The document summarizes the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP), which is the set of communication protocols used for the Internet and similar networks. It consists of four layers - link, internet, transport, and application layers. Some important protocols included in each layer are IP, TCP, UDP, and higher-level protocols like HTTP, FTP, and SMTP. The TCP/IP model uses encapsulation, adding headers at each layer to abstract the protocols and allow communication across networks.

1. Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP)

2. The Internet Protocol Suite (commonly known as TCP/IP ) is the set of communications protocols used for the Internet and other similar networks. It is named from two of the most important protocols in it: the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first two networking protocols defined in this standard. Today's IP networking represents a synthesis of several developments that began to evolve in the 1960s and 1970s, namely the Internet and LANs (Local Area Networks), which emerged in the mid- to late-1980s, together with the advent of the World Wide Web in the early 1990s.

3. The Internet Protocol Suite, like many protocol suites, may be viewed as a set of layers. Each layer solves a set of problems involving the transmission of data, and provides a well-defined service to the upper layer protocols based on using services from some lower layers. Upper layers are logically closer to the user and deal with more abstract data, relying on lower layer protocols to translate data into forms that can eventually be physically transmitted. The TCP/IP model consists of four layers. From lowest to highest, these are the Link Layer, the Internet Layer, the Transport Layer, and the Application Layer.

4. The Internet Protocol Suite Application Layer BGP · DHCP · DNS · FTP · GTP · HTTP · IMAP · IRC · Megaco · MGCP · NNTP · NTP · POP · RIP · RPC · RTP · RTSP · SDP · SIP · SMTP · SNMP · SOAP · SSH · STUN · Telnet · TLS/SSL · XMPP Transport Layer TCP UDP DCCP SCTP RSVP ECN Internet Layer IP ( IPv4 , IPv6 ) ICMP ICMPv6 IGMP IPsec Link Layer ARP · RARP · NDP · OSPF · Tunnels ( L2TP ) · Media Access Control ( Ethernet , MPLS , DSL , ISDN , FDDI ) · Device Drivers

5. The TCP/IP suite uses encapsulation to provide abstraction of protocols and services. Such encapsulation usually is aligned with the division of the protocol suite into layers of general functionality. In general, an application (the highest level of the model) uses a set of protocols to send its data down the layers, being further encapsulated at each level. This may be illustrated by an example network scenario, in which two Internet host computers communicate across local network boundaries constituted by their internetworking gateways (routers).

6. TCP/IP stack operating on two hosts connected via two routers and the corresponding layers used at each hop

7. Encapsulation of application data descending through the protocol stack. Application Transport Internet Link