Factors Affecting Academic Achievement

Factors Affecting Academic Achievement
CHAPTER ONE Introduction Nationwide, no education issue has received more attention with the
least progress yet than closing the academic achievement and attainment gaps for minorities. Over
the course of time, educational social theorists have increasingly focused on cultural and
socioeconomic factors to explain the existing differences in academic achievement among students
(Pishghadam & Zabihi, 2011). It is through these cultural experiences, which are widely influenced
by cultural and socioeconomic factors, that students attain a certain degree of cultural and social
capital that serve as a predictor of their academic success (S. Kim & H. Kim, 2009). Along with
cultural and social capital, self–efficacy is also a predictor for students' academic success because it
is an indicator of motivation and perseverance to reach a goal (Bandura, Barbaranelli, Caprara, &
Pastorelli, 2001). Of course we know, motivation plays a pivotal role in helping students surpass the
obstacles they face. As if the factors affecting the academic achievement and attainment gap were
not enough, students in light of self–preservation when seeking approval of significant family
members and teachers engage in greater use of self–handicapping (Leondari & Gonida, 2007).
Unfortunately, many of these obstacles students face is the result of cultural and socioeconomic
factors and therefore beyond their control. The proposed study is designed to increase understanding
of the cultural and socioeconomic
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As A Management Consultant Design A Presentation At The...
UNIVERSITY OF ZIMBABWE NAME : MBINDA FORTUNATE
REGISTRATION NUMBER : R135741C
PROGRAM : HTHM 2
LECTURER : MR CHATSAMA
COURSE : THM 211
DUE DATE : 23 MARCH
ASSIGNMENT : NUMBER 1
QUESTION: AS A MANAGEMENT CONSULTANT DESIGN A PRESENTATION TO THE TOP
MANAGEMENT OF VICTORIA FALLS HOTEL EXPLAINING HOW MANAGEMENT CAN
BENEFIT FROM THE APPLICATION OF THE FOLLOWING MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES:
a) ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION THEORY
b) EQUITY THEORY
c) ALDEFER ERG THEORY
INTRODUCTION
Motivation is the inner power or energy that pushes one towards performing a certain action.
Motivation strengthens the ambition, increases initiative and gives direction, courage, energy and
the persistence to follow one 's goals. Motivation is usually strong, when one has a vision, a clear
mental image of a certain situation or achievement, faith in one 's abilities and also a strong desire to
materialize it. In this case motivation pushes one forward, toward taking action and making the
vision a reality. Motivation, in its broadest sense, can be defined as forces acting either on or within
a person to initiate behaviour. It's what gets you going. And in the

Relationship Between Self Esteem and Achievement
ABSTRACT
The present study explored the relationship between individual self esteem and achievement. The
sample of the study consisted of 85 respondents working in the private sector of Pakistan. A total of
21 companies were visited for this purpose. It was hypothesized that individuals having self–esteem
will also have high achievement. Two scales were used to measure self–esteem and achievement.
Self–esteem scale comprised of 13 items and the achievement scale also comprised of 13 items
measured on 6 components of achievement. Both questionnaires were given to each subject and
analyzed afterwards. The results indicated that those subjects scoring high on self–esteem scale also
scored high on achievement scale. The results are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rosenberg (1979) viewed the self as made up of 2 elements, identity which represents cognitive
variables and self–esteem which represents the affective variables.
Self esteem is operationally defined as:
"Individual's feelings about his or her worth as a person, derived from the evaluation of various
salient dimensions of the self, namely psychological, social and physical or any other" (Rifai, 1999).
Types of Self–esteem
Korman (1986) suggests three types of self–esteem. They are:
Chronic Self–esteem
This type is defined as a relatively persistent personality trait or dispositional state that occurs
consistently across various situations. This self–esteem is a result of past experiences and focuses on
one's competencies. An individual's confidence in his/her competencies directs the individual into
situations which require the use of those competencies.
Task Specific Self–esteem
Task specific self–esteem is one's self perception of his/her competence concerning a particular task
or job. This type of self–esteem is the result of feedback, which comes directly from the observation
of he results of one's efforts.
Socially Influenced Self–esteem
This type of self–esteem is a function of the expectations of others. It results from communication or
feedback from reference group members or society as a whole, concerning the value of identity and
the individual's ability to meet the expectations of the reference groups and/or the society as a
whole.
Theories

Ravitch Response Cori Knapp Analysis
Ravitch Response Cori Knapp
Ravitch?s discussion on ?achievement gaps? points out that African American students academic
scores have progressed remarkably since 1990 to 2011. She also states that the Hispanic and Asian
have progressed as well. Achievement gaps will continue to be an issue, as long as there are
different races, ethnic groups, the poor and the wealthy. The more disadvantaged one is, is going to
lack in education and prosperity. To solve an issue like the achievement gap, we need to take action
and begin at the root. These children are suffering because lack of proper education in the school
system, which stems from the poverty in the segregated neighborhoods. Low income

Strengths And Weaknesses
In order to define and understand myself in the workplace, I need to know my strengths and
weaknesses. What improvements and alterations do I need in order to be a step closer to success in
the workplace? As a starting point, the self–assessments provided by McGrawHill and the
information from management class will provide a clearer picture of who I am in terms of leading,
acquired needs, teamwork attitudes, global potential, and strategic thinking. From what I have
gathered, the results relating to personality were accurate and the results relating to potential were
surprising to me. With this information, I am able to produce and strengthen goals to improve. The
survey results I am most satisfied with are acquired needs and global potential because a need for
achievement and potential for global managing are the two qualities I like the most about myself in
terms of my future goals. The negative results that come as no surprise to me are teamwork and a
need for power and affiliation. Although I was aware of these strengths and weaknesses, these self–
assessment tests put an emphasis and reminded me that I need to work harder in my attitude and
behaviors when interacting/collaborating with people in the workplace. Whether I got good results
or not, all of these qualities can be continuously worked on for improvement.
The motivation to lead has 3 aspects: how you see yourself as a leader, how willing you are to lead
on your own and how you respond to others ask you to lead (Chan and Drasgow, 2001). I scored
high on my motivation to lead. This was one of the unexpected results since I don't find it easy to
take initiative in leading; it requires a lot of communication and human skills (Kinicki, 2018, p23).
In chapter 1 of Kinicki, "motivating, directing and influencing people to work hard to achieve the
organization's goals" is the definition of leading. To make sure everyone in the organization is on the
same page, one must be able to bring everyone together and resolve any obstacles that may come. I
have not associated those actions with the term 'leading' but rather 'assisting' which is probably why
I was surprised with the results. Now that I know I have some motivation to lead, I should work on
the next

Fear Of Heights Bob Chase Analysis
Don't Become Mediocrity on Your Way to Achievement Imagine you are a high school student. Your
parent advises that you should join more after–school activities because they think these activities
are more sacrosanct than academic achievement. However, your teachers advise that you should
focus on academics, not extracurricular activities because they think academic success is all that
matters. Which advice would you mostly agree with? In "Fear of Heights: Teachers, Parents, and
Students Are Way of Achievement, " Bob Chase argues that academic achievement should be the
only important thing, not extracurricular activities. He states that today's workforce requires highly
educated people because economy focuses more on technology, scientific ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He quotes Gerald Bracey's protestation that "The American vision of teenagerdom includes dating ,
malls, cars, jobs, and extracurricular activities" (94). Chase defines extracurricular activities
equivalently as teenagers dating, going to the malls, caring about their cars, and doing fast–food
jobs. However, extracurricular activities should not only be categorized as the quote says; it also can
express as science clubs and volunteering. In addition, extracurricular activities are important to
students on learning team skills, leadership skills, internship skills, and social skills because many
jobs also need these abilities even though they only ask for high level of education. For example, if
someone is doing business, they will need leadership, social, and team skills so that they could work
with other works and negotiate with other companies. Therefore, after–school activities can help
students to prepare their career after they graduate from high school. Extracurricular activities are
important, provided students can learn extra and necessary skills from

The Need For Theory And Theorizing
2.2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Obviously the topic of human is limitless. Its scope is so
diffused, broad and massive that we find it difficult to comprehend, think, examine and analyze. In
brief we need to wear some sort of scientific lenses by which we can catch the world of observation
in order to explain, predict and influence the course of actions. THE NEED FOR THEORY AND
THEORIZING According toKeIIy(1999, P. 18). "Theory is a way of finding together all together a
multitude of facts so that one may comprehend them all at once". In a similar vein, (Sharer &
Ashmore: 2002, P. 50) sees theory as "a set of interrelated ideas about a phenomena, which provides
the framework for its explanation". (Jonathan,1997 P.10) succinctly puts the issue in these terms.
Theorizing can be viewed as the means by which the intellectual activity known as science realizes
it is three principal goals these include: (1) To classify and organize events in the world so that they
can be placed into perspectives. (2) To explain the courses of past events and predict when, and
events will occur and (3) To offer and intuitively pleasing, sense of understanding why and how
events should occur. Scholars have advanced plethora of views and theories in a bid to provide an
explanation of the wide ranging multifaceted ideas of how social life is organized (KolIak: 1985, P.
223). On the other hand, a theory is a set of ideas, which provides as explanation for something.
This is in view of the fact that

The Achievement Gap Problem
Is it possible for the achievement gap to be solved? The achievement gap is the difference in test
scores between different groups of students. In the article, the students are grouped based on
ethnicity, family history, and economic background. Educational facilities have been attempting to
close the gap for the past couple years, but the problem still persists. Ravitch is the author of the
article and has put a large quantity of time towards the achievement gap issue. She has researched
and found that the achievement gap starts before the education starts. Also, there has been
improvement, but the progress is not visible to the common person. Ravitch, along with others
concerned about the gap have researched and proposed ideas to solve the problem, but there has yet
to be an idea to completely close it. The issue surrounding the achievement gap is complicated and
important due to many different reasons. These reasons include the problem being ignored, lack of
substantial progress, and the fact that new ideas are hard to form. Diane Ravitch, the author of "The
Facts About the Achievement Gap" has proven through research that the achievement gap is caused
by ethnicity, family history, and economic background which makes it nearly impossible to close the
gap completely. Due to the fact that the achievement gap forms before education begins, it is
extremely difficult to eliminate the gap. Not only is this a factor, but another reason to why the
achievement gap persists

The Importance Of Parenting Practices Alone Can 't Close...
Not only do students suffer when they come from a family of low social and economic backgrounds,
they also fall behind when they come from a family who is either not involved in their education, or
have lower expectations for the students. According to the National Center for Education Statistics
(NCES), during the year 2010, of all the bachelor's degrees conferred to United States residents by
degree–granting institutions, 72.9% were white, and only 10.3% were black (Fast Facts). There is a
severely disproportionate racial distribution of the number of degrees held in this country. When
students come from a family where attending higher education is not the norm, or parents do not
push their students to do better than they themselves did, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This leaves a disadvantage for black students, who get less qualified teachers. It's also a symbolic
disadvantage. In schools where tracking occurs, even in suburban schools that host a diverse
population of students, students who get tracked into the lower classes perceive themselves as less
capable because they often get less challenging work and teachers have lower expectations for them.
Except the problem doesn't just stop there. Schools are so focused on gaining funding from high–
test scores that when students are tracked, in order to secure high test scores, students who are in the
low performing track are deemed as trouble makers and typically forced to leave schools because of
disciplinary actions. According to the U.S. Department of Education Office for Civil Rights "On
average, 5% of white students are suspended, compared to 16% of black students." This feeds into
the racial stereotypes that these children were born into and seemingly cannot escape. Instead we
need to start equipping schools with administrators and teachers who are aware of these negative
implications and believe in the students enough to motivate them.
Although there is an apparent achievement gap within schools, there are some researchers and
people who claim that because schools are not the major cause of the achievement gap, closing the
achievement gap is not a school issue. These people claim that schools should not be the ones to try
and fix the gap because the problem exists outside

Class Size College Essay
Harvard is the oldest college in the United States. It is well established and has produced any
number of notable politicians, public figures, and highly successful business people. Harvard gets
around 35,000 applications each year for about 1,600 seats and averages around 10 students per
class. Harvard encourages small class sizes to allow a closer student–professor relationship and
contributes to the sense of community on campus. Class size reduction is proven to help students
socially and academically. There is an ongoing debate over the precise point at which students begin
to benefit from smaller classes. Although there are advantages and disadvantages of student
achievement in class size reduction, there can be a compromise by using smaller class sizes for
those who show a vaster need. Student achievement is a measure of the amount of academic content
a student learns in a determined amount of time. Every grade level has learning goals and ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Subsequently, the more teachers needed, the more money that will need to be spent. It required more
buildings to be brought in or built to hold the additional classrooms. The most prominent
disadvantage to smaller class sizes is cost effectiveness, but improvement in teacher quality and
restructuring teacher preparation programs supersede in cost efficiency.
Although there are advantages and disadvantages in class size reduction to student achievement,
there can be a compromise. Smaller class sizes do not have to be for everyone. It can be left to lower
achieving schools. Beginning teachers can start in smaller classes, and leave the larger classes for
the more experienced. Larger class schools can provide one on one or small group tutoring for those
who need extra help. In kindergarten and first grade establish smaller classes but gradually grow.
There is a solution to every problem, but it takes effort to find the most effective

Spss Project
Model Fit Summary CMIN Model | NPAR | CMIN | DF | P | CMIN/DF | Saturated model | 36 | .000 |
0 | | | Independence model | 8 | 3797.971 | 28 | .000 | 135.642 | RMR, GFI Model | RMR | GFI | AGFI
| PGFI | Saturated model | .000 | 1.000 | | | Independence model | .352 | .465 | .313 | .362 | Baseline
Comparisons Model | NFI Delta1 | RFI rho1 | IFI Delta2 | TLI rho2 | CFI | Saturated model | 1.000 | |
1.000 | | 1.000 | Independence model | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | .000 | Parsimony–Adjusted Measures
Model | PRATIO | PNFI | PCFI | Saturated model | .000 | .000 | .000 | Independence model | 1.000 |
.000 | .000 | NCP Model | NCP | LO 90 | HI 90 | Saturated model | .000 | .000 | .000 | Independence
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
| | B | Std. Error | Beta | | | 1 | (Constant) | 1.858 | .078 | | 23.850 | .000 | | Need for Achievement | .521
| .021 | .580 | 24.455 | .000 | a. Dependent Variable: Job Performance | H4: Model Summary | Model |
R | R Square | Adjusted R Square | Std. Error of the Estimate | 1 | .598a | .358 | .357 | .50889 | a.
Predictors: (Constant), Cognitive Ability, Need for Achievement | ANOVAb | Model | Sum of
Squares | df | Mean Square | F | Sig. | 1 | Regression | 169.683 | 2 | 84.841 | 327.618 | .000a | |
Residual | 304.801 | 1177 | .259 | | | | Total | 474.484 | 1179 | | | | a. Predictors: (Constant), Cognitive
Ability, Need for Achievement | b. Dependent Variable: Job Performance | Coefficientsa | Model |
Unstandardized Coefficients | Standardized Coefficients | t | Sig. | | B | Std. Error | Beta | | | 1 |
(Constant) | 1.892 | .077 | | 24.606 | .000 | | Need for Achievement | .512 | .021 | .570 | 24.319 | .000 | |
Cognitive Ability | .092 | .015 | .145 | 6.185 | .000 | a. Dependent Variable: Job Performance | 局部中
介。、显著性检验： Sobel test: a=0.052 sa=0.021 b=0.512 sb=0.021 so, s.e.=0.01, p1.96,故间接
效应显著。 Bootstrapping: H5: 调节作用的显著性检验： step1:mean center the nach and
leadership climate: syntax: define grand_cvars( vlist = !charend( '/ ') /suffix = !cmdend )

Mickshi Tajiri Personality
Mr. Satoshi Tajiri is a Japanese video game designer well–known as the creator of the multibillion
dollar franchise, Pokémon, as well as the founder of video game developer, Gamefreak. In addition,
Tajiri worked on several other video game projects that include Mario spin–offs and The Legend of
Zelda. In this paper, I will describe Satoshi's personality based on Henry Murray's system of needs
involving achievement motivation. First, I will describe Murray's system of needs and emphasize
the importance of achievement motivation in detail. Next, I will explain the level that Satoshi's
personality traits align with a need for achievement using his history and his general nature as
examples. Then, I will interpret how Tajiri has demonstrated achievement motivation through the
success of his work. Finally, I will conclude how Satoshi Tajiri's high level of achievement
motivation affects every aspect of his day–to–day life and how it influences his fans to achieve as
well.
Influenced by both psychoanalytic and trait concepts of personality, Henry Murray believed that
human needs are the basic elements of personality. Murray categorized human needs into two
groups: viscerogenic needs and psychogenic needs. Psychogenic needs are what Murray mostly
focused his work on and describe, a "readiness to respond in a certain way under certain given
conditions" (1938, pg. 124). He listed 27 psychogenic needs, including the need for achievement,
and created his system of needs theory. In

My Personality Is A Human Being Through Biology And Life...
Personality is the characteristics that forms a human being through biology and life experiences.
There is billions of people in the world and everyone has a different and unique personality.
Everyone is judged by the personality that they carry whether is in a job interview or in a
relationship. Essentially personality is what forms a person and helps to build relationships with
other. The American Psychology Association, defines psychology as the individual differences in
characteristic patterns of feeling, behaving and thinking. ("Personality," n.d). Three main
characteristics about my personality are high need of achievement, high neuroticism, and avoidant
attachment. High need of achievement is part of the Motivation Theory. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This is the motto of my life, it happened to me in 5th through 7th grade where I tested three times to
be part of the gifted program without giving up. In my last year, I finally achieved my goal that
came with more challenges that I also overcame. Every time, that I did not achieve the goal I was
left with frustration with myself and often feeling bad about myself and it lowered my worthiness.
Doctor Thomas J. Delong, talks about these characteristics in his research where he states that
people with high need of achievement are often critical of themselves and self–doubters (Delong,
2011) Furthermore, high need of achievement has help shape my personality because with
everything I do, I always need to succeed. This leads me to compete with others and me always
wanting to be on top of the game. In recent years though I have seen my need of achievement
getting higher since I often feel like I need to follow through my sibling's legacy whom are now
working in their desired fields. My mother and father never let any of us have anything lower than a
B, which led them to also have a high need of achievement. Past research has shown that high need
of achievement is associated with critical mothers. (Chen, 2017) The kind of criticism that my mom
gave me while I was growing up helped me to develop my high need of achievement and my desire
to turn in quality work. I am always determined to finish my goal and that is often

Outline Of AAnnotated Outline
Annotated Outline Template
Topic
I. Adequate Yearly Progress A. What is Adequate Yearly Progress? B. What is the issue with AYP
and how does it affect education? C. How can we improve and lower the achievement gap and help
schools meet AYP? D. Conclusion E. Thesis: We can improve students' performance by first,
knowing what AYP is, how it affects education, and what we can do to help lower the achievement
gap and get every school to the AYP requirements.
II. Body Paragraph 1 A. What is Adequate Yearly Progress? B. " It is the measurement used to hold
districts, schools, and states accountable for student performances under the Title I of the No Child
Left Behind Act". Adequate Yearly Progress. (2004, August 3). – Education Week Research Center.
Retrieved September 16, 2014, from http://www.edweek.org/ew/issues/adequate–yearly–progress/
C. Adequate Yearly Progress is very important to teachers especially of this generation. AYP is
based on a "pass/fail" system. To achieve AYP the school must pass each of benchmarks that cover
39 seprate criteria. This means that even if your school has been a high performing school, "if one of
the 39 subgroups (students with disabilities, low readers, etc) fail to make AYP then the entire
school fails".
What is Adequate Yearly Progress? | Weekly Alert | FundEducationNow.org. (n.d.). What is
Adequate Yearly Progress? | Weekly Alert | FundEducationNow.org. Retrieved September 18,

##s Of David Mcclelland's Work And Theories Of Work...
1. McClelland's work and theories of work motivation.
David McClelland and Notably Jonh Atkinson, his associates, had done his research basically
focused on needs according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs model, higher order (social and esteem)
needs (Venugopalan, 2007). McClelland's acquired needs theory defines that an individual's specific
needs are accordingly to one's life experiences which needs are acquired over time (Ball, 2009). As
Motivation is essential to almost any feature of life and this word is also often used in reference to
work. Work is not necessary due to innately human activity, but not in new modern–day work
arrangement, motivation plays as an important role to create global productivity and scalability
which mean that motivation drive people to use their ability and capacity into work to produce
qualification of work. Therefore, McClelland described motivational need in three different types:
1). achievement motivation (n–ach)
2). authority/power motivation (n–pow)
3). affiliation motivation (n–affil).
1.1 Achievement motivation (n–ach)
McClelland made several assumptions based on the developmental processes responsible for the
emergence of the achievement emotive which directly related to Atkinson's model. In 1958, he
assumed that the individual differences in n–achievement were affected by antecedent socialization
factors (Parsons, 1981). By this research, the model was focused on the behavior of parents and
attitudes and its consequence would

The Importance Of Achievement
Achievement is something that some people silently compete for, to be better than everyone else.
But, other people strive for achievement like myself, they do not worry about others and try to be
best they can be, for themselves. There are multiple types of achievement, grades and school only
impact certain people, some people have different ideas of achievement and think they do not need
schooling to succeed and learn from just everyday life. There are over–achievers, and then there are
people who just do what they need to, to pass a class. I feel that grades do not impact everyone's
achievements because some people do not worry about school and focus more on life achievements.
My entire life I have not worried about grades up until I saw my brother struggling with long
division around age 17, trying to get into the Army. My brother usually had all D and F's for grades;
our childhood was not the best. I do not blame him for his lack of motivation and urge to do better
because no one tried to motivate him, and simply gave up. In 7th grade, I did not worry about grades
because everything just came to me easily, this stayed the same until 10th grade when we started
actual work. I struggled with math and English because when I had the chance to succeed greater
things, I just did what I needed to pass. Now, I have entirely turned around and am on the A or B
honor roll every semester since 9th grade. I have strived for better grades because that is how I feel
achievement. I

Why Do You Make The Choices? Essay
Fake Life Why do you make the choices in life that you do? There are many different theories which
attempt to centralize this decision making process around key concepts; hedonism, the claim that
only pleasure and pain affect our well being as well as are the only things that motivate us, is one of
such theories. To consider whether hedonism is true, a thought experiment is introduced detailing an
"experience machine." To expand, imagine you are given the option to plug into this hypothetical
machine, where anything that gives you pleasure will be maximized, and you'll ultimately get
whatever you want. This means you can control your achievements and the process leading up to
those achievements; any relationships you have will be even better, and new relationships can be
formed to maximize your pleasure and well–being; you can also control your health and property.
However, all of this is fake. Would you plug into this machine? Would you consider your life and
well–being better or worse in this alternate reality? Is there ways we can alter this scenario to make
it better? A common concern would be that people do not want ingenuine connections with other
people. Changing this machine to incorporate a multi–person Matrix would thereby systematically
prevent any fake interactions. But what about the achievements? Simply negating this portion of the
experience would negate a large purpose of the thought experiment as a whole, so we will continue
the scenario as constructed. It

Emotion and Motivation Success
Everyone has a bad day, but having a soured day should not get in the way of one's motivation of
improved behavior. The psychological effects of emotion and motivation can help people to achieve
their needs. Psychology primarily recognizes seven emotions: anger, disgust, fear, surprise,
contempt, happiness, and sadness. Emotional responses are the internal or external response to an
event. Two responses can include the adaption–level phenomenon and relative deprivation. The
adaption–level phenomenon is related to the emotion of happiness. The phenomenon is when a
person judges various stimuli in comparison with experiences of their past. People learn to adapt to
new situations through this phenomenon and learn to display a neutral emotion based on past
incidents. When a person receives a pay increase, they soon become neutral to the increase and may
even become dissatisfied. Unlike adaption–level, relative deprivation is explained when a person
perceives that they are worse off than those they compare themselves against. According to the
article, An Emotion Perspective on Emotion Regulation, the importance of certain emotional
concerns of others may be chronic, in regards to a central individual or culture, and they may be
centered on situational events (Mesquita. 2011). When a person perceives that the neighbors are
doing better economically, a person may feel disappointed in their own achievements.
Motivation is a need or desire that can propel a person to a changed

Student 's Name Of The Achievement
Psychology
Student's Name
Institution
Question1
The achievement motive emphasized the notion that links the personality traits and social
background check of a person with his or her level of need for achievement. David McClelland
stressed that the need for achievement is an apparent human motive that can be distinguished from
other needs. He believed that the achievement motivated people, do not turn down rewards but the
rewards are not important as the accomplishment itself (Bernstein, 2006).
Motivation is based on the individual's emotions and the achievement related goals. The
achievement motivation is aimed at attaining success and achieving all of our ambitions in life. As a
result of this the achievement goals can influence our natural behaviour (Rochester Institute, 2005).
Situational factors also affect achievement behaviour. The search for achievement is likely to
increase when the possibility of success and the incentive value of success are high (Rochester
Institute, 2005). This can be attributed to the following reasons:
a) As duties get easier, success becomes more fulfilling and as tasks get harder success becomes less
fulfilling.
b) Reasonably challenging tasks seem to offer the best overall worth in terms of maximizing the
person's sense of accomplishment.
c) People differing in their desires to avoid failure, emphasizes that emotion and motivation are
interweaved.
Question2
The diseases are able to injure a growing foetus. A good example

Maslow 's Theory Of Motivation
NEED THEORIES Need theories describes motivation as "the willingness to exert high levels of
effort toward organisational goals, conditioned by the effort's ability to satisfy some individual
need" In this context, a need is an internal state that cause a specific result to look pleasant. An
individual's drives are stimulated when tension is created due to an unsatisfied need. A search
behaviour is generated to locate specific goals, if this is obtained, the need will be satisfied and the
tension will be reduced. Needs could be said to physiological or psychological deficiencies that
stimulate behaviour. This differ with time and place, as environmental factors can influence it and
make strong or weak. Maslow – deficiency needs vs ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If employers fail to do this, this could lead to a theoretically increase in the frustration of employees
and performance levels will reduce, job satisfaction level could also reduce and withdrawal from the
organisation could increase. For example, relating job insecurity to this theory, if an employee feels
any threat of layoff, this can hinder the individual from their higher growth needs. This could lead
them to push harder in acquiring job security but neglecting to fulfil their other needs. If at the end,
job security isn't attained, an employee might try to fulfil their needs somewhere else or burn out.
Alderfer's ERG model The theory of Clayton P. Alderfer's ERG from 1969 compresses Maslow's
five human needs in three division: Existence Needs: this involves all material and physiological
aspiration. (e.g house, food, water, air, safety, physical affection and love). This is similar to
Maslow's first two levels. Relatedness Needs: to be accepted, identified and feel safe with a group
and family. This correlate with the third and fourth levels of Maslow's hierarchy. Growth Needs:
self–actualisation and self–esteem; this compels an individual to make ingenious and productive
change to himself/herself and the surrounding. This is similar to that of Maslow's fourth and fifth
levels. Relationships between the concepts There are three relationships among the

Art Integration Case Study Essay
Research Problem
Schools and educators are beginning to understand the value of inclusion of art education in K–12
curriculum more and more each year. So much so, that many states are adopting common core
standards and hiring highly qualify teachers to teach in the subject area of visual arts. "Research
over the past decade reveals areas where effective arts education strategies, especially arts
integration techniques, have yielded practical and impressive results," (Education Digest, 2011). Part
of what is driving this initiative is the understanding that some students learn most effectively
through the arts (Robinson, 2013). Recent research reflects that art integration correlates with low–
performing learners by increasing test scores. Studies conducted in North Carolina and Oklahoma
with art integration programs tracked consistent gains in student achievement as compared with
state and district averages ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each group will be introduced to a bridge study unit. Teachers will cover academic material of
different bridge structures in relation to U.S. common core standard requirements for social studies,
science, and math. Students in Group B will be asked to select a bridge discussed in the unit. Then,
they are asked to draw a blueprint for a bridge of their own inspired by the bridge they selected.
Once their blueprint is complete, at a later date they are asked to construct a bridge from their
blueprint with various materials that the teacher will supply. During each part of this assignment
students are reminded to use/include the math and science concepts that were taught in the bridge
unit. Bridge blueprints and constructions done by Group B will be presented to the class for
evaluation and a benchmark test will also be dispensed to all students in Group A and Group B to
collect data for

Closing The Achievement Gap
Critical Issue 16 is, will school improvement efforts alone narrow the racial/ethnic achievement gap.
Katie Haycock believes in adequate funding and that high standards will improve academic
achievement (Paciorek). She thinks the only way to really close the gap is to fix the
underperforming schools. Richard Rothstein believes the achievement gap will be narrowed when
the outside groups collaborate, not just those functioning within the school. He wants to bring more
people to the table to improve academic achievement (Paciorek). I found an article called "Closing
the Achievement Gap" by Tashlai McKinstry. In her article she states there is an increase in the
achievement gap in the US; the blame for this should not be placed solely on the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the points that is stated in our book is, student expectations must be raised. When a student is
fighting one of those barriers that McKinstry stated, it will be more difficult on those students to
raise their expectations if they do not have a good support system. McKinstry states that educators
often lack specialized skills to address severe behavior and learning challenges and that the time to
handle those issues doesn't exist; which will result in the students having little to no help. I
personally agree with Richard Rothstein, the achievement gap cannot be closed without the
collaboration of outside groups. Teachers cannot close the achievement gap on their own, if they
could then I think the achievement gap would be closed by now. So, being that the achievement gap
is not closed, it shows that teachers being high quality educators is not the

David Mcletein Theory Of Needs Theory
This theory of needs was popularized by David McClelland. He is a behavioural psychologist in
American. According to McClelland, the motivators in the theory are learned. That why this theory
sometimes was called the Learned Needs Theory. It was building on earlier work of Henry Murray
in 1928, David McClelland (1961) was make an experiment that the motivation of an individual
might influence from three dominant of needs, which is the Need for Achievement, Power and
Affiliation. These three needs will occur when someone is acting according with their desire and
behaviour.
Firstly, people in the group of the Need for Achievement (N–Ach), they likely desire to accomplish
something difficult and do some challenging tasks on a high level. This achievement oriented people
share few common characteristics such as they always try to have success and need to receive
positive feedback often rather than failures. Besides that, they seek to stretch themselves and thus
tend to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
That is an expression for people who like to be in charge. In this Need for Power, they can be
divided into two types which is personal and institutional power. People with a high need for
personal power want to direct and influence others such as the managers who like to give the
instruction to his subordinates to do the work. A high needs for institutional power means that
people like to organize the efforts of others to achieve the goals of the organization. High power
people enjoy competition and status oriented positions. While these people are attracted to
leadership roles, the may not possess the required flexibility and people–centred skills. It shows that
this people are lack of their credibility in their work. Managers with a high need for institutional
power tend to be more effective than those with a high need for personal power because the manager
have their minority power in the organizational then people that with high need for their personal

Attribution Theory Vs Team Sports
I did not review Ch. 1 as much since their was more information in the other chapters. I knew that
the question was asking me, and I knew that multiple answers were correct, but I assumed that
staying active in your sport was essential, not recommended. Therefore, applying scientific
principles in your professional practice setting was the most correct answer. Ref. pg.17
I did not review Ch. 1 as much since their was more information in the other chapters. In Ch. 1 it
clearly that that scientific methods are systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical. Additionally, I
did not know what infallible meant. Therefore, infallible research means a study that is incapable of
making mistakes or being wrong, which is not possible. Ref. pg. 13 ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, ability is consider an stable and internal attribute because ability focused on mastery of
goal rather than task orientation. Ref. Ch. 3 pg. 64
For this question, part of my answer was right, I just did not select the most correct right answer.
However, while taking the test I did not believe that talk to others who know the athletes and
exercisers would truly allow the clinician to understand the needs of the student athlete since facts
can be falsified. Nevertheless, the book directly states that all answers listed can help find out what
motivates people. Ref. Ch. 3 pg. 72
While taking this exam, I assumed that because their was a correlation between cognitive anxiety
and somatic anxiety that it would be positive. One can argue that there is more of a direct
relationship between both cognitive and somatic anxiety since they can influence one another.
However, the book directly states that "people with high trait anxiety usually have more state
anxiety in highly competitive, evaluative situations than do people with lower trait anxiety. Ref. Ch.
4 pg.

School Based Intervention
The purpose study was designed to examine the achievement of first–generation immigrant children
in high–poverty elementary schools who received a school–based intervention. The intervention was
designed to help schools to identify developmental strength and barriers to learning. In addition, it
connected children to community and school supports to align with their strengths and needs. The
participants were 667 first–generation immigrant children attending 8 high–poverty urban
elementary schools. The study used a quasi–experimental design that manipulated school–level
changes (presence or absence of the intervention) and had two hypotheses. First, immigrant children
who attended schools when the intervention years would have higher achievement ... Show more
The study evaluated the academic, social/emotional, family and physical health well–being of
immigrant children with a development for support plans based on the individual needs which build
on skills. The study used a multi–method approach with qualitative and quantitative data including
multiple methods of measurement. In addition, longitudinal data was conducted as the intervention
delivery was carried out over a various amount of years. The authors did not over–interpret data
discussion. They highlighted the developmental support systems theory that by aligning the child,
family, school, and community assets are critical for promoting positive development. The theory
was compared to the current study intervention linking a positive correlational data to academic
performance, and ELL and English proficiency first generation learners. The study did have internal
validity but rules out potential sources of bias; noted as a limitation. The authors addressed other
limitations; such as there was no potential sources between group variations (family migration,
extent of language isolation, etc.), the inability to precisely measure achievement gains (intervention
need for scientific steps to better guide the support to the barriers of learning), the inability to
determine how many years is enough support and whether the intervention might produce
diminishing effects on achievement once support is withdrawn. This study supports a school
practice model and advances the topic for the development of support plans for all socially
disadvantaged students by attending to each child's developmental strengths and needs; supporting
cognitive, social, emotional and physical growth; and aligning resources for families, schools, and
communities in a culturally competent approach. If I were the authors, I would want to know
whether any of first generation students

Literature Review : The Protestant Ethic And The Spirit Of...
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK.
2.1. LITERATURE REVIEW:
With the gradual evolution of industrialization in the developing countries particularly Nigeria, the
concept of achievement motivation has become prominence among other factors, which
industrialization is predicated upon. Over the years scholars have made elaborate contributions on
achievement motivation.
Weber's most distinctive and most famous contributions in his classical work, "The protestant ethic
and the spirit of capitalism". Weber indeed emphasized the importance of religious doctrines and
ethical precepts and values must be taken into account as well as among other variables. He
assigned special importance to ascetic, achievement oriented values, which encourage entrepreneurs
to work hard and at the same time to refrain from enjoying the fruit of their labour,(Halevy 1981,
P.37). These are values, which encourage entrepreneurs to make profits and not to expend them on
consumption, but rather to re–invest them so as to make additional profit.
From the above argument, the conditions, that is, the protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism may
be a necessary condition and not the condition necessary to ginger the frame of mind needed in an
individual for industrial development. This is in view of the fact that it lost sight of other factors like
social structure, thereby limiting industrial development through hard work to a matter of
subjectivity. Secondly, development in a

The Role Of Achievement Motivation On Industrial...
A CAPSTONE PROJECT
SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF NURSING
TEXILAAMERICAN UNIVERSITY
GUYANA SOUTH AMERICA
BY
EBOH THERESA
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR RN TO MSN PROGRAMME
OCTOBER 7TH 2016
THE ROLE OF ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION IN INDUSTRIAL
DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF PORT
HARCOURT MUNICIPAL)
ABSTRACT
This study focused on "The Role of Achievement Motivation in Industrial development: A study of
Port Harcourt Municipal. The onus of the research was to X–ray the extent to which the role of
achievement motivation from childhood could be instrumental to industrial development in
Nigerian. In addition, some of the major objectives were to discover if the values of a given soda–
economic milieu and achievement motivation could have a blend and affect a nation's level of
industrial development; to unravel the existence of low level of achievement values and lack of
industrial growth.
The researcher raised some hypothesis. These hypotheses were to establish if there is a significant
relationship between the inability to inculcate achievement motivation in an individual and low level
of its contribution to industrial development later in life; also to find out, if the more a family
inculcates achievement values in a child through socialization, the more, or the higher the tendencies
for the child to work hard and contribute meaningfully to industrial development.
Volumes of literature strictly related to the study/topic were reviewed and the need

The Great Five Personality Traits Essay
Introduction The following term paper discusses in three parts, from examples derived from
scholarly articles and/or books and in critical review style, the need for achievement which falls
under the openness to experience in the Big Five personality traits. Upon discussing the need for
achievement trait, there is included explanation of the Big Five, its background, and the role it plays
in helping to determine certain facets of personality, mainly the need for achievement's main facet of
openness to experience. Also included explanations of the conscientiousness and openness to
experience traits will be added to help further the understanding of what exactly the need for
achievement and artistic creativity falls under and how the role of these main character traits help to
determine how it influences the actions or lack thereof within individuals, including and directly
relating to my own self. This leads to the last explanation which will be how the need for
achievement is portrayed within me, how it affects my choices, and how it plays a role on my own
decision making processes as a woman compared to a man. Background The Merriam–Webster
Dictionary describes "ambition" as the achievement of goals that each individual strives to obtain,
the desire to be powerful and successful within life and to be the best of the best that we can be all
while obtaining a distinctive and final result (Merriam–Webster Dictionary, 2014). This ambitious
desire or lack thereof comes from

Response To Intervention Essay
The Effectiveness of Response to Intervention on Student Achievement in Mathematics and English
in a Rural Kentucky High School Student achievement is one of the driving factors in education
and, quite possibly, the most important. Educators strive to help students improve achievement
through quality instructional practices and safe and effective learning environments, but this does
not always correlate to adequate performance on standardized testing used to evaluate college or
career readiness. One of the measures utilized to evaluate student achievement is the ACT test.
Historically, the ACT has provided a measure of college readiness and one that became very serious
for Kentucky schools as it is now part of the state accountability ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In the model that Kentucky uses, all students fall into Tier 1 interventions as part of their general
education curriculum. Students who are not making progress or exceeding standards fall into the
Tier 2 targeted range and are in need of individualized interventions. Students who are not making
progress or exceeding Tier 2 standards are in need of intensive Tier 3 interventions. If Tier 3
interventions are not working students are then evaluated for special education services. This three–
tier RTI system is wonderful at the early stages of education because it allows teachers to identify
at–risk students and move them through the intervention process. However, in the later stages, it is
often too late to evaluate students for learning disabilities as these should have been recognized
early on in a child's education. It should be noted that students at this stage do still need
interventions, but in a different format. In looking at the needs of an entire school, it is important to
examine the needs of each individual student. It is known that not every student learns the same and
achieves the same; therefore, each intervention should be personalized for the individual students.
For the past two years, Whitley County High School has developed an intervention model that
focuses on the middle tier of students. It is thought that these students can be instructed at a level
that brings them out of the middle

Increase Student Achievement And Increase Teacher...
Abstract This topic brief is going to look at performance pay and if this type of program can be used
to increase student achievement and increase teacher accountability with maintaining a positive
culture. This is currently a hot topic in many states and there are states that are looking to adopt this
program and some states are dropping it. In some schools this type of program has proven to raise
student achievement, but people argue that although these schools have had success, there is little
evidence that shows that the results are sustainable for long term success.
Keywords: student achievement, merit pay, teacher accountability
Performance Pay Program I chose to focus on this topic because it is a topic that I have strong
feelings about when it comes to education. It is a topic that is highly debated in our country and is a
program that is said to fix the problem that some say we have in public education. In fact, we see
this topic being discussed by the President and Secretary of Education as they have instituted the 4.3
billion dollar "Race to the Top" to enforce student achievement data into teacher evaluations and
help enforce the concept of pay for performance. In this paper, we are going to look at performance
pay and how we use student achievement to base a teacher 's effectiveness and if it is truly an
effective way of helping increase our nation 's educational success. The United States is usually
compared to other countries that

Students must Learn, Practice and Apply their Knowledge to...
CHAPTER1. INTRODUCTION
Introduction
Time is one of the major factors in learning .In order for learners to achieve success in any field,
they need time to learn ,practice and apply what they have learned to fulfill goals (Farbman ,A–N).
Educational institutes in the US nowadays are trying to improve the quality of the education offered
to students, therefor, there is a growing concern on how to use educational resources effectively
such as time in learning. Previous researches indicated that there is a direct relation between the
amount of time given to instruction and learning. This paper contributes to this growing literature on
the effect of the long time spending in the educational institutes on students' performance and
achievement. In order to examine the impact of long instructional hours on student success and
performance an action research project has been conducted at the ELS center in Murfreesboro. Aim
of the Research
The main of this research is to investigate the students' perspectives concerning the long
instructional hours in the ELS Center.
The Research Objectives The objectives of the project is to identify the advantages and the
disadvantages of the long working hours in the ELS center as well as offering suggestions for
alternative scheduling to improve the quality of education offered by the center and might also
increase students productivity and performance in the future.
Research Problem The study problem can

Diagnostic Assessment : Diagnostic Assessment, Assessment...
EXPLAIN INITIAL AND DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT, RETENTION AND ACHIEVEMENT,
IMPACT ON PLANNING ASSESSMENT SCHEDULES DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT?
Diagnostic assessment is an essential device in a teacher's "toolkit", which can be used to diagnose
strengths and area of need in all students. Diagnostic assessment is intended to improve the learner's
experience and their level of achievement. However, diagnostic assessment looks backward rather
than forwards. It assesses what the learner already knows and/or the nature of difficulties that the
learner might have, which, if undiagnosed, might limit their engagement in new learning. It is often
used before teaching or when a problem arises. Diagnostic assessment involves the gathering and
careful evaluation of detailed dates using student's knowledge and skills in a given learning area.
ADVANTAGES OF DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT Can help teachers identify their student's
current knowledge, skill sets, and capabilities. Can also clarify any misconceptions before teaching
takes place learner planning. Diagnostic assessments of reading ability are commonly used to
identify students at risk for reading problems DISADVANTAGES OF DIAGNOSTIC
ASSESSMENT Pretests can cause anxiety in students who aren't sure of the material Interviews can
be time–consuming Self–assessments are not true assessments. The initial assessment is a crucial
part of the learning journey. It provides the information needed to decide a learner's starting point. It
is

Argument Essay: Standardized Testing
Standardized Testing: Good or Bad?
If someone was to ask you "how do you define student achievement?" what would your answer be?
Would you say student achievement is measured by state achievement tests? Or would you say that
student achievement is too complex a subject to be objectively measured? There are many important
skills students must be taught, and we need a way to effectively measure if they are in fact learning
those skills. However, standardized tests cannot effectively show the learning of all students,
especially those that are not good test takers. And of those skills that are tested, there are an endless
number of arguably more important skills that aren't being valued because they cannot be calculated.
Furthermore, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Standardized tests do not give us a complete and direct measure of student achievement because
they often only measure the goals of education(Harris). And while teachers and administration are
forced to increase preparation for these tests, important –arguably more important – skills are being
overlooked. Here are some attributes that standardized tests do not even try to cover: creativity,
motivation, persistence, curiosity, reliability, critical thinking, self–awareness, leadership, civic–
mindedness, empathy, courage, compassion, sense of beauty and wonder, honesty and integrity.
Surely these are all "achievements" that students should be experiencing, so why don't schools these
as well as academic goals? Rochelle Gutiérrez, a member of The National Council of Teachers of
Mathematics says "Achievement–all the outcomes that students and teachers attain. Achievement is
more than test scores but also includes class participation, students' course–taking patterns, and
teachers' professional development patterns"(Harris). These are all qualities that standardized tests
cannot measure.
Those that support standardized testing in schools site the fact that high school students who were
required to pass a standardized test for a school program were more likely to talk to their parents and
peers about schoolwork (Walberg). They also found that

Motivation : Motivation And Motivation
Introduction
Motivation is the number one driving force behind anything and everything an individual does each
day. "Motivation is the desire to do the best possible job or to exert the maximum effort to perform
an assigned task. Motivation energizes, directs, and sustains human behavior directed towards a
goal." (Honor, 2009). Motivation can determine the outcome of projects, goals, and can set limits on
what an individual can obtain or what they believe they can obtain. Motivation often is the deciding
factor on how successful a project in an organization is, and an individual's needs and desires can
both influence a person's motivation greatly. Motivation can also determine how well an individual
does in school, college, or university.
Types of Motivation
There are several different kinds of motivation, and some of the different types include extrinsic
motivation, intrinsic motivation, physiological motivation, and achievement motivation. Intrinsic,
extrinsic, and psychological motivation all play a role in an individual's achievement motivation.
Extrinsic motivation is motivation from outside circumstances that can influence an individual's
motivation. Extrinsic motivation factors can range from social acceptance, a promotion, or even a
monetary reward. Intrinsic motivation on the other hand is motivation that comes from within an
individual. Intrinsic motivation factors would be a person's enjoyment and satisfaction they get from
achieving a task. A person's

What Is Non-Cognitive Skill Development?
Policymaking is the next step in non–cognitive skill development in elementary schools. The
research is recent, current, and available to formulate educational policies across the country to
address the development gap between non–cognitive and cognitive skill development. As stated
previously, a big obstacle in affective policymaking is defining which non–cognitive skills to focus
on and finding a way to measure the success of the development of such skills. However,
researchers and some policymakers have drawn their attention to a particular set of six non–
cognitive skills that have been imbedded within the Mawi Learning/Florida Virtual School
Leadership Skills Development courses ("How Non–Cognitive Skills Drive Student Achievement").
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rotter developed the concept of locus of control, which is described as how a person perceives the
power he/she has over certain events affecting him/her ("How Non–Cognitive Skills Drive Student
Achievement"). Rotter found that a person's locus of control is not an innate personality trait but
instead is shaped upon experiences and environmental factors ("How Non–Cognitive Skills Drive
Student Achievement"). Students who use problem–solving skills, make responsible decisions about
school, and work to academically better themselves understand the fact that they have the power to
improve their own lives and the lives of

Essay On K-12 Education
Method
This study would look at schools specifically in Wisconsin focussing on schools that teach k–12
education. In order to have sufficient data, 5,000 students will take part in the study with 2,500 of
them coming from majority white schools and 2,500 coming from majority nonwhite schools. The
participating schools will be spread throughout Wisconsin so some of them come from cities where
the cost of living is higher and some of them come from rural areas where the cost of living is lower.
Also, to set up a control group there will be mostly white schools and mostly nonwhite schools that
have close to the same spending per pupil. Data from these students will come in a couple different
forms. First, a survey will be taken to identify ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The third set of data to be collected would be the per pupil spending of each school in the study.
This data is crucial for the study as it is the main independent variable that is being researched. In
order to get this information, researchers would have to look at state documents to determine how
much funding each school received. They could also contact each school to try and obtain this
information or to double check the amount they had gotten from the documents.
Definition of Terms Independent Variables: The first independent variable in per pupil spending
which, in this study, is defined as the amount of money spent per student within a school district.
The second independent variable is race. White students are students who say they are either white
are caucasian. Nonwhite students are students who say they are African American, Asian, Hispanic,
or Latino. Dependent Variable: The dependent variable in this study is the racial achievement gap
which will be defined as the difference in academic achievement between white students and
nonwhite students. Academic achievement will be defined as a student's grade point average and
their standardized test scores. Academic Achievement Variables: A student's GPA will be an average
of their grades in their classes which cover english, science, math, and social studies. The
standardized test

Find Three Advertisementys That Appeal to the Needs for...
RESEARCH ETHICS IN CONSUMER SCIENCE BEHAVIOUR RESEARCH
As one carry out research and engage in a research project, she/he must be conscious of the rules
and regulations set down for an acceptable thesis. However such regulations might differ by
institution, but in general the ethical principles of respect for persons, beneficence and justice are
generally agreed to underpin all research involving human participants. Furthermore, emphasis on
the research principles may vary according to the socio–cultural context as well as the nature and
complexity of the research consideration.
According to BGS (20011) research ethics is the process taken while planning research, to ensure
that your research complies with relevant and ethical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lund Research Ltd (2012) described informed consent as the participant's understanding that they
are taking part in research and what the research requires of them. Global Health Research (2000)
revealed that informed consent is described in the Belmont Report as allowing for the confirmation
of autonomy among all research participants. It is further said that 'informed consent is not just a
legal requirement or document to be signed but it is a communication process between the
researcher and the participant that starts before the research is initiated and continues throughout the
study.
Where possible, participants should be informed about the nature of the study and all the aspect of
the research that are likely to affect their willingness to become participants (Macaskill, 2008). The
information may include the purpose of the research, the expected duration, the methods being used,
the possible outcomes of the research, as well as associated demands, any prospective research
benefits, incentives for participation, discomforts, inconveniences, risks that the participants may
face and the person to be contacted with questions (Macaskill, 2008 and Smith, 2003). However, it
is not possible to know the exact information the participants may want to know about the research,
but the researcher should not leave out any information that would influence whether consent would
be granted.
According to Smith (2003), the consent process ensures that individuals are

Closing The Achievement Gap Through Administration
Closing the Achievement Gap Through Administration
Patrick Kegley
Texas A&M University Commerce Closing the Achievement Gap Through Administration
Whether on the scale of a school district, a state, or the nation, achievement gaps exist. Wealth
seems to be the deciding factor, with race coming in at a close second, but these do not (and should
not) be deciding factors. The State of Texas has developed The P–16 Initiative which seeks to close
theses performance gaps between the poor and wealthy. Our textbook reads: "The P–16 is an effort
to work with stakeholders collaboratively to foster a more integrated education system, while
addressing issues of college readiness standards, teacher education, and educational ... Show more
As with the importance of selecting a highly qualified principal to help raise test scores and closing
achievement gaps, the selection and support of staff is also critical. Gregory F. Branch, Eric A.
Hanushek, and Steven G. Rivkin's 2013 study "School Leaders Matter" examined the effectiveness
of many principles' leadership and the effect they had on student achievement ratings. "A primary
channel through which principals can be expected to improve the quality of education is by raising
the quality of teachers, either by improving the instruction provided by existing teachers or through
teacher transitions that improve the caliber of the school's workforce" (Branch, pg.4). A principal
must be able to continually seek out professional development, to research best practices and new
educational theories to support their staff and students. If principals are to close the achievement
gap, they must be willing to inform and instruct their staff on new teaching strategies. Mr. Canada,
from his TED talk, "Our failing schools. Enough is enough!", states: "You go into a place that has
failed kids for fifty years and say: 'so what's the plan?' And they say: 'Well, we are going to do what
we did last year, this year'. What kind of business model is that?" (TED, 2013). The principal willing
to venture into new, uncharted waters may succeed or fail, but at least they

Should We Get Rid Of Homework?
For Homework Why would we get rid of homework when homework has decades of research
supporting its effective use? Many people say that homework should be banned in schools. On the
other hand most people value homework as I do. I think homework should stay in schools because
homework shows higher achievement, teaches responsibility and, creates time for parents to bond
with their kids. Homework should be kept in schools because homework helps kids reach higher
achievement by extending learning beyond the school day and, increasing their advantages.
According to Marzano, a researcher in education, "...the most important advantage of homework is
that it can enhance achievement by extending learning beyond the school day." This shows that
children who do homework learn more than children who don't because they spend more time doing
work outside of school than other children do. Another way homework helps kids with higher
achievement is that students who don't do their homework will not see any increase in their
achievement in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It's important for parents to read with their children every night. Reading with you child every night
makes it so that the child and parent can bond, and so that the child's reading skill improves.
According to the article Should Schools Be Done With Homework?, " Homework has it's place: to
practice skills and most importantly involve families in their child's learning." By giving homework
it helps students practice their learning skills outside of school and involves families also! Involving
families in your children's learning is very important for children, why should we get rid of
homework? Without homework kids will be at a big disadvantage in the future. Homework provides
higher achievement, responsibility and, homework creates time for parents to bond with their
children. So, Is homework really a

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