2. Lesson Objectives (a) State the functions of blood (b) List the different ABO blood groups & all possible combinations for the donor& recipient in blood transfusions. (c) Identify the main blood vessels to & from the heart, lungs, liver & kidney. (d) Relate the structure of arteries, veins & capillaries to their functions. (e) Describe the transfer of materials between capillaries & tissue fluid. (f) Describe the structure& function of the heart in terms of muscular contraction and the working of valves. (f) Outline the cardiac cycle in terms of what happens during systole and diastole. (Histology of the heart muscle, names of nerves and transmitter substances are not required). (h) Describe coronary heart disease in terms of the occlusion of coronary arteries and list the possible causes, such as diet, stress and smoking, stating the possible preventative measures. 2
10. Are monkeys (our closest relative) blood cells the same as ours? 10
11. Animals and bacteria have cell surface antigens referred to as a blood type Antigens from the human ABO blood group system are also found in apes such as chimpanzees, bonobos and gorillas. 11
17. Task: Create a flowchart of components of transport in mammals Pair work Blank papers provided Write your name, class, date Write Title: I used to think… 17
18. Q. What kind of transport systems have mammals developed? 18
30. A.3 How does plasma look like? Straw coloured liquid 90% water 30
31. A.4 What are the functions of plasma? Water Solvent for transporting substances Maintain constant body temperature Proteins Fibrinogen, prothrombin Involved in blood clotting Hormones Transported from endocrine glands to target organs 31
32. A.4 What are the functions of plasma? (II) Urea Metabolic waste Transported from liver to kidney for excretion Carbon dioxide From all tissues to lungs Present as bicarbonate ions Dissolved nutrients From small intestine to all tissues 32
34. A.5 How does a red blood cell / erythrocyte look like? 34
35. A.5 What is the function of red blood cells? Contains haemoglobin (Hb) that transports oxygen Haemoglobin (purplish red) + Oxygen Lungs Tissue Oxyhaemoglobin (bright red) (unstable compound) 35
36. A.5 How are RBC adapted for their function? 36
39. A.5. What are some characteristics of RBC? Life span ~ 120 days Once dead, broken down in spleen and liver Replacement rate ~ 2 500 000 RBC / s 39
40. A.5 Think about this . . . . Male ~ 5.4 million RBC per mm3 of blood Female ~ 4.8 million RBC per mm3 of blood Why does an average male have more RBC per mm3 of blood? 40
54. A.7 What is the function of platelets? Involved in the formation of blood clots Form a temporary plug at cut or wound Prevent excessive loss of blood Prevent entry of bacteria 54
55. A.7 How are blood clots formed? Damaged tissues release thrombokinase Thrombokinase + Calcium ions Prothrombin Thrombin Thrombin + Vitamin K Insoluble fibrin threads Fibrinogen 55
56. Think about this . . . . Why doesn’t the blood in your body clot even though platelets are present? 56
57. A.7 Why doesn’t the blood in your body clot even though platelets are present? Heparin – an anticoagulant Produced in liver Present in undamaged cells 57
58. A.7 Think about this . . . A leech feeds on blood of other animals without causing blood clots. Why? 58
59. A.7 What is leech therapy? What is leech therapy? 59
60. A.7 Think about this . . . . In the case of organ transplants, it is very important that the recipient’s body accepts the donor’s organ. How do doctors reduce the risk of tissue rejection during organ transplants? 60
61. A.7 Think about this . . . . In Singapore, TV actress Andrea de Cruz narrowly escaped death after taking diet pills called Slim 10. She underwent an emergency liver transplant in May 2002, after her boyfriend, actor Pierre Png, donated half his own liver. Is it possible to have successful organ transplants even though the donor and recipient may not be genetically related? 61
71. . Blood transfusions Who can receive blood from whom? Can receive blood from Can give blood to Antibodies Antigens Blood group A and O A and AB b A A B and O B and AB a B B AB, A, B, O AB none A and B AB O AB, A, B, O a and b none O 71
77. Q. What are Blood vessels? System of tubes through which blood flows in the body Three types of blood vessels : Arteries Capillaries Veins Total length of blood vessels 160 000 km 77
90. Capillary Where exchange of materials take place between blood and tissues/cells Branch repeatedly and found between cells of almost all tissues (why?) Consists if a thin layer of flattened (why?) endothelial cells which are selectively permeable 90
95. E. Transfer of materials between capillaries and fluid 95
96. Q. What is the relationship between capillaries, cells and lymph vessels? Capillaries contain blood Spaces between cells contain tissue fluid Lymph vessels contain lymph 96
97. NOT IN NOTES-Describe the transfer of substances between capillaries and tissue fluid Read TB pages 164-165 Questions to discuss What is interstitial fluid? How is tissue fluid formed? Why is the interstitial fluid needed? What is carried at the arterial end of the capillary? What does the venous end of the capillary contain? Look at the picture given. What is the difference between the net pressure at the arterial and venous end? Why is this important? 97
98. Q. What are the differences between blood plasma, tissue fluid and lymph Blood plasma Appearance : Straw coloured liquid Location : Liquid part of blood in blood vessels Composition : Plasma, plasma proteins 98
99. Q. What are the differences between blood plasma, tissue fluid and lymph Tissue fluid Appearance : Colourless, watery liquid Location : Surrounds all cells of body and fills the spaces between them Composition : Same as blood plasma but no plasma proteins 99
100. Q. What are the differences between blood plasma, tissue fluid and lymph Lymph Appearance : Colourless, watery liquid Location : Lymphatic capillaries Composition : More waste products and lessfood substances than tissue fluid 100
103. Lesson Objectives (f) Describe the structure& function of the heart in terms of muscular contraction and the working of valves. (g) Outline the cardiac cycle in terms of what happens during systole and diastole. (Histology of the heart muscle, names of nerves and transmitter substances are not required). (h) Describe coronary heart disease in terms of the occlusion of coronary arteries and list the possible causes, such as diet, stress and smoking, stating the possible preventative measures. 103
104. Q. What is the function of the heart? Pumps oxygenated blood to all parts of the body 104
114. F.3 Flow of blood in the heart Left side of the heart Right side of the heart Lungs Organ All parts of the body Pulmonary vein Blood vessel Superior and Inferior Vena Cava Left atrium Chamber Right atrium Bicuspid valve Valve Tricuspid valve Left ventricle Chamber Right ventricle Semilunar valve Valve Semilunar valve Aorta Blood vessel Pulmonary artery All parts of the body Organ Lungs 114
115. Q. In one complete circulation, how many times does blood pass through the heart? Pulmonary circulation Blood circulation to and from the lungs Systemic circulation Blood circulation to and from all other parts of the body DOUBLE CIRCULATION in birds and mammals 115
116. 3) Oxygenated blood at low pressure 2) Deoxygenated blood at high pressure Pulomonary Circulation 4) Oxygenated blood at high pressure 1) Deoxygenated blood at low pressure Systemic Circulation 116
117. F.4 What is the function of the atria? Right atrium Receives deoxygenated blood from the vena cava Left atrium Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary vein 117
118. F.4 What is the function of the ventricles? Right ventricle Pumps blood to the lungs via pulmonary artery Left ventricle Pumps blood to all parts of the body (except the lungs) via the aorta 118
119. Why is there a need for this difference? Q. How do the atria walls differ from ventricle walls? 119
120. F.4 What is the function of the vena cava? Superior vena cava Returns deoxygenated blood from the head and upper limbs to the heart Inferior vena cava Returns deoxygenated blood from the lower limbs and organs to the heart 120
121. F.4 What is the function of the pulmonary artery/vein? Pulmonary artery Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs Pulmonary vein Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart 121
122. F.4 What is the function of the aorta? Aorta Carries oxygenated blood to all parts of the body except the lungs 122
123. F.5 What is the function of the atrioventricular valves? Tricuspid valve (Right) Prevents backflow of blood to the right atrium when the right ventriclecontracts Bicuspid valve (Left) Prevents backflow of blood to the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts 123
124. F.5 What is the function of the semilunar valves? Pulmonary valve Prevent backflow of blood from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle when the right ventricle relaxes Aortic valve Prevent backflow of oxygenated blood from the aorta into the left ventricle when the left ventricle relaxes 124
129. Q. Have you heard of “tugging at one’s heart strings”? Chordae tendineae Attached to walls of ventricles Prevent flaps of valve from being flapping back into the atrium when ventricles contract 129
130. F.6 How does the chordae tendineaelook like? 130
145. F.1 What causes heart sounds? Opening and closing of valves ‘Lub’ Sound Closing of bicuspid and tricuspid valves ‘Dub’ Sound Closing of semilunar valves 139
146. F.2 What happens when your valves don’t function properly? Heart murmurs 140
148. Q. What is blood pressure? Force that blood exerts on walls of blood vessels as a result of the contraction and relaxation of the heart Highest in the aorta, lowest in the veins Higher during ventricular contraction and lower during relaxation 142
149. Q. How is blood pressure measured? Measured using a sphygmomanometer Reading 120/80 (120-systole, 80-diastole) 143
150. Q. What happens if a person has high blood pressure? Pressures above 140/90 Causes the walls of the arterioles to thicken, narrowing the lumen and reducing supply of oxygen to the tissues Higher risk of arteriole ballooning out and possibly bursting 144
151. Blood pressure graph Capillaries Venules Small veins Large veins Vena cava Large veins Small veins Vena cava Capillaries Venules Arterioles Small arteries Small arteries Large arteries Arterioles Aorta Large arteries Aorta 145
160. Ventricular Systole occurs & resulting in 2 events:At Point 1: Tricuspid & Biscuspid closes (2) At Point 2: Semi-lunar valves open 148
161. Point 1 & 2 To allow blood flow into aorta & pulmonary artery Tri/Biscuspid closes Aortic semi-lunar valves open To prevent backflow from ventricle back into atrium
171. 2. Aortic semi-lunar valves open 1. To prevent backflow from ventricle back into atrium 3. Aortic SL valves close 2. To allow blood flow into aorta & pulmonary artery 4. Bicuspid valves open 1. Tri/Biscuspidcloses 152
181. Lesson Objectives (a) State the functions of blood (b) List the different ABO blood groups & all possible combinations for the donor& recipient in blood transfusions. (c) Identify the main blood vessels to & from the heart, lungs, liver & kidney. (d) Relate the structure of arteries, veins & capillaries to their functions. (e) Describe the transfer of materials between capillaries & tissue fluid. (f) Describe the structure& function of the heart in terms of muscular contraction and the working of valves. (f) Outline the cardiac cycle in terms of what happens during systole and diastole. (Histology of the heart muscle, names of nerves and transmitter substances are not required). (h) Describe coronary heart disease in terms of the occlusion of coronary arteries and list the possible causes, such as diet, stress and smoking, stating the possible preventative measures. 161
182. TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN MAMMALS consists of Lymphatic System Blood Circulatory System consists of Blood Blood vessels Failure/ malfuction Arteries Venules Capillaries Arterioles Veins Heart Heart diseases is divided into chambers join up to form branch into branch into join up to form Consists of: • Red blood cells • White blood cells • Platelets • Plasma Ventricles Atria right left right left Circulates from: • Heart to lungs and back (pulmonary circulation) • Heart to the rest of the body and back (systemic circulation) pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body receives deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body receives oxygenated blood from the lungs 162
183. Mechanism of Blood Clotting The clotting process can be summarised in the three reactions shown below: produce Damaged tissue and platelets Thrombokinase (enzyme) 1 Thrombin (active) thrombokinase and calcium ions Prothrombin (inactive) 2 thrombin Insoluble fibrin threads form a mesh to trap blood cells Fibrinogen 3