Salivary gland tumours are a relatively rare and morphologically diverse group of lesions. So here are slides containing information about salivary gland tumours with images.
Salivary gland tumours are a relatively rare and morphologically diverse group of lesions. So here are slides containing information about salivary gland tumours with images.
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Dermoid cysts, capillary hemangiomas, and rhabdomyosarcoma are the most common paediatric orbital tumours.
Retinoblastoma is the most common malignant ocular tumour in children.
Neuroblastoma can involve the orbit via metastases and is the most common metastatic tumor to the orbit in children.
Lymphoid tumors, cavernous hemangiomas, and meningiomas are the most common orbital tumours in adults.
Other tumors include those of the lacrimal gland, tumors from the surrounding sinuses, metastatic tumors such as breast cancer in women, and neural-based tumors
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Dermoid cysts, capillary hemangiomas, and rhabdomyosarcoma are the most common paediatric orbital tumours.
Retinoblastoma is the most common malignant ocular tumour in children.
Neuroblastoma can involve the orbit via metastases and is the most common metastatic tumor to the orbit in children.
Lymphoid tumors, cavernous hemangiomas, and meningiomas are the most common orbital tumours in adults.
Other tumors include those of the lacrimal gland, tumors from the surrounding sinuses, metastatic tumors such as breast cancer in women, and neural-based tumors
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
2. INTRODUCTION
• The majority of these neoplasms are benign 80%
and only20% are malignant.
• These best distinguished by their histologic
patterns.
3. EPIDEMIOLOGY
• Uncommon neoplasms
• Up to 6.5% of all head and neck neoplasms.
• Most salivary gland tumors originate in the parotid glands
(64%-80%), malignancy (15%- 32%).
• 7-11% occur in the submandibular glands, malignancy (37%- 45%).
• less than 1% in the sublingual glands, malignancy (70% - 90%)
4. RULE OF 80
80% of parotid tumors are benign.
80% of parotid tumors are Pleomorphic adenomas
80% of salivary gland Pleomorphic adenomas occur in
the parotid
80% of parotid Pleomorphic adenomas occur in the
superficial lobe
80% of untreated Pleomorphic adenomas remain benign
7. PLEOMORPHIC ADENOMA
• Most common neoplasm of salivary gland tumor.
• Its cells differentiate to epithelial (ductal and
nonductal) cells and mesenchymal (chondroid,
myxoid, osseous) cells.
• origin: epithelial
8. CLINICAL FEATURES
• Most common tumor.
• Rate of occurrence
– 60-70%- parotid glands
– 40-60%- submandibular glands
– 40-70%- minor salivary glands
– seldomly- sublingual glands
• Age: 30-50 years
• Sex: female> male – 3:1 – 4:1
• In parotid- presents in the lower lobe of the superior
lobe
9. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
• painless, slow growing, firm mass, initially small in
size and begins to increase in size.
• Initially movable but with continued growth become
more nodular and less movable.
• Recurrent tumor- multinodular, fixed on palpation.
• Palate – intraorally common site.
• Seldom ulcerated- unless secondarily traumatized.
10.
11.
12. INVESTIGATION
• MRI
• CT SCAN
• FNAC showing well encapsulated mass tan coloured and
glossy in appearance
14. • TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS
• Superficial parotidectomy with preservation of the
facial nerve
• total parotidectomy for deep lobe with preservation
of the facial nerve.
• Local enucleation should be avoided .
18. CLINICAL FEATURES:
Age: 3rd – 5th decade
Sex: females> male
Site: parotid is most commonly affected.
Intraorally: palate
Most common salivary gland neoplasm in
children
19. CLINICAL FEATURES
• Low grade: slowly enlarging, painless mass, seldom
exceeds 5cm in diameter in low grade.
• may be mistaken as mucocele.
• High grade: grows rapidly, facial nerve paralysis
• ulceration, trismus, draining from the ear, dysphagia.
• metastasis to regional lymph node, lung, bone, brain,
suncutaneous tissue.
20. Blue-pigmented mass of the posterior
lateral hard palate.
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma.
Mass of the tongue
23. • High grade: nearly solid cellular proliferation of
epidermoid & intermediate cells
– Noticiable degree of cellular atypia
– N:C ratio altered
– nucleoli prominent, mitosis- numerous
• 2 differentiation pattern:
• a)Resemble a MDSCC
• b) variety of cell types that are most often dominated by
• intermediate cells.
25. • TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS
• Conservative excision with preservation of facial nerve
• Submandibular gland- removal of the gland
• Minor salivary gland- surgical
• Matastatis- 12% of cases
• Prognosis- fairly good.
