar
Crown surface is convex instead
No deep dev. Groove crossing the mesial marginal ridgeOCCLUSAL ASPECT
Outline of the crown is more rounded or oval rather than angular
Central dev. groove is shorter and more irregular
Tendency toward multiple supplementary grooves radiating from the central groove that may extend out to the cusp ridges
Makes for an irregular occlusal surface and gives a very wrinkled appearance
This document provides information about maxillary premolars and the first and second maxillary premolars specifically. It describes the anatomy, morphology, chronology of development, and relationships to surrounding teeth of these premolars. Key details include that maxillary premolars have two cusps, appear between ages 10-12 years, and are posterior teeth with broader contact areas than anterior teeth. The first premolar typically has two roots while the second premolar most often has one root.
This document describes the anatomical features of lower canine teeth. It notes that lower canines have a narrower crown than upper canines, with variations including bifurcated roots. The crown outline is trapezoidal with mesiodistal dimensions less than upper canines. Contact areas are near the incisal angle mesially and distal junction of middle and incisal thirds distally. The root is shorter than upper canines by 1-2mm with a more sharply pointed apex. Lingual surfaces are flatter with a smooth, poorly developed cingulum and less distinct marginal ridges.
mandibular premolars, common triats and differences between mandibular first and second premolar. buccal aspect, lingual aspect, mesial aspect, distal aspect, occlusal aspect of mandibular premolars
The document describes the morphology of maxillary premolars. The maxillary first premolar has two cusps, usually two roots, and erupts between ages 10-11 years. It resembles a canine in some features but has a longer mesial buccal cusp slope. The maxillary second premolar resembles the first but has a less pointed buccal cusp, shorter mesial buccal cusp ridge, and deeper distal developmental depression. It typically has one root and erupts between ages 10-12 years. Both premolars assist in tearing and chewing food.
The permanent maxillary lateral incisor resembles the central incisor in function and form, but is smaller in all dimensions except root length. It has a single tapered root that curves distally to a pointed apex. While similar to the central incisor, the lateral incisor has a more rounded crown that is shorter and narrower mesiodistally with a rounded distoincisal angle. Dental anomalies are most common in third molars, lateral incisors, and mandibular second premolars.
This document summarizes the morphology and dimensions of the maxillary central and lateral incisors. It describes the labial, lingual, mesial, distal, and incisal surfaces of the central incisor and provides measurements of crown length, root length, and cervical line curvature. It also briefly outlines the chronology of central incisor development and eruption and notes that the lateral incisor is smaller than the central incisor and has more rounded mesioincisal and distoincisal angles and more prominent marginal ridges and cingulum lingually.
10 maxillary ( first , second , third ) molars .redrosecnn4
This document discusses different types of molars, including their locations, functions, and distinguishing features. It focuses on the maxillary first molar, maxillary second molar, and maxillary third molar (also known as wisdom teeth). The maxillary molars are located posteriorly in the upper jaw and help grind food during chewing. They typically have 4 cusps but can vary between individuals. Wisdom teeth are the most posterior molars that often become impacted or erupting sideways, requiring extraction.
The document describes the anatomy of the permanent mandibular central incisor tooth. It notes that the tooth develops from four lobes, is smaller in all dimensions than the maxillary incisors, and has a labial inclination of the incisal surface. The crown is trapezoidal in shape with a straight incisal ridge meeting the root at a right angle. The root is narrow mesiodistally but wide labiolingually, tapering to a small pointed tip that often curves distally.
This document provides information about dental traits that can be used to identify and distinguish between different types of teeth. It focuses on traits of the maxillary first and second premolars. Key points include:
- Set traits distinguish primary from permanent dentition, such as premolars only being present in the permanent dentition.
- Arch traits distinguish maxillary from mandibular teeth based on differences in crown shape, size, and inclination.
- Class traits define teeth as incisors, canines, premolars, or molars based on cusp number and function.
- Type traits differentiate between individual teeth within a class, such as the maxillary first versus second premolar.
The document describes the anatomical features of the mandibular first and second premolars. It notes that the mandibular first premolar has a large buccal cusp, shorter mesiobuccal ridge, tapered lingual crown, and single-rooted tooth. The mandibular second premolar resembles the first premolar buccally but has variable lingual cusp morphology and wider dimensions mesiodistally and buccolingually with broader contact areas.
This document discusses the morphology and features of the maxillary second premolar tooth. It provides details on:
1. The maxillary second premolar's eruption timeline and root development stages.
2. The geometric outlines, outlines of cusps and ridges, contact areas, surface anatomy, cervical lines, and roots for the labial, lingual, mesial, distal, and occlusal aspects of the tooth.
3. A comparison of the features of the maxillary first and second premolars, highlighting differences in their outlines, cusps, contact areas, surface anatomy, roots, and occlusal depressions and elevations.
This document provides details on the anatomy and morphology of premolars. It notes that premolars are located between the anterior teeth and molars, have two cusps and roots, and erupt around ages 10-11 years. The document describes premolars' numbering, development timeline, measurements, and characteristics from the buccal, lingual, mesial, distal, and occlusal aspects. It also details that most premolars have two roots - a buccal and lingual root, though sometimes there can be one or three roots.
This document provides information about the maxillary and mandibular first and second premolars. It describes the anatomical features of each tooth, including the number of cusps and roots, eruption timing, outline of facial and lingual surfaces, contact areas, and occlusal morphology. Key details provided include differences in cusp shape, prominence of ridges, position of developmental grooves and fossae, and root bifurcation location between the first and second premolars. Diagrams illustrate the characteristic features and anatomical terminology.
This document provides information about the anatomy and root canal treatment of the mandibular second premolar tooth. It describes the external and internal anatomy of the tooth, including average measurements, root canal morphology, and anatomical variations that may be present. It also discusses errors that can occur during root canal treatment of this tooth and provides a case example of successfully treating a mandibular second premolar with three root canals.
Premolars are transitional teeth that assist molars in grinding and canines in tearing food. There are typically two premolars in each quadrant of the mouth.
The maxillary first premolar has two roots and two cusps. It is distinguished by having a mesial developmental depression and a longer mesial slope on the buccal cusp. The maxillary second premolar typically has a single root and rounded crown with cusps of similar length.
The mandibular first premolar has a prominent buccal cusp and non-functional lingual cusp. It displays a mesiolingual developmental groove. The mandibular second premolar has two functional lingual c
This document provides information on the anatomy of permanent mandibular molars. It describes the identifying features, anatomical aspects, and differences between upper and lower molars for the mandibular first, second, and third molars. Key details include the number and shape of cusps, developmental grooves, roots, and contact areas for each tooth. Differences between upper and lower molars are also summarized such as the number of roots, presence of an oblique ridge, and shape of cusps on the mesial aspect.
This document discusses the geometric shapes that can describe tooth crown outlines and their significance for protecting the periodontium. It states that tooth crowns can be trapezoid, triangular, or rhomboid in shape. The varying shapes help distribute forces, allow for contact between teeth, and prevent excessive trauma to gums. For example, the trapezoid shape of posterior teeth provides a narrow occlusal surface that reduces forces transmitted to supporting tissues. Proper crown shapes and relationships between opposing teeth are important for maintaining healthy periodontal tissues and preventing problems like traumatic occlusion.
The document summarizes the key features of the permanent mandibular molars. It describes that there are three molars on each side of the mandible, decreasing in size from first to third. The first molar is the largest with five cusps and two roots. The second molar is smaller with four cusps and two roots. The third molar can vary in shape but resembles the second molar and has two shorter, more divergent roots. The document provides detailed descriptions and measurements of each molar from the buccal, lingual, mesial, distal and occlusal aspects.
direct factors and their significeance in protection of periodontiummahmod3mmar
This document discusses the physiologic form of teeth and the periodontium. It describes several key factors that influence the form of teeth, including their function, position, and relationship to surrounding tissues. Proper proximal contact relations, interproximal spaces, embrasures, facial/lingual contours, and cervical line curvature are important for preventing food impaction, distributing forces, and protecting supporting tissues. Factors like tooth size, wear, and malocclusion can impact normal contact relations. Maintaining proper anatomic form and relationships between teeth and soft tissues is important for oral health.
indirect factors and their significeance in protection of periodontiummahmod3mmar
This document discusses the physiologic form of teeth and the periodontium. It describes four key aspects of tooth form: 1) crown form, including proximal contour, facial/lingual contour, and crown outline; 2) root form, including length, number, distribution, and root outline; 3) angulation of crowns and roots; and 4) self-cleansing ability. Tooth form is related to incising and crushing food without damaging supporting tissues. Factors like root length and number vary depending on the tooth's function. Angulation and contour help distribute forces to reduce damage to supporting bone. Tooth form also facilitates self-cleansing to maintain oral hygiene.
The document provides information on oral anatomy, including tooth numbering systems, dental formulas for primary and permanent teeth, chronology of tooth development, and characteristics of individual tooth types. It details the FDI, Palmer, and other numbering systems. Key points include that the primary dental formula is 2123s/2123s and the permanent formula is 123456/123456. Primary teeth are labeled with uppercase letters and permanent teeth use numbering schemes like the FDI system. Tooth landmarks such as cusps, ridges, and fossae are also defined.
This document provides an overview of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). It discusses the anatomy of the TMJ, including the articular disc that divides it into upper and lower compartments. The histology of the TMJ bones, articular disc, capsular ligament, and synovial fluid are described. The innervation and blood supply of the TMJ are also covered. Common disorders like ankylosis and dislocation are reviewed. Age-related changes to the TMJ are outlined, as well as its development beginning in the 10th week of gestation.
The document summarizes the surface anatomy of permanent teeth, focusing on the maxillary central and lateral incisors. It describes the geometric shape, outlines, and anatomical features of the labial, lingual, mesial, distal, and incisal aspects of each tooth. Key details include the trapezoidal shape of the crowns, location of ridges and depressions, convexity of surfaces, and single-rooted nature. Chronology of development is also provided.
There are 4 canine teeth, one on each side of the upper and lower jaws. Canines are the longest teeth in the mouth, with crowns as long as upper central incisors but longer roots than any other tooth. Canines serve as the cornerstone of each dental arch in terms of position, shape, and function. The lower canines have flatter surfaces with less distinct marginal ridges and smoother lingual crowns compared to upper canines. The lingual root portion is also narrower and thinner than the upper canine's lingual root.
The document provides an overview of the maxillary sinus, including its:
1) Definition as the largest air-containing cavity in the maxilla that opens into the nasal cavity.
2) Anatomy as a four-sided pyramid with walls related to surrounding structures like the facial surface of the maxilla.
3) Functions such as warming inhaled air and enhancing facial growth.
It discusses the sinus's histology, blood supply, drainage through the ostium into the nasal cavity, relationships to nearby teeth, and clinical considerations regarding infections.
Access cavity preparation for maxillary caninesKritika Sarkar
The document summarizes the anatomy and access cavity preparation for maxillary canines. It describes the anatomy of the root canal system and clinical significance. It then outlines the objectives and steps for access cavity preparation, including visualizing internal anatomy, outlining access with a pencil, cutting through the center and extending the opening, removing undercuts to achieve straight-line access to the apical foramen, and irrigating periodically. The maxillary canine has the longest root among human teeth and its complex anatomy requires careful access preparation.
This document describes the anatomical features of the permanent mandibular canine tooth. It notes that the crown is narrower than the maxillary canine and may have bifurcated roots. The labial surface has a trapezoidal crown outline and higher contact areas than the maxillary canine. The lingual surface has a flatter crown outline with a poorly developed cingulum. The mesial and distal surfaces have a triangular crown outline and more pronounced developmental depressions on the root.
Permanent Mandibular First Premolar and Differences between First and Second ...Dr Monika Negi
This document provides information about the permanent mandibular first premolar and differences between the mandibular first and second premolars. It discusses the general features of premolars, including their transitional location between canines and molars. For the mandibular first premolar, it describes the chronology, number of roots, crown and root outlines, contact areas, and surface anatomy from various aspects. It then compares the mandibular first and second premolars, noting differences in their geometric outlines, facial outlines and surface anatomy, lingual outlines, proximal outlines, occlusal aspects, and pulp cavities.
The document discusses the anatomical features of maxillary premolars. It describes the distinguishing traits of the maxillary first and second premolars, including their crown and root morphology, occlusal anatomy, and eruption timeline. The maxillary first premolar has a prominent facial ridge and mesial developmental groove. It typically has two roots. The maxillary second premolar has cusps of nearly equal size and shorter mesial ridges, with more supplemental occlusal anatomy. It usually has a single root.
This document describes the anatomy and characteristics of the maxillary first molar tooth. It discusses the chronology of development, geometric outline of the crown from different aspects, outlines and surface anatomy of the crown and roots. Key points include that it has 5 surfaces, 3 roots, and a trapezoidal crown outline. The mesiolingual cusp is the largest cusp and there may or may not be a Carabelli cusp present. The occlusal surface has 2 major fossae, 2 minor fossae, and 5 developmental grooves. The mesial aspect has a nearly straight outline and flat surface.
The document discusses the anatomical features of the maxillary second premolar tooth. It notes that this tooth typically has two cusps of nearly equal size and height, shorter mesial cuspal ridges, and one root with two pulp canals. When compared to the maxillary first premolar, it usually has more supplemental occlusal anatomy. The chronology of development is also provided, indicating it begins calcifying between 2-2.25 years and is fully formed between 6-7 years. Multiple images and descriptions highlight differences in morphology between the maxillary first and second premolars.
There are four maxillary and four mandibular premolars. The maxillary first premolar has 5 aspects and a trapezoidal crown outline with the smallest side cervically. It typically has 2 roots. The maxillary second premolar crown outline is somewhat square with a shorter mesial marginal ridge. It typically has 1 root. The mandibular first premolar has 5 aspects and a trapezoidal crown outline. The mandibular second premolar exists in 2 or 3 cusp types, with variations in cusp size and presence of grooves between them. Both upper and lower premolars erupt between ages 6-12 years.
This document provides details on human dentition, focusing on the premolars. It describes the anatomy and features of the maxillary and mandibular first and second premolars. Key points include:
- There are 4 maxillary and mandibular premolars on each side, labeled 1-5
- Premolars have trapezoid-shaped crowns with cusps, ridges, grooves and developmental features
- Roots vary from single to two roots, with the lingual root typically smaller
- Contact areas and marginal ridges differ in location between teeth
- Occlusal surfaces have characteristic elevations like cusps and depressions like fossae
This document describes the anatomy and morphology of the maxillary first, second, and third molars. It provides details on the crown and root structures, measurements, developmental chronology, and distinguishing features of each tooth. The maxillary first molar is the largest with 4 well-developed cusps, 3 roots, and variable features like the cusp of Carabelli. The second molar is smaller with a less prominent distolingual cusp. The third molar is the smallest and most variable in shape, often missing.
1. The document describes the anatomy and features of the first permanent molar tooth.
2. It has 5 surfaces, 2 roots, and a trapezoidal geometric outline with concave mesial and straight distal outlines.
3. Key anatomical landmarks include developmental grooves between the mesial, distal, and lingual cusps and a cervical ridge in the cervical 1/3.
The document describes the anatomy and features of the first permanent molar tooth, also known as the six-year molar. It has five surfaces, two roots, and a trapezoidal geometric outline. Key anatomical landmarks include developmental grooves and a cervical ridge. It functions as the key of occlusion and typically has five cusps and a cross-pattern of grooves on the occlusal surface. The two roots house three main root canals.
The maxillary first molar is located in the upper back region of the mouth. It typically erupts around age 6-7 and completes root development by age 9-10. The tooth has a trapezoidal shape with four main cusps - mesiobuccal, distobuccal, mesiopalatal, and distopalatal. It has three roots - mesiobuccal, distobuccal, and palatal. Variations can include the maxillary sinus extending into the roots or an extra cusp called the fifth cusp. Clinical considerations include proper occlusion with the mandibular first molar and forceps design to engage the developmental groove during extraction.
This document describes the anatomy and morphology of the mandibular second premolar tooth. It discusses the chronology of development, outlines and surfaces of the crown from different aspects, comparisons between the two types of second premolars and comparisons to the first premolar. There are typically two types - a three cusp type and a two cusp type that differ in their occlusal and lingual aspects. Details are provided on geometric outlines, cusp patterns, ridges, grooves and fossae for each tooth type and surface.
The document summarizes the anatomy and morphology of the permanent maxillary first molar tooth. It discusses the tooth's features including having 12 teeth total, being the largest and strongest teeth, having no deciduous predecessors, and being multi-rooted. It describes the tooth's surfaces, roots, chronology of development, and prominent anatomical landmarks visible from different aspects including cusps, ridges, grooves, and fossae. Diagrams illustrate the occlusal, mesial, distal, buccal, and lingual views of the tooth highlighting its geometric outlines, roots, and other notable structures.
The document describes the anatomy and morphology of the maxillary first premolar tooth. Key points include:
- It has two cusps (bicuspid) and usually two roots (buccal and lingual)
- Eruption occurs between 10-12 years of age
- The crown is trapezoidal in shape with prominent buccal and lingual ridges
This document describes the anatomy and features of the first permanent molar (tooth #6). It has 5 surfaces, 2 roots, and a trapezoidal outline. It is known as the "six year molar" because it begins calcifying and erupting around age 6. Key features include its mesial and distal roots, concave mesial and distal outlines, buccal and lingual cusps separated by developmental grooves, and a rectangular pulp chamber with 3 root canals.
1. Maxillary premolars are located between the anterior teeth and molars, and assist in tearing and chewing food.
2. The maxillary first premolar has two cusps, a longer buccal cusp and shorter lingual cusp, and usually has two roots.
3. The maxillary second premolar resembles the first but has a less pointed buccal cusp and deeper developmental depression on the distal aspect, and usually has a single root.
This document provides a detailed anatomical summary of the permanent maxillary first molar tooth in 3 sentences or less:
The maxillary first molar has 12 surfaces, 3 roots, and features such as cusps, ridges, grooves and fossae on its occlusal surface; it is the only molar that is wider lingually than buccally and has the largest mesiolingual cusp. The pulp chamber is broader buccolingually than mesiodistally and has pulp horns beneath each cusp and 3 main root canals, though the mesiobuccal root may have 2 canals.
This document provides an overview of the permanent maxillary canine tooth, including its development, morphology, and anatomical features. It notes that the canine develops from 4 lobes with 1 lingual lobe and 3 labial lobes. On average, its crown is 10mm long and root is 17mm long. Descriptions are provided of the labial, lingual, mesial, distal, and incisal aspects of the crown and root. Key features include a pointed cusp, prominent cingulum, and asymmetrical cervical line. The canine plays an intermediate role between incisors and premolars in tearing food during mastication.
1. The maxillary second premolar has a trapezoid shape with the smallest side at the cervical line and the larger side at the occlusal outline.
2. The mesial outline is slightly convex from the cervix to where it joins the mesial slope of the buccal cusp, while the distal outline is more convex.
3. Both the first and second maxillary premolars have a buccal ridge that is a well-developed middle labial lobe and shallow depressions on either side of the ridge.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
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Article: https://pecb.com/article
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Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
9. PremolarsPremolars
There are four maxillary and four
mandibular premolars.
4 & 4 contact:
3 & 3 mesially and
5 & 5 distally
5 & 5 contact:
4 & 4 mesially and
6 & 6 distally.
Relations:Relations:
10. General Features of PremolarsGeneral Features of Premolars
They areThey are transitionaltransitional teethteeth
located between the caninelocated between the canine
and molar teeth.and molar teeth.
By definition:By definition: PremolarsPremolars
are permanent teeth distalare permanent teeth distal
to the canines, andto the canines, and
successors to deciduoussuccessors to deciduous
molars.molars.
There are two premolarsThere are two premolars
per quadrant and areper quadrant and are
identified as first andidentified as first and
second premolars.second premolars.
11. They have usually twoThey have usually two
cusps(bicuspid) :cusps(bicuspid) :
One large buccal cusp,One large buccal cusp,
Smaller lingual cuspSmaller lingual cusp
The lower secondThe lower second
premolar may-premolar may-
sometimes- have twosometimes- have two
lingual cusps.lingual cusps.
General Features of PremolarsGeneral Features of Premolars
12. MAXILLARY FIRST PREMOLARMAXILLARY FIRST PREMOLAR
ChronologyChronology::
•Enamel organ appearance: 7 mIU.
•Beginning of calcification: 1½-1¾y
•Crown completed: 5 – 6y
•Eruption: 10 – 11y
•Root completed: 12 – 13y
Number of lobes: four lobesNumber of lobes: four lobes::
• Three buccallyThree buccally
• One linguallyOne lingually
14. Geometric Outline of the CrownGeometric Outline of the Crown
The smallest of the
uneven sides
cervically.
Facial and lingual aspects haveFacial and lingual aspects have
trapezoid out line.trapezoid out line.
15. Buccal AspectBuccal Aspect Outlines:
•Mesial and distal outlines: are
nearly concave and both
become convex at cont. areas.
•Mesial and distal cusp slopes:
are also slightly concave
Contact areas:
Mesially: at the middle third(broad)
Distally: Little more cervically
than the mesial one(broader)
M. slope > D. slope(sometimes convex)
Bucc. cusp pointed, long
and the tip is slightly
distal to the vertical axis
Cervical line:
convex rootwise.
MD
16. Surface Anatomy of the CrownSurface Anatomy of the Crown
•The surface is convex with
maximum convexity at cerv. 1/3
representing cervical ridge
Elevations:
Depressions:
Shallow depressions are
present mesial and distal to
the buccal ridge.
The middle lobe is prominent
buccally forming bUCCAL ridge.
Buccal AspectBuccal Aspect
17. .
Outline and Surface AnatomyOutline and Surface Anatomy
of the Rootof the Root
The surface of the root is
convex and smooth
The M and D outlines of the root
taper to a pointed apex curved
distally.
If two roots:
The buccal root hides the
lingual root as it is shorter and
narrower than the buccal root.
Buccal AspectBuccal Aspect
MD
18. • The surface is convex with maximum
convexity at the middle 1/3.
• The root is convex.
Outlines:
• M and D outlines are convex
• The L. cusp is shorter by 1 mm
but sharper than the B cusp
• The D slope of L cusp is longer
than M slope
M D
Cervical line: is convex rootwise.
Surface Anatomy :Surface Anatomy :
Lingual AspectLingual Aspect•Lingual convergence:
Ling.s. is narrower than buccal s.
19. The M and D outlines of the
root taper to a pointed apex
that curves distally.
If two roots:
The lingual root appears shorter
and narrower than the buccal root.
Lingual AspectLingual Aspect
Outline and Surface AnatomyOutline and Surface Anatomy
of the Rootof the Root
M D
If one root:
The ling. Surface is convex and narrower
MD than the buccal portion.
20. Proximal AspectsProximal Aspects
Mesial aspect Distal aspectProximalProximal
aspects haveaspects have
trapezoid outtrapezoid out
line.line.
The smallest of
the uneven
sides
occlusally.
21. Lingual outline: convex with maximum convexity
at middle 1/3
Cervical line: curves occlusally and less curved distally
Outlines of Proximal AspectsOutlines of Proximal Aspects
Buccal outline :
Convex with maximum convexity at cervical 1/3
representing cervical ridge.
MesialMesial
aspectaspect
DistalDistal
aspectaspect
22. Occlusal outline:
Bucc. cusp is longer than Ling. cusp by 1mm.
Bucc. cusp tip is below the center of Bucc root.
Ling. cusp tip is on line with Ling. border of the
ling. root.
MMR concave, at the junction of occ. & middle
thirds.
DMR more cervical.
MesialMesial
aspectaspect
DistalDistal
aspectaspect
23. Surface AnatomySurface Anatomy
ofof
ProximalProximal
AspectsAspects
Contact areas:
MesialMesial
AspectAspect
DistalDistal
AspectAspect
At the middle 1/3,
bucc. to midline
More cervically positioned &
more buccally.
•Mesial marginal
developmental groove
crossing MMR and located
lingual to the contact area.
Smooth and convex surface
except for a small flat area
cervical to contact area(no
canine fossa or develop.
groove crossing the DMR) .•Mesial Developmental
depression in the crown
& continues on the root
(canine fossa).
Cervical line
curvature:
Curves occlusally Less curved
24. In case of two roots (more common).
MesialMesial
AspectAspect
DistalDistal
AspectAspect
Root trunk about half the
root length.
Root trunk is longer as
bifurcation is near apical 1/3
Surface is smooth and convex
except deep developmental
depression below bifurcation
that continue with the mesial
dep. on the crown.
Surface is smooth and
convex except shallow
devlop. depr. on the root
trunk
Outline and Surface AnatomyOutline and Surface Anatomy
of the Rootof the Root
25. In case of one root
(less common)
The B and L outlines tapere to a
blunt apex in line with the center of
the crown.
The surface is smooth and
convex except for a shallow
depression in the center that is
deeper mesially than distally.
26. OcclusalOcclusal
AspectAspect
Hexagonal
2 equal buccal sides (MB, DB)
M side shorter than D side.
ML side shorter than DL side.
Thickness(BL) is greater than
width(MD).
The crown is wider buccally than
lingually, due to lingual
convergence of the crown
MD
Geometric outlineGeometric outline
27. Surface anatomySurface anatomy
Elevations:
Bucc. triangular ridge.
Ling. triangular ridge.
M & D marginal ridges
Depressions:
Central developmental groove
M and D triangular fossae.
M marginal developmental groove
OcclusalOcclusal
AspectAspect
MD
36. Geometric Shape ofGeometric Shape of
the Crownthe Crown
Facial & LingualFacial & Lingual
AspectsAspects
The smallest of
the uneven sides
cervically.
Trapezoid shapeTrapezoid shape..
Comparison betweenComparison between
Maxillary First and Second PremolarsMaxillary First and Second Premolars
37. Buccal AspectsBuccal Aspects
MD D M
• B cusp is short and not pointed
• Shorter M slope than D
•Mesial contact : in the occ.1/3
while distally more cervically.
•Cervical line less curved.
• B cusp is long and pointed
• Longer M slope than D
•Mesial contact: in the middle1/3
while distally more cervical.
• Cervical line curved rootwise.
Maxillary First Premolar Maxillary Second Premolar
38. Maxillary First Premolar Maxillary Second Premolar
Buccal AspectsBuccal Aspects
Prominent B ridge Less prominent B ridge
Narrow cervical portion. Wider cervical portion.
Short root. Longer root.
39. Maxillary First Premolar Maxillary Second Premolar
Lingual AspectsLingual Aspects
• The L and B
cusps are nearly of
same height.
• Rarely has 2 roots
•In case of two roots
the L root is shorter &
its apex more blunt.
•The L cusp is
shorter by 1 mm
than the B cusp.
• 60% has 2 roots with
• L root is shorter
than B root and its
apex is pointed.
40. Mesial and DistalMesial and Distal
AspectsAspects
Trapezoid in shape
Smallest of the
uneven sides:
occlusaly
4 5 Geometric Shape ofGeometric Shape of
the Crownthe Crown
BL
41. Maxillary First Premolar Maxillary Second Premolar
Mesial AspectsMesial Aspects
• B cusp is longer than L
cusp by 1mm
•The occlusal table is wide.
•Mesial marginal dev.
groove in crown & deep
canine fossa extending
on root surface.
•The cusps are shorter &
nearly at the same level.
•The crown surface is
smooth & convex. The
root has shallow dev. dep.
•The occlusal table is narrow
42. Maxillary First Premolar Maxillary Second Premolar
Mesial AspectsMesial Aspects
At the occlusal third (OC
dimension) and slightly
buccal to midline (BL
dimension)
MMR positioned more
occlusal.
Contact area:
At the middle third (OC
dimension) and slightly
buccal to midline (BL
dimension)
MMR at the junction of
M1/3 &Occ1/3
43. DMR more cervical than MMR
CA cervically positioned and
more buccally than MCA.
Smooth and convex surface.
DMR more cervical than MMR
CA cervically positioned and
more buccally than MCA.
Smooth and convex surface
except for a small flat area
cervical to contact area.
Maxillary First Premolar Maxillary Second Premolar
Distal AspectsDistal Aspects
44. Distal AspectsDistal Aspects
Maxillary First Premolar Maxillary Second Premolar
Root trunk is long as the
bifurcation is near
apical 1/3
Surface is smooth and
convex except shallower
DD on the root trunk
than mesially.
One root and if 2 the
bifurcation will be
more apically.
Surface is smooth and
convex except deeper
DD in the middle of
the root than mesially.
45. Maxillary First Premolar Maxillary Second Premolar
Occlusal AspectOcclusal Aspect
hexagonal oval(less angular(
B & L triangular ridges.
Thin M & D marginal
ridges
B & L triangular ridges.
Thicker M & D marginal
ridges
46. Maxillary First Premolar Maxillary Second Premolar
Occlusal AspectOcclusal Aspect
Shorter Central dev gr.
Not present. Multiple
supplemental grooves
M and D fossae.
Long Central dev.gr.
M and D fossae.
M marginal dev. groove
Thin marginal ridges Thick marginal ridges
48. PULP CAVITYPULP CAVITY
of maxillary second premolarof maxillary second premolar
MD section BL section
Narrow(MD) Wide(BL)
Root canals:
2 root canals
one B & one L
Oval or kidney
Cervical cross sec.
Dentin island
Buccal horn
)longer(
Lingual
horn
53. MANDIBULAR FIRST PREMOLARMANDIBULAR FIRST PREMOLAR
ChronologyChronology::
•Enamel organ appearance: 7 miu.
•Beginning of calcification: 1 ¾ - 2y
•Crown completed: 5 – 6y
•Eruption: 10 – 12y
•Root completed: 12 – 13y
54. Mandibular First PremolarMandibular First Premolar
BuccalBuccal LingualLingual MesialMesial
OcclusalOcclusal
DistalDistal
No. of rootsNo. of roots
One rootOne root
55. Geometric Outline of the CrownGeometric Outline of the Crown
Facial and lingual aspects haveFacial and lingual aspects have
trapezoid out line.trapezoid out line.
The smallest of the
uneven sides
cervically.
56. Contact areas:
•Mesially and Distally: are nearly
at the same level, just occlusal to
the middle of the crown.
Cervical line:
•convex root wise.
M
Bucc. cusp
pointed
and long
Buccal AspectBuccal Aspect Outlines:
•Mesial and distal outlines:
are nearly concave
•Mesial(shorter) and distal cusp
slopes: are also slightly concave
D
57. Surface anatomy of the crownSurface anatomy of the crown
Elevations:
Depressions:
•The middle lobe is convex
buccally forming prominent
BUCCAL ridge.
Buccal AspectBuccal Aspect
•The surface is convex with
maximum convexity at C 1/3
representing cervical ridge
Shallow depressions are
present mesial and distal to
the buccal ridge.
58. The surface of the
root is convex and
smooth.
The M and D outline of
the root tapered to a
pointed apex that curved
distally(similar to canine
but slightly shorter).
Buccal AspectBuccal Aspect
Outline and Surface AnatomyOutline and Surface Anatomy
of the Rootof the Root
59. Outlines:
•M and D outlines are convex
Cervical line: is convex rootwise.
Elevations: The lingual surface is convex
with maximum convexity at middle 1/3
•The L cusp is short and small
reaching 2/3 of the length of
the B. cusp(has a pointed tip).
Depessions: ML developmental groove separating
the MM ridge from the M slope of the L cusp.
Lingual AspectLingual AspectLingual convergence:
Ling. s. is narrower than buc. s.
Surface Anatomy :Surface Anatomy :
MD
60. Lingual AspectLingual Aspect
MD
•Much of the occlusal and
proximal surfaces can be seen
from this aspect.
•The root is much narrower
than on the buccal surface. It
tapers from the cervix to a
pointed apex.
61. Proximal aspects haveProximal aspects have
rhomboid shaperhomboid shape Mesial Distal
With narrow
occlusal table
Prominent lingual inclination
(much more than any other premolar)
Proximal AspectsProximal Aspects
62. Lingual outline is less convex with maximum
convexity at the center of the crown length.
Cervical line convex occl. and less curved distally
Outlines of proximal aspectsOutlines of proximal aspects
Buccal outline is convex with maximum convexity at
the junction of mid. and cerv. 1/3 )cervical ridge(.
MesialMesial
AspectAspect
DistalDistal
AspectAspect
63. Occlusal margin:
The two cusps are not on the same level
The lingual cusp is shorter by 1/3 length of crown
The B cusp tip centered over the root. This is due
to the prominent lingual inclination.
The L cusp tip in line with lingual border of the root.
MesialMesial
AspectAspect
DistalDistal
AspectAspect
64. DMR is longer, straight
and at right angle to
the axis of the tooth.
(The only post. tooth in
which this is true).
MMR inclined sharply
from B to L
surface // to ridge
of B cusp
MesialMesial
AspectAspect
DistalDistal
AspectAspect
DMR is occlusal than
MMR
MMR is cervical than
DMR
65. M & D surfaces are smooth & convex except for
the ML groove.
Mesio-ling. dev.gr.Mesio-ling. dev.gr.
Passes over the MM
ridge(extension of M
groove on the occl. surf.
Contact areas:
Proximal surface anatomyProximal surface anatomy
nearly at same level
Contact area is
broader, more lingually
situated than the mesial
one.
MesialMesial
AspectAspect
DistalDistal
AspectAspect
66. Outline of the RootOutline of the Root
B & L outlines are nearly straight cervically
then taper apically to a pointed apex.
The surface is more convex
with a shallow dev. depres.
centered on the root
The surface is smooth & flat
with a deep dev. groove in
the mid.& apical 1/3
MesialMesial
AspectAspect
DistalDistal
AspectAspect
Occasionally the apical 1/3
may be divided into a B. & L.
roots by a deep dev. groove
67. It is diamond-shaped.
Lingual convergence is sharp.
Mesial outline is slightly curved.
Distal outline is more convex.
Occlusal AspectOcclusal Aspect
The B cusp is much larger than the L cusp.
M D
68. Surface anatomy of occlusal aspect:Surface anatomy of occlusal aspect:
Elevations:
B triangular ridge(long).
L triangular ridge(short).
M & D marginal ridges(well
marked).
Transverse ridge (formed by
union of 2 triang. ridges).
69. Depressions:
Central dev. groove
crossing the transv. ridge.
M(oval) and D(circular)
fossae.
Mesio-lingual develop. groove – extension of
M groove on the occ. surface.
Each fossa has a dev. pit
(called snake eyes)
M D
..
70. PULP CAVITYPULP CAVITY
Buccal p. horn: more
pronounced than the
lingual.
Cross sec. at the cervix:
rounded or oval
BLMD
Usually have a single RC
Resemble that of
The lower canine
73. MANDIBULAR SECOND PREMOLARMANDIBULAR SECOND PREMOLAR
ChronologyChronology::
•Enamel organ appearance: 8 miu.
•Beginning of calcification: 2 ¼ - 2 ½ y
•Crown completed: 6 – 7y
•Eruption: 11 – 12y
•Root completed: 13 – 15y
74. Mandibular Second PremolarMandibular Second Premolar::
Two Cusp TypeTwo Cusp Type
BuccalBuccal LingualLingual MesialMesial
occlusalocclusal
DistalDistal
No. of rootsNo. of roots
One rootOne root
76. the 2 types (2&3) differ mainlythe 2 types (2&3) differ mainly
from the OCCLUSAL ASPECT.from the OCCLUSAL ASPECT.
The outlines & generalThe outlines & general
appearance from all othe aspectsappearance from all othe aspects
are SIMILAR.are SIMILAR.
77. Geometric outline of the crownGeometric outline of the crown
Facial and lingual aspects haveFacial and lingual aspects have
trapezoid shapetrapezoid shape
But widerBut wider
cervicallycervically
than 4.than 4.
Comparison BetweenComparison Between
Mandibular First and Second PremolarsMandibular First and Second Premolars
78. Facial Outlines and surface anatomyFacial Outlines and surface anatomy
Crown is smaller & B
cusp is longer &
pointed
Prominent B ridge Less prominent B ridge
Crown is larger & B cusp
is shorter and less
pointed
Root: Shorter, narrower
with pointed apex
Root: longer, broader,
with blunt apex
Mandibular First Premolar Mandibular Second Premolar
79. Lingual outline and surface anatomyLingual outline and surface anatomy
The lingual surface is convex
with maximum convexity in
middle 1/3(center of crown)
The L cusp is short and small
reaching 2/3 the crown length
and has a pointed tip.
ML developmental groove at
the ML line angle.
Two cusp
type
L cusp is shorter and
smaller than B cusp but
larger than of 4
The surface is convex
with maximum convexity
in Occ.1/3.
No MLDG
Mandibular First Premolar Mandibular Second Premolar
Ling. s. not so
narrow as in 1st
premolar
MD D M
80. Three cusp type:Three cusp type:
ML cusp is longer and larger than
DL cusp. They both shorter than
B cusp and less pointed.
DM
The surface convex with
maximum convexity at occ.1/3.
The L developmental groove
between the 2 ling. cusps
No ling. convergency.
81. Proximal outlines
Rhomboid in shape with
narrow occlusal table.
Prominent lingual
inclination
Rhomboid in shape with
narrow occlusal table.
Lingual inclination
less prominent
Mandibular First Premolar Mandibular Second Premolar
The crown is wider BLThe crown is narrower BL
82. Maximum convexity at M1/3 Maximum convexity at O 1/3
B cusp tip on line buccal to the
root axis.
The mesial and distal
marginal ridges are straight
L cusp is shorter and smaller
than B cusp but larger than
that of 4
The B cusp centered over
the root.
The L cusp is short and
small reaching 2/3 the
crown length
The mesial MR is oblique
while distally is straight
Mandibular First Premolar Mandibular Second Premolar
The root is
wider BL
83. Three CuspThree Cusp
Type ofType of
MandibularMandibular
SecondSecond
PremolarPremolar
ML cusp is shorter than
the B cusp & longer and
larger than DL cusp.
DL cusp is shorter and
smaller than ML cusp. Both
are seen from this aspect.
Both lingual cusps are shorter than the buccal cusp
and less pointed
MesialMesial
AspectAspect
DistalDistal
AspectAspect
Develop.
depression
Cerv. line: slightly curved. Cerv. line: nearly straight.
84. Occlusal AspectOcclusal Aspect
Two cusp type
Diamond-shaped.
Lingual
convergence is
sharp.
The outline is round
Slight lingual convergence
Three cusp type
The
outline is
square
Mandibular First Premolar Mandibular Second Premolar
U- shaped H - shaped
M D
The 3 cusps are
well developed
M D
85. Surface Anatomy of Occlusal Aspect:
Elevations:
B & L triang. ridges
form a transv. ridge.
M & D marginal ridges
Lower 5
Two cusp type
Lower 4
86. Depressions:
Shallow central devel. groove
M(oval) and D(round) fossae.
Mesiolingual devel. gr.
Central devel. groove extending
MD across the occ. surface,
over the transv. ridge.
M and D fossae: Circular.
The D fossa is larger than
the M one
Lower 5
Two cusp type
Lower 4
. .
M D
M D
87. Elevations & Depressions
Each cusp has triang. ridge
that converge toward a
central fossa, which has
cent. pit.
M & D marginal ridges are well marked.
No central devel. gr. or transv. ridgeNo central devel. gr. or transv. ridge
Three cusp typeLower 5
Three devel. gr.(M,D, & L) radiate
from the cent. Pit : Y-shaped.
The D triang. fossa is smaller than the M one.
M D