10th and 9th icse

1. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
CHAPTER NO.7
10TH ICSE

2. INTRODUCTION
• In all organisms there are fluids which
circulate throughout the body
• These fluids transport substances to
various parts of body and collect
substances from various parts of body.
• These are the body fluids

3. NEED FOR TRANSPORT INSIDE THE BODY
• The digestive system digests and absorbs
nutrients which have to be transported to
every cell of the body
• Respiratory system takes in air containing
O2 which goes to the lungs from there O2
has to be transported to every body cell
and the CO2 from every body cell has to
be transported to the lungs so that it can
be given out during expiration.
• All the extra water , excess salts and urea
have to be transported from different parts
of body to the excretory system so that

4. • Hormones secreted by endocrine glands have
to be transported throughout the body to act
wherever they are required
All such transportation is carried out by 2
circulating fluids
a)Blood b)Lymph

5. BLOOD
• Colour – bright red or dark red
• Volume – An average adult person has 5-6
litres of blood
• Taste – salty since it is alkaline it has a pH
of 7.3-7.45
• Study of blood is haematology

6. COMPOSITIONOFBLOOD
PLASMA (55%) BLOOD CELLS
(45%)
Red blood cells
(Erythrocytes)
White blood cells
(Leucocytes)
Platelets
(thrombocytes)

7. PLASMA
• It s light yellow in colour slightly alkaline
• It contains
a)Water - 90-92%
b) Proteins – 7-8%
c) Inorganic salts (NaCl,NaHCO3)- 1%
d) Other substances (Glucose , a.a , fibrinogen
, urea , hormones etc) –Traces
Serum is Plasma - Fibrinogen

8. BLOOD CELLS
A) R.B.CS
• Round-Biconcave in shape because of the
shape they can easily pass through
capillaries
• They are oxygen carriers and are also called
erythrocytes
• Size is small hence large surface area so
they can absorb oxygen efficiently (7
micron in diameter)
• Adult human male-5 million RBC per cubic
mm of blood and Adult human Female – 4.5
million RBCS

9. Oxygen + Haemoglobin Oxyhaemoglobin
Carbon dioxide + Haemoglobin
Carbaminohaemoglobin
• Haemoglobin has a strong affinity for
carbon monoxide
Hb+CO HbCO (Carboxyhaemoglobin)
This property of Hb results in CO poisoning
• RBCs do not have nucleus , E.R ,
Mitochondria and makes them more
efficient in transporting oxygen i.e Because
they do not have nucleus their surface area
increases , Because of no mitochondria O2
is not used up , Because of no E.R they do
not use up glucose in blood plasma.

10. • Erythrocytopenia - Decrease in no. of RBCs
B) WBCs (White blood cells)
• Formation of wbc is called leucopoiesis
• They are also called as leukocytes and
shape is amoeboid. (4000-8000 PER
CUBIC MM)
• Diapedesis-WBCs can squeeze out through
the capillaries because of their shape

11. TYPES OF
WBCs
Granulocytes
Acidoph
ils
2-3%
Basoph
ils
0-4%
Agranulocytes
Lymphocyt
es
30%
Neutrop
hils
62%
Monocy
tes
5-3%

12. PRODUCE ANTIBODIES
Secrete antitoxins
Engulf bacteria
Associated with
allergy
Release
chemicals like
histamine for
inflammation
which dilate blood
vessels
Release heparin
an anticoagulant

13. The average life span of wbcs is 2 weeks .
Leucopenia is abnormal decrease in no. of
wbcs
Leucocytosis is increase in no. of wbcs
Abnormal increase in WBC i.e about 50000
or more indicates infection in body

15. FUNCTIONS OF W.B.CS
1) INFLAMMATION

16. 2) PHAGOCYTOSIS

17. 3)FORMATION OF ANTIBODIES

18. 3)PLATELETS
They are formed from megakaryocytes
2 lac -4lac per cubic mm of blood in adults
Life span is 3-5 days
They help in process of clotting of blood
Formation is thrombopoiesis
Increase-thrombocytosis,decrease-
thrombocytopenia

19. PROCESS OF BLOOD CLOTTING
Thromboplastin or thrombokinase or
prothrombin activator or factor X or
stuart factor
+ Calcium ions
soluble
Insoluble

20. After trapping mesh shrinks
and squeezes the
remaining plasma which is
now serum and solid mass
left behind is clot or
thrombus

21. DEFIBRINATED BLOOD

22. BLOOD BLISTER

23. VITAMIN K IN BLOOD CLOTTING

25. RH FACTOR DURING PREGNANCY

28. TRANSPORTATIONINHUMANBEINGS
The process of transportation is called as
circulation
3 distinct components
Blood - fluid circulates in our body and carries
out the function of transport of various
materials in our body
Blood vessels- tubes that help the blood to
circulate.
Heart - pumping organ that circulates the

29. HEART-THEINVOLUNTARYPUMP
Muscular organ
Pericardial membrane
Weight-360 gms 12cm in length and 9cm in
breadth.
Thoracic cavity between the lungs in a space
called mediastinum
Pericardium –fibrous and serous
Serous-parietal layer and visceral layer
Pericardial fluid
Heart wall-it has 3 layers
Epicardium , myocardium , endocardium

30. Vertical septum divides heart into right and
left compartments
4 chambers- upper ones are atria and lower
ones are ventricles thus rt.atrium and
lt.atrium ,rt.ventricle and lt. ventricle
 The heart has different chambers to prevent
the oxygen-rich blood(oxygenated blood)
from mixing with the blood containing carbon
dioxide (Deoxygenated blood).

31. The carbon dioxide-rich blood has to reach the
lungs for the carbon dioxide to be removed,
and the oxygenated blood from the lungs has
to be brought back to the heart. This oxygen-
rich blood is then pumped to the rest of the
body.
Right side of heart-oxygenated blood and left
side-Deoxygenated blood this kind of
separation of blood makes the oxygen supply
to the entire body highly efficient.
Valves are present between atria and
ventricles to prevent backflow of blood.
Blood vessels- Veins carry blood towards
heart from diff. parts of body and Arteries
carry blood away from heart
Venacava-large veins and Aorta-largest
artery.

32. Atria have thinner walls because they have to
receive blood and pump it to the next
ventricle.
At the base of aorta there are 2 coronary
arteries that supply heart muscles if there are
blockages in these arteries then it will lead to
heart attack (myocardial infarction)
Cardiac veins that collect blood from heart
walls and pour it to the right auricle.

33. VALVESIN THE HEART
There are 4 valves in the heart and they are
as follows:
a)Right atrioventricular valves/Tricuspid valve
Present at the opening of r.a to r.v and it has 3
flaps and it is held in position by chordae
tendinae which arises from muscular
projections of ventricle wall and is known as
papillary muscles
b)Left atrioventricular valves/Bicuspid/Mitral
valves-
Present at the opening of l.a to l.v. It has 2
flaps
c)Pulmonary semilunar valves- Present at the

34. The opening of inferior venacava is guarded by Eustachian valve
while the opening of coronary sinus is guarded by thebesian valve

35. CIRCULATIONOFBLOODWITHINTHEHEART
P.A
P.V
DOUBLE CIRCULATION

36. PULMONARY
CIRCULATION
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

37. CORONARY CIRCULATION
Cardiac muscles of heart receive
oxygenated blood through coronary
arteries . deoxygenated blood is collected
by coronary veins which join to form
coronary sinus which opens into right
atrium

39. CARDIAC CYCLE
The steps of heart beat includes :
a)Atrial Systole-0.15 sec
b)Ventricular systole- 0.30 sec
c)Joint diastole- 0.40 sec
Atrial Systole-
• Atria contract and blood enters the
ventricles
• Openings of pulmonary vein and venacava
close
• Tricuspid and bicuspid open and semilunar
valves at the roots of pulmonary artery and

40. Ventricular Systole
• Ventricles contract
• Tricuspid and Bicuspid valves close
• Semilunar valves open and blood enters
pulmonary artery and aorta
• Chordae tendinae hold the valves in position
preventing upturning due to pressure exerted
by contracting ventricles
Joint Diastole
• Both atria and ventricles relax
• Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood
from all parts of the body through venacava

41. • The left atrium receives oxygenated blood
from lungs through pulmonary veins

42. The sequence of events in a heart beat is called
as cardiac cycle.
THE HEART SOUNDS
LUBB-At the start of ventricular systole the atrio-
ventricular valves close and produce a sound
LUBB
DUP-At the beginning of ventricular diastole the
semilunar valves at the roots of aorta and
pulmonary artery get closed and produce a
sound called as DUP
The rate of heart beat is different among diff.
species and it is seen that larger the size of the
org. slower is the rate of heart beat or heart rate
because heart has to pump more volumes of

44. CONDUCTING SYSTEM OF
HEART
1)Sino-atrial node-wall of rt.atrium near venacava
2)Atrioventricular node-Wall of rt.atrium near coronary sinus
3)Bundle of his
4)RT. And Lt.Bundle fibres
5)Purkinje fibres-wall of ventricles

45. BLOOD PRESSURE
Force exerted by blood on the walls of the blood
vessels.
It is greater in arteries than in veins.
The Pressure of blood inside the artery during
ventricular systole (contraction) is called systolic
pressure.
Pressure in artery during ventricular diastole
(relaxation) is called diastolic pressure.
The normal systolic pressure -120mm Hg.
The normal diastolic pressure-80 mmHg.

46. BLOOD VESSELS
1)ARTERIES
Thick muscular walls
No valves
Elastic
Narrow lumen
Deeply situated in body
2)VEINS
Thin muscular walls
Wider lumen
Presence of valves
Superficially situated in body

47. 3)CAPILLARIES

49. The study of blood vessels is called
angiology
Heart beat is the rhythmic contraction and
relaxation of heart.
The heart beats 72 times per min.this is
called heart rate
PULSE it is the alternate expansion and
elastic recoil of the wall of artery during
ventricular systole
Tachycardia means fast heart rate
Bradycardia means slow heart rate

50. BLOOD RELATED DISORDERS
1)Hypertension-Rupture blood vessels of eyes
,kidneys,brain
2)Coronary artery disease (CAD)-atherosclerosis
(deposition of fatty substances in the lining of
arteries).It causes narrowing of coronary arteries so
blood flow to heart is reduced
3)Angina pectoris-It is chest pain because of
narrowing and hardening of coronary arteries.
heaviness and severe pain in the chest.It occurs
during exercise when heart demands more oxygen.
4)Heart failure-heart muscles become weak and
heart fails to pump effectively which results in heart
failure

51. MAIN BLOOD VESSELS
HEART :
1)Blood vessels entering heart
• Superior venacava (formed by union of
jugular vein and subclavian vein)
• Inferior venacava
• Pulmonary vein
2)Blood vessels leaving heart
• Pulmonary artery
• Aorta

52. LIVER:
1)Blood vessels entering liver
• Hepatic artery (from aorta into liver)
• Hepatic portal vein(From stomach and
intestine into liver)
2)Blood vessels leaving liver
• Hepatic vein (from liver to inferior venacava)
KIDNEY
1)Blood vessels entering kidney
• Renal artery (from aorta to kidney)
2)Blood vessels leaving kidney
• Renal vein (from kidney to inferior venacava)

53. HEPATIC PORTALSYSTEM
• The veins starting from stomach and
intestines do not directly transport the
blood to inferior venacava
• Instead they first enter liver as hepatic
portal vein and inside the liver it breaks into
capillaries and these capillaries join to form
vein which joins the inferior venacava
• A portal vein is the one which starts with
capillaries and also ends in capillaries.

54. USE OF HPS
Detoxification regulate the quantity of nutrients

56. LYMPH
COMPOSITION
A)Cellular part
• Only leukocytes (lymphocytes)
B)Non-cellular part
• Water-94%
• Proteins , fats , carbs , antibodies , enzs etc)-6%
FUNCTION
• NUTRITIVE-Supplies nutrition and oxygen to
those parts where blood cannot reach
• ABSORPTION-Fats from intestines are obsorbed
by lacteals
• DEFENCE-Lymphocytes and monocytes of

57. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
I)LYMPH
2)LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES
3)LYMPHATIC VESSELS
3)LYMPH NODES

58. SPLEEN
It is present behind the stomach and above left
kidney
FUNCTIONS
• Blood reservoir
• Produces lymphocytes
• Destroys worn out RBCS
• In embryo it produces RBCS