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Reading and
Writing
Independence
Cooper and Kiger
Identified the five stages of
early literacy learning which
involve oral
language, reading and
writing skills of children.
Stages of Early Literacy
Fluent Reading and
Writing Stage
Almost Fluent
Reading and Writing
Stage
Beginning Reading
and Writing Stage

Emergent Literacy
Stage
Early Emergent
Literacy Stage
Cooper and Kiger provided the
behavior and performance indicators
of the emergent learners in oral
language, reading and writing from the
early stages as they depend so much on
literate adults who provide support
and as they progress to achieve total
independence in their learning.
Stages of
Literacy

Oral
Language

Read aloud,
1.
story telling,
Early
make-up
Emergent
stories,
Literacy
verbal
requests,
oral
direction,
inquiries,
word play.

Reading

Writing

Beginning
concept of
print,
labeling,
naming,
picture
reading,
literature
enjoyment.

Scribbling,
drawing,
markings on
paper,
letter like
shapes,
writing
attempts.
Stages of
Oral
Literacy Language

2.
Emergent
Literacy

Reading

Growing
Acquired
oral
concept of
language
print ,
facility, recognition of
oral
environmental
language
print, letterof story
sound
read,
recognition,
pleasure in
meaning
oral
construction.
language.

Writing

Spelling and
writing
conventions,
familiarity
with writing
process,
meaning
construction
Stages of
Literacy

3.
Beginning
reading
and
Writing

Oral
Language

Reading

Writing

SelfAdditional
Varied
corrected recognition
writing
speech,
skills and
behavior,
increase
strategies, growing use
oral
meaning
of
language construction mechanism
vocabulary,
and
pleasure in
convention,
words.
employed
writing
process.
Stages of
Literacy

Oral
Language

Reading

4. Almost
Fluent
Reading
and
Writing

Moving
Regular use
towards
of word
language
recognition
fluency,
skills and
increase
strategies,
pleasure in
growing
language
meaning
use.
construction

Writing

Varied
writing
purposes,
pleasure in
writing.
Stages
of
Literacy

Oral
Language

Reading

Writing

Purposeful
5.Fluent
Increase
Capable
writing,
Reading vocabulary, decoder with pleasurable
and
appreciation comprehension
writing,
Writing
to
skills, critical persuasive
important reading, varied
writing,
of speech.
reading
self-editing,
strategies,
peer
perceived self
editing,
as competent
perceived
reader.
self as a
competent
Reading
Independence
of a Learner
Little
Independent

Gradual
Independent

Increasing
Independent

Parents

Towards
Independent
Reading

Siblings

Parents

Teachers

Teachers

Parents

Other
Literate Adults

Other
Literate Adults

Teachers

Totally
Independent
Reading

Teachers and
the learners

Peers

Learner
Writing
Independence of
a Learner
Early emergent
writer

Emergent
writer

Beginning
writer

Almost
Fluent writer

Fluent
writer

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Reading and writing Independence