12 conjunctival tumours
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This document categorizes and describes various conjunctival tumors including: 1. Benign tumors such as naevus, papilloma, epibulbar dermoid, and lipodermoid. 2. Pre-malignant tumors including primary acquired melanosis and intraepithelial neoplasia. 3. Malignant tumors like melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, Kaposi sarcoma, and lymphoma. It provides details on signs, locations, risk factors, and treatments for each type of tumor.
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Uveal tissue is the middle vascular coat of the eyeball.
From anterior to posterior, it can be divided into 3 parts –
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Iris is the anterior most part of the uveal tract.
The iris consists of four layers,
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Anterior epithelial layer
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The colour of iris depends on Anterior limiting layer.
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The document discusses diseases of the orbit, including:
1. It describes the anatomy of the orbital cavity including its dimensions, walls, openings, spaces, and relations to other structures.
2. It discusses different types of proptosis including the causes, signs, and treatments. Causes can include infections, tumors, or endocrine disorders like Graves' disease.
3. Graves' disease is described as the most common cause of exophthalmos. It involves protrusion of the eye along with signs of hyperthyroidism. Surgical orbital decompression may be needed for severe cases.
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Intermeddiate & posterior uveitis dr.k.srikanth, 23.03.2016 revised
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Sutures are used to approximate tissues during surgery. An ideal suture has properties like adequate tensile strength, biocompatibility, and ability to be sterilized without deterioration. Sutures can be natural or synthetic, absorbable or non-absorbable. Common natural sutures include catgut and silk, while synthetic absorbable sutures include PGA, PGLA, PDS, and synthetic non-absorbable sutures include nylon, polyester, and polypropylene. Needle shape and size depends on the surgery and tissue being sutured. Proper suture and needle selection is important for optimal wound healing.
Managing Lupus and Maintaining a Healthy Lifestyle
This document outlines lifestyle recommendations for managing lupus, including avoiding triggers like infections, sun exposure, and certain drugs. It recommends getting adequate sleep, avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol, and exercising regularly. Nutritious eating and maintaining a healthy weight while on steroids is also discussed. The importance of stress management, preventative healthcare, appearance, social support systems, and clinical trial participation are also covered. The overall message is that patients should focus on controlling modifiable factors while not blaming themselves for things outside their control.
Eye Cancer
The document summarizes key facts about eye cancer, including:
- Welders, farmers, fishermen and chemical workers have a higher risk of developing eye cancer. Whites also have a higher risk than African Americans.
- In 2008, there were 2,390 new eye cancer cases and 240 deaths in the US. Approximately 1,340 men and 1,050 women are diagnosed each year. 325 children are also diagnosed annually with eye tumors.
- Common symptoms of eye cancer include bulging of the eye, vision loss, eye pain, watery eyes, blurred vision, dark spots on the eye, and flashing lights or blurry lines.
03 diffuse eyelid diseases
This document discusses various diffuse eyelid diseases categorized into allergic, infectious, and miscellaneous causes. Allergic causes include acute edema from insect bites or urticaria/angioedema, contact dermatitis from topical medications, and atopic dermatitis which is associated with asthma/hay fever and causes chronic itching/scratching. Infectious causes involve preseptal cellulitis from skin trauma/insects, herpes simplex causing vesicles/crusting, herpes zoster ophthalmicus causing painful vesicles/pustules, impetigo causing golden-yellow crusting, erysipelas causing acute spreading cellulitis, and necrotizing fasciitis causing
Lupus and Your Eyes
by Cono Grasso, MD
Jamaica Hospital Medical Center
Presented at the S.L.E. Lupus Foundation's "Get into the Loop!" New York City Lupus Education Series on October 6, 2010.
Orbital tumors
1. Optic nerve gliomas and primary orbital lymphoma are rare tumors that can involve the orbit.
2. Optic nerve gliomas typically affect children and are low-grade gliomas, while primary orbital lymphoma can affect a wide age range and are commonly low-grade B-cell lymphomas.
3. Treatment depends on the site and extent of the tumor but may include surveillance, chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy, or a combination. The goal is long-term tumor control while preserving vision and cosmesis.
Allergic conjunctivitis
This document discusses different types of allergic conjunctivitis, including symptoms, signs, pathogenesis, and treatment. It covers simple allergic conjunctivitis like seasonal and perennial forms. It also discusses vernal keratoconjunctivitis, atopic keratoconjunctivitis, giant papillary conjunctivitis, phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis, and contact dermatoconjunctivitis. For each type, the document provides details on clinical presentation, pathology, and recommended treatment approaches.
05 malignant eyelid tumours
This document summarizes different types of malignant eyelid tumors including basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, meibomian gland carcinoma, melanoma, Kaposi sarcoma, and Merkel cell carcinoma. It describes characteristics such as appearance, location, histology, and treatment options for each type of tumor. The most common is basal cell carcinoma, which typically affects the elderly on the head and neck region, grows slowly, and has a low risk of metastasis. Surgical excision is the primary treatment but other options include cryotherapy and radiotherapy. Reconstruction of the eyelid may require various flap procedures depending on the size of the defect.
Allergic conjunctivitis
This document summarizes different types of allergic conjunctivitis including simple allergic conjunctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, atopic keratoconjunctivitis, giant papillary conjunctivitis, phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis, and contact dermoconjunctivitis. It describes the etiology, pathology, symptoms, signs, and management of each type. For simple allergic conjunctivitis, common allergens include pollens and treatments involve reducing allergen exposure, cold compresses, tear substitutes, vasoconstrictors, mast cell stabilizers, and antihistamines. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis causes cob
Intraocular Tumours
This document discusses different types of intraocular tumours:
1) Uveal tract tumours including iris melanomas, ciliary body melanomas, and choroidal melanomas. Choroidal melanomas are the most common type of uveal melanoma.
2) Retinal tumours such as retinoblastoma, which is the most common primary malignant intraocular tumour in childhood.
3) Metastatic tumours, which are more common than primary intraocular malignancies and spread from primary cancers such as breast and lung cancers.
Orbital tumours
The document discusses various types of orbital tumours and pathologies. It describes three main intraorbital spaces - intraconal, conal and extraconal - and examples of pathologies that can occur in each space. It provides details on orbital lymphoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, orbital metastasis and dermoid cysts. For each condition, it outlines clinical features, location in the orbit, radiological features on CT and MRI such as signal characteristics, enhancement patterns and appearance. Common primary cancers that metastasize to the orbit are also listed.
Review course in ocular oncology
The document provides a review course on ocular oncology covering tumors of the eyelids, conjunctiva, intraocular region, and orbit. It discusses the clinical presentation, classification, examples, investigations, and management including surgical and non-surgical options for various benign and malignant tumor types in these ocular regions. Key tumor types and management approaches are summarized for each anatomical region.
Orbital And Peri Orbital Tumours
The document discusses various orbital and peri-orbital tumours. It describes lymphomas as characterized by subacute proptosis, lid swelling and diplopia. Rhabdomyosarcoma is outlined as the most common orbital malignancy in children, often presenting as sudden, rapidly progressive proptosis. Basal cell carcinoma is discussed as the most common lid neoplasm, with potential for local spread but no metastasis.
Pterygium
This document provides an overview of pterygium, including:
1. The anatomy and histology of the conjunctiva where pterygium develops.
2. Risk factors for pterygium include ultraviolet light exposure, which may cause genetic mutations in limbal stem cells through oxidative stress and altered expression of growth factors.
3. Pterygium is believed to develop from these genetically altered limbal stem cells, disrupting the normal balance between corneal and conjunctival epithelium and allowing conjunctiva to grow onto the cornea.
Pterygium and its management
This document discusses pterygium, a non-cancerous growth of fleshy tissue on the eye. It begins by defining pterygium and describing its characteristics and causes. It then discusses risk factors like UV exposure, prevalence based on age, sex and geography. Clinical presentation and staging is explained. Histopathology and recurrence are also covered. Treatment involves surgery like conjunctival autografting along with preventative measures and adjuvants to reduce recurrence. Complications and outcomes of different techniques are compared.
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This document discusses benign tumors of epithelial tissue origin in the oral cavity. It focuses on squamous papilloma, verruca vulgaris, keratoacanthoma, and oral nevus. Squamous papilloma presents as a cauliflower-like growth caused by HPV. Keratoacanthoma is a low-grade skin malignancy that can occur in the mouth. Oral nevus, or mole, is a pigmented lesion caused by an overgrowth of nevus cells derived from neural crest cells. The document provides details on clinical and histological features to help differentiate these benign growths.
Melanoma .pptx
This document provides an overview of melanoma, including its definition, epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, clinical subtypes, clinical course, and management. Some key points include:
- Melanoma arises from melanocytic cells and can occur anywhere these cells are found. It has the ability to metastasize to any organ.
- Incidence has increased worldwide in recent decades, with the highest rates in Australia/New Zealand. Risk factors include fair skin, inability to tan, family history, and sun exposure.
- Diagnosis involves physical examination of lesions for characteristics like asymmetry, irregular borders, and evolution over time. Dermoscopy and histology are also used.
- Common subtypes include superficial
Skin tumors
Skin tumors can be benign or malignant. Benign tumors include seborrheic keratosis, skin tags, epidermoid cysts, and milia. Malignant tumors include basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma. Basal cell carcinoma is the most common skin cancer, usually appearing as a painless raised area on sun-exposed skin. Squamous cell carcinoma can also develop from sun exposure and occasionally spread. Malignant melanoma is more likely to metastasize and its risk factors include fair skin, many moles, and intense sun exposure. Proper diagnosis and treatment of skin tumors is important for patient prognosis and outcomes.
Causes of lymphadenopathy.pptx
This document discusses the causes of lymphadenopathy, which include inflammatory, neoplastic, autoimmune disorders, and lymphatic leukemia. Inflammatory causes include acute and chronic lymphadenitis as well as granulomatous lymphadenitis caused by various bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. Neoplastic causes include both benign and malignant lymphomas, with primary malignant lymphomas including diffuse and nodular types. Autoimmune disorders that can cause lymphadenopathy involve conditions like juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and collagen diseases. Investigations for determining the cause include blood tests, aspiration, biopsy, and various imaging techniques.
Surgical oncology 1 ( Benign tumors)
This document provides information on benign tumors, including their definition, differences between benign and malignant tumors, and descriptions of specific benign tumor types. Some key points:
- Benign tumors are slow-growing and do not invade other structures or spread to other parts of the body, while malignant tumors are rapidly growing and can invade nearby tissues and spread via lymphatics or bloodstream.
- Common benign tumor types described include lipomas, fibromas, papillomas, neurofibromas, and pigmented nevi. Specific features and classifications of lipomas and neurofibromas are outlined.
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Dermatopathology1
Description of lesions
Macule / Patch
Papule
Nodule
plaque
Vesicle & Bullae
Scale dry, flaky area on skin
Lichenification thickened and rough skin characterized by prominent skin markings
FEMALE GENITAL SYSTEM PATHOLOGY
This document summarizes non-neoplastic epithelial disorders and tumors of the female genital tract. It describes lichen sclerosus and squamous hyperplasia as common non-neoplastic disorders of the vulva. Benign tumors mentioned include stromal polyps, papillary hidradenoma, and condyloma acuminatum. Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive carcinoma are also discussed. Regarding the vagina, common infections like bacterial, fungal and protozoal vaginitis are summarized. Rare benign tumors and malignant cancers including squamous cell carcinoma and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma are briefly outlined. Staging of vulvar and vaginal
Malignant melanoma
Melanoma precursors include dysplastic nevi and congenital nevi. Dysplastic nevi are acquired lesions with atypical melanocytes that may develop into melanoma. Congenital nevi present at birth and range in size from small to giant lesions. There are four main types of cutaneous melanoma: superficial spreading melanoma, nodular melanoma, lentigo maligna melanoma, and acral lentiginous melanoma. They differ in their epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and prognosis. Early detection and excision of melanoma precursors and lesions improves patient outcomes.
Skin tumors
Skin tumors can be benign or malignant. Seborrhoeic keratosis is a common benign epidermal tumor unrelated to sebaceous glands that usually arises after age 50 as multiple 'stuck-on' lesions on the face and trunk. Malignant skin tumors include basal cell carcinoma, the most common type of skin cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma. Risk factors for these cancers include sun exposure. Accurate diagnosis and treatment is important given the risk of local invasion and metastasis for malignant skin tumors.
malignant melanoma
- Malignant melanoma arises from melanocytes and commonly presents as a changing mole. It can grow both radially and vertically.
- Risk factors include fair skin, numerous moles, family history, and sun exposure. Staging is based on Breslow thickness, ulceration, and metastasis.
- Diagnosis involves biopsy. Subtypes include superficial spreading, nodular, lentigo maligna, and acral lentiginous melanomas.
- Treatment involves wide local excision, sentinel lymph node biopsy, and lymphadenectomy for involved nodes. Advanced disease may require isolated limb perfusion or resection of isolated metastases.
SALIVORY GLAND FINAL YR.pptx
1) Salivary gland tumors are mostly benign (80%), with the majority originating in the parotid glands.
2) Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign tumor, representing 80% of parotid gland tumors.
3) Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the most common malignant salivary gland tumor in both adults and children, typically presenting as a slow-growing mass in the parotid gland or palate.
Melanomas by Syed M. Aun Raza
This document discusses different types of melanoma, including superficial spreading melanoma, nodular melanoma, acral lentiginous melanoma, and lentigo maligna melanoma. It provides details on the clinical features and histopathology of each type. New immunotherapies for melanoma aim to block proteins like PD-L1 that help melanoma cells evade the immune system, or create vaccines from weakened melanoma cells to stimulate an immune response against the cancer. Clinical trials are ongoing to test the effectiveness of these new immunotherapies.
Tumors of eye lid
oncology is a waste area to define different types of cancers and tumours .tumour of eye lid is one of it
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The document summarizes several tumors of the female genital system including the vulva. It describes stromal polyps, papillary hidradenoma, condyloma acuminatum, vulval intraepithelial neoplasia, and invasive vulvar carcinoma. It provides details on the appearance, histology, HPV association, and staging of these lesions.
Malignant skin diseases
This document provides information about malignant skin diseases and ulcers. It discusses skin cancer epidemiology and risk factors. The main types of skin cancer covered are malignant melanoma and basal cell carcinoma. Malignant melanoma types include superficial spreading melanoma, nodular melanoma, lentigo maligna melanoma, and acral lentiginous melanoma. Survival rates are related to melanoma thickness. Treatment options for skin cancers include surgery, adjuvant therapy, isolated limb perfusion, and intra-arterial chemotherapy. Common ulcers seen in practice include venous, ischemic, diabetic/neuropathic, and neoplastic ulcers.
Swellings, tumours and cysts
This document provides definitions and information about different types of swellings, tumors, and cysts. It discusses benign tumors such as papillomas, fibromas, lipomas, and neural tumors. It also covers malignant tumors including carcinomas, soft tissue sarcomas, and different sarcomas like synovial sarcoma and angiosarcoma. Additionally, it summarizes various cystic swellings that can occur, categorizing them as congenital, acquired, or cystic tumors. Treatment options are mentioned for many of the conditions.
Orbital tumors.pptx
Orbital tumors can be primary, arising within the orbit, or secondary, spreading from adjacent areas. They are classified by tissue of origin and include cystic tumors like dermoid cysts, vascular tumors like cavernous hemangioma, neural tumors such as schwannoma, fibro-osseous tumors like fibrous dysplasia, and lipomatous tumors. Imaging helps characterize lesions and rule out other conditions. Biopsy may be needed for definitive diagnosis and treatment planning.
Oral Pigmentation
This document provides an overview of oral pigmentation and pigmented lesions. It begins by defining pigment and describing normal oral mucosal color. Melanin is identified as the primary pigment producing brown coloration in the body. Factors that can affect melanogenesis are discussed such as sun exposure, drugs, hormones and genetic constitution. The document then classifies pigmentation into endogenous (originating from within the body such as melanin pigmentation) and exogenous (from external sources). Specific endogenous and exogenous pigmented lesions are described. The document concludes by discussing malignant melanoma, describing its clinical presentation and treatment which primarily involves wide local excision surgery.
pigmented lesions part 2 .pptx
This document discusses different types of pigmented lesions that can occur in the oral cavity. It describes endogenous pigmentation caused by melanin, hemoglobin, and hemosiderin. Melanin pigmentation includes conditions like oral melanotic macules and nevi. Hemoglobin pigmentation results in lesions from varices to Kaposi's sarcoma. Hemosiderin causes brown pigmentation in traumas like ecchymosis. Treatment depends on the specific condition but may involve surgery, laser therapy, or observation.
FEMALE GENITAL SYSTEM - 2
This document discusses non-neoplastic and neoplastic conditions of the female genital tract. It describes Bartholin's cyst and abscess, lichen sclerosus, and squamous hyperplasia as non-neoplastic epithelial disorders of the vulva. Benign tumors discussed include stromal polyps, papillary hidradenoma, and condyloma acuminatum. Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) and invasive carcinoma are also covered. For the vagina, vaginitis, tumors, and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma are summarized. Finally, the document discusses cervicitis, cervical polyps, squamous intraepithelial
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49 diabetic retinopathy
This document discusses diabetic retinopathy, beginning with risk factors like long diabetes duration and poor control. It describes the progression from early background changes to more advanced preproliferative and proliferative stages. Clinically significant macular edema is defined and treatment with laser photocoagulation is outlined. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is discussed along with its laser treatment, panretinal photocoagulation. Vitreoretinal surgery criteria are listed.
47 hereditary choroidal dystropathies
This document summarizes four hereditary choroidal dystrophies: choroideremia, gyrate atrophy, central areolar choroidal dystrophy, and diffuse choroidal atrophy. Choroideremia is X-linked recessive and presents in the first decade with night blindness, gradually spreading from the periphery to the center while sparing the fovea late. Gyrate atrophy is autosomal recessive, presents in the first decade with myopia and night blindness, and is caused by a deficiency of ornithine keto-acid aminotransferase. Central areolar choroidal dystrophy is dominant and presents as a bilateral circumscribed maculopathy in the fifth decade. Diffuse choroidal at
45 drug related retinopathies
This document discusses three categories of drug-related retinopathies: 1) antimalarials such as hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine, 2) phenothiazines like chlorpromazine and thioridazine, and 3) crystalline maculopathies from tamoxifen and canthaxanthin. Antimalarials can cause bull's-eye maculopathy, with hydroxychloroquine posing a very small risk and chloroquine risking toxicity over 300g cumulative dose. Phenothiazines may cause plaque-like pigmentation or focal/diffuse loss of retinal pigment epithelium and choroid. Tamoxifen can deposit crystalline rings in the macula while canth
41 principles retinal detachment surgery
This document outlines principles of retinal detachment surgery, including scleral buckling procedures, pneumatic retinopexy, and vitrectomy. Scleral buckling involves configuring scleral buckles, localizing retinal breaks, applying cryotherapy, and inserting an explant. Pneumatic retinopexy uses gas injection and postoperative positioning. Vitrectomy is used for giant retinal tears, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, and diabetic tractional retinal detachments to release traction and unfold retinal flaps. The causes and techniques addressed aim to reattach the retina and prevent early failure.
29 primary angle closure glaucoma
Intermittent angle-closure glaucoma occurs when the iris temporarily blocks the drainage angle, causing a spike in eye pressure. Acute congestive angle-closure glaucoma is a medical emergency characterized by a sudden, complete blockage of the drainage angle and severe symptoms. Treatment involves lowering eye pressure with medications, hyperosmotic agents, or YAG laser iridotomy. Post-congestive angle-closure glaucoma develops after an acute attack and is marked by iris and corneal changes. Chronic angle-closure glaucoma has similar visual field loss and optic nerve damage as open-angle glaucoma but the drainage angle is partially blocked.
26 ectopia lentis
Ectopia lentis refers to displacement of the lens from its normal position. It can be acquired through trauma or tumors, or inherited through isolated familial forms or associated with systemic syndromes like Marfan syndrome, Weill-Marchesani syndrome, and Homocystinuria. Treatment options depend on the cause and symptoms but may include spectacle correction, laser zonulysis to displace the lens, or surgical removal of the lens.
25 abnormal lens shape
This document discusses three abnormalities of lens shape: 1) Lenticonus, which is an axial bulge of the posterior or anterior lens that can be unilateral and sporadic or bilateral and familial/associated with Lowe syndrome. 2) Coloboma, which is a defect in the iris, choroid, or retina that can be associated with giant retinal tears. 3) A small lens, which can be microphakia with a small diameter or microspherophakia with a small spherical diameter, and may be familial or associated with Lowe or Weill-Marchesani syndrome.
23 congenital cataract
This document discusses congenital cataracts, including their classification, causes, and important facts. Cataracts can be idiopathic (33%), inherited (33%), or associated with systemic disease (33%). The classification includes anterior polar, posterior polar, coronary, cortical spoke-like, lamellar, central pulverulent, sutural, and focal dot cataracts. Causes in healthy neonates include hereditary factors and being idiopathic. In unwell neonates, causes include intrauterine infections like rubella or toxoplasmosis, and metabolic disorders like galactosemia.
20 corneal surgery
This document summarizes various corneal surgery procedures:
1. Penetrating keratoplasty is used to treat optical, tectonic, therapeutic, or cosmetic corneal issues and involves excision of the host corneal tissue and fixation of donor tissue.
2. Keratoprosthesis involves insertion of an artificial lenticule into the corneal stroma for patients with bilateral blindness from conditions like ocular pemphigoid.
3. Refractive surgeries like radial keratotomy, photorefractive keratectomy, laser in-situ keratomileusis, and non-contact laser thermal keratoplasty are used to treat refractive errors by reshaping the cornea using techniques like exc
19 congen corneal anoms
The document describes 5 types of congenital corneal anomalies: 1) Microcornea, which is a very rare hereditary condition where the corneal diameter is 10mm or less. It can be associated with glaucoma, cataract, cornea plana and iris abnormalities. 2) Megalocornea, which is a rare hereditary condition where the corneal diameter is 13mm or more, causing high myopia and astigmatism. It has been associated with Marfan, Apert and Ehlers-Danlos syndromes. 3) Sclerocornea, a very rare usually bilateral condition where the peripheral cornea becomes opaque and vascularized, making the cornea appear smaller. 4) Cornea
18 corneal ectasias
This document discusses three corneal ectasias - keratoconus, keratoglobus, and pellucid marginal degeneration. Keratoconus is classified based on the shape of the cone into nipple, oval, or globus types. It is usually bilateral but asymmetrical and signs include oil droplet reflex, Vogt striae, and Fleischer ring. Systemic associations include Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and Down syndrome. Keratoglobus is a bilateral protrusion and thinning of the entire cornea, often associated with Leber congenital amaurosis. Pellucid marginal degeneration causes bilateral crescent-shaped inferior corneal thinning with onset between ages 20
17 corneal dystrophies
This document summarizes various types of corneal dystrophies:
- Anterior corneal dystrophies include Cogan microcystic, Reis-Bucklers, Meesmann, and Schnyder dystrophies.
- Stromal dystrophies include lattice types I-III and granular types I-III (Avellino).
- Posterior dystrophies include Fuchs endothelial and posterior polymorphous dystrophies. Each dystrophy is described in terms of inheritance, onset, symptoms, signs, treatment or progression.
14 peri corn thin & ulcer
This document discusses various causes of peripheral corneal thinning and ulceration. It is divided into conditions that present without systemic disease such as dellen, Terrien marginal degeneration, and Mooren ulcer, and those associated with systemic diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, Wegener granulomatosis, and polyarteritis nodosa. For each condition, the document describes signs, causes, progression, and recommended treatments.
13 peripheral corneal inflam
Marginal keratitis, rosacea keratitis, phlyctenulosis, and acute stromal keratitis are forms of peripheral corneal inflammation. Marginal keratitis causes a circumferential subepithelial infiltrate near the limbus and is treated with short-term steroids. Rosacea keratitis results in a chronic, bilateral peripheral inferior vascularization and thinning requiring steroids and antibiotics. Phlyctenulosis presents as transient pinkish-white nodules near the limbus, typically in children. Acute stromal keratitis is rare and unilateral, associated with scleritis, and treated with steroids and NSAIDs.
10 allergic conjunctivitis
This document discusses three types of allergic conjunctivitis: allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, and atopic keratoconjunctivitis. Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis involves a hypersensitivity reaction to airborne antigens and is associated with nasal and eyelid swelling. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis commonly affects children and males in warm climates and involves itching, discharge, and tearing, with papillae forming on the eyelids that can rupture and form giant papillae. Atopic keratoconjunctivitis typically affects young patients with atopic dermatitis and causes red, thickened, fissured eyelids, with
11 immunobullous diseases
This document discusses several immunobullous diseases:
1) Cicatricial pemphigoid is a chronic, progressive disease typically affecting elderly women with oral mucosal lesions and less common skin lesions. It can lead to complications affecting the eyes including ankyloblepharon.
2) Stevens-Johnson syndrome is an acute, self-limiting disease typically affecting young men with oral and eye lesions that are often hemorrhagic and necrotic. Eye complications can include symblepharon.
3) Other diseases discussed include toxic epidermal necrolysis, epidermolysis bullosa, pemphigus vulgaris, and linear IgA bullous dermatosis
09 conjunctival infections
This document describes various infectious conjunctival diseases including bacterial, viral, and chlamydial causes. Bacterial conjunctivitis can be caused by simple bacteria or gonorrhea. Viral conjunctivitis can be caused by adenovirus, molluscum contagiosum, herpes simplex virus, or chlamydia. Adenoviral conjunctivitis may cause pharyngoconjunctival fever in children or epidemic keratoconjunctivitis in adults. Chlamydial conjunctivitis includes adult and neonatal forms as well as trachoma, a chronic infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Each disease is characterized by signs and symptoms and discussed
07 ptosis
This document discusses the classification and evaluation of ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid). Ptosis can be neurogenic, myogenic, aponeurotic, mechanical or pseudoptosis. Common causes include third nerve palsy, Horner syndrome, myasthenia gravis, and congenital conditions. Evaluation involves measuring the marginal reflex distance, levator function, and upper lid excursion. Treatment depends on the type and severity of ptosis, and may include procedures like levator resection or frontalis brow suspension.
02 chronic marg bleph'tis
This document discusses different types of chronic marginal blepharitis: staphylococcal, seborrhoeic, meibomianitis, and meibomian seborrhoea. It describes the symptoms of each type as well as potential complications. Treatment involves lid hygiene with baby shampoo, tear substitutes, systemic tetracyclines for severe posterior blepharitis, and warm compresses to melt solidified sebum.
01 disorders of lashes
This document summarizes various disorders of the eyelashes including:
1. Trichiasis, where eyelashes grow backwards and rub against the eye, potentially causing corneal damage.
2. Metaplastic lashes which arise abnormally from meibomian gland openings due to conditions like cicatrizing conjunctivitis.
3. Distichiasis which is a second row of eyelashes growing from meibomian gland openings and can be treated with cryotherapy or surgery.
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1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
ACTIVE IMPLANTABLE MEDICAL DEVICE IN EUROPE
This presentation will help you to know about the classification ,approval process and article related to active implantable medical device
Kalyan chart satta matka guessing result
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一比一原版(unc毕业证书)美国北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(unc毕业证书)美国北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(unc毕业证书)美国北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(unc毕业证书)美国北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(unc毕业证书)美国北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(unc毕业证书)美国北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Proposal: The Ark Project and The BEEP Inc
1.) Introduction
Our Movement is not new; it is the same as it was for Freedom, Justice, and Equality since we were labeled as slaves. However, this movement at its core must entail economics.
2.) Historical Context
This is the same movement because none of the previous movements, such as boycotts, were ever completed. For some, maybe, but for the most part, it’s just a place to keep your stable until you’re ready to assimilate them into your system. The rest of the crabs are left in the world’s worst parts, begging for scraps.
3.) Economic Empowerment
Our Movement aims to show that it is indeed possible for the less fortunate to establish their economic system. Everyone else – Caucasian, Asian, Mexican, Israeli, Jews, etc. – has their systems, and they all set up and usurp money from the less fortunate. So, the less fortunate buy from every one of them, yet none of them buy from the less fortunate. Moreover, the less fortunate really don’t have anything to sell.
4.) Collaboration with Organizations
Our Movement will demonstrate how organizations such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, National Urban League, Black Lives Matter, and others can assist in creating a much more indestructible Black Wall Street.
5.) Vision for the Future
Our Movement will not settle for less than those who came before us and stopped before the rights were equal. The economy, jobs, healthcare, education, housing, incarceration – everything is unfair, and what isn’t is rigged for the less fortunate to fail, as evidenced in society.
6.) Call to Action
Our movement has started and implemented everything needed for the advancement of the economic system. There are positions for only those who understand the importance of this movement, as failure to address it will continue the degradation of the people deemed less fortunate.
No, this isn’t Noah’s Ark, nor am I a Prophet. I’m just a man who wrote a couple of books, created a magnificent website: http://www.thearkproject.llc, and who truly hopes to try and initiate a truly sustainable economic system for deprived people. We may not all have the same beliefs, but if our methods are tried, tested, and proven, we can come together and help others. My website: http://www.thearkproject.llc is very informative and considerably controversial. Please check it out, and if you are afraid, leave immediately; it’s no place for cowards. The last Prophet said: “Whoever among you sees an evil action, then let him change it with his hand [by taking action]; if he cannot, then with his tongue [by speaking out]; and if he cannot, then, with his heart – and that is the weakest of faith.” [Sahih Muslim] If we all, or even some of us, did this, there would be significant change. We are able to witness it on small and grand scales, for example, from climate control to business partnerships. I encourage, invite, and challenge you all to support me by visiting my website.
Bridging the visual gap between cultural heritage and digital scholarship
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12 conjunctival tumours
- 1. 1. Benign • Naevus • Papilloma • Epibulbar dermoid • Lipodermoid 2. Pre-malignant • Primary acquired melanosis ( PAM ) • Intraepithelial neoplasia (carcinoma in situ) 3. Malignant • Melanoma • Squamous cell carcinoma • Kaposi sarcoma • Lymphoma CONJUNCTIVAL TUMOURS
- 2. Naevus • 30% are almost non-pigmented • Most frequently juxtalimbal • Sharply demarcated and slightly elevated • Presents in first two decades
- 3. Papilloma Pedunculated Sessile • Presents in middle age • Not caused by infection • Single and unilateral • Presents in childhood or early adulthood • Infection with papilloma virus • May be multiple and bilateral
- 4. • Presents in childhood • Smooth, soft mass • Usually juxtalimbal • Occasionally Goldenhar syndrome Epibulbar dermoid Signs Association
- 5. Lipodermoid • Presents in adulthood • Soft, movable, subconjunctival mass • Most frequently at outer canthus
- 6. Intraepithelial neoplasia (carcinoma in situ) • Juxtalimbal fleshy avascular mass • May become vascular and extend onto cornea • Presents in late adulthood • Malignant transformation is uncommon Signs Progression
- 7. Primary acquired melanosis (PAM) • PAM without atypia is benign • PAM with atypia is pre-malignant• Unilateral, irregular areas of flat, brown pigmentation • May involve any part of conjunctiva • Presents in late adulthood Signs Types
- 8. Conjunctival melanoma From PAM with atypia • Sudden appearance of nodules in PAM From naevus • Sudden increase in size or pigmentation Primary • Solitary nodule • Frequently juxtalimbal but may be anywhere • Very rare• Most common type
- 9. Localized tumour • Excision Treatment of conjunctival melanoma Diffuse tumour • Excision of nodules Orbital recurrence • Excision and radiotherapy• Adjunctive cryotherapy or mitomycin C • Exenteration • Adjunctive cryotherapy
- 10. Squamous cell carcinoma • Rarely metastasizes • Arises from intraepithelial neoplasia or de novo • Frequently juxtalimbal • Slow-growing • Presents in late adulthood • May spread extensively Signs Progression
- 11. Kaposi sarcoma • Most frequently in inferior fornix • Affects patients with AIDS • Vascular, slow-growing tumour of low malignancy • Very sensitive to radiotherapy
- 12. Lymphoma • Salmon-coloured, subconjunctival infiltrate • Usually presents in adulthood • Benign or malignant