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Critical infrastructure

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Prof. David E. Alexander (UCL)
Prof. David E. Alexander (UCL)
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Critical Infrastructure Protection David Alexander University College London
“Those facilities, systems, sites and networks necessary for the functioning of society and the delivery of essential services upon which daily life depends.” What is critical infrastructure?
"Those infrastructure assets (physical or electronic) that are vital to the continued delivery and integrity of the essential services upon which society relies, the loss or compromise of which would lead to severe economic or social consequences or to loss of life." What is critical infrastructure?
The sectors of critical infrastructure • water • energy • food • health • transport • communications • finance • government • emergency services
Elements of critical infrastructure Water: dams, treatment plants, pipelines, sewers Energy: power stations, transmission lines Food: distribution networks, warehouses and sales points Health: hospitals, emergency systems, pharmaceuticals Transport: road, rail, air, water airports, sea ports, roads, railways, bridges Communications: telephone, radio, cyber Finance: banks, money supply, financial services Government: national, regional, local Emergency services: fire, police, ambulance, specialist.
• national - of importance to the functioning of national life and affairs • local - of importance to the functioning of local life and affairs. The divisions of critical infrastructure
• natural events (floods, storms, etc.) • technological failures and human error • terrorism and sabotage. Hazards to critical infrastructure
Water treatment works Railway station Fire station Electricity sub-station Broadband antenna Hospital Supermarket Power station Waste water treatment works FLOOD SITUATION
Generation output restricted Generator out of service Generator out of service Generator out of service Generation output increased Additional generator on stand-by Example of regional flood impact on electricity grid
Previously affected Near misses At risk (1 in 100) Low risk Risk exposure level Low Medium High Threat Historic Predicted Low
Criticality scale Impact on life Economic impact Impact on essential services Impactcategories 5 4 3 2 1 Critical threshold Critical national infrastructure Other national infrastructure
Virtually certain HIGH Probable SIGNI- FICANT Possible Improbable INTER- MEDIATE Highly unlikely LOW Trivial Low Moderate Extensive Catastrophic Failureprobability Effects and degree of damage Infrastructure criticality matrix
HAZARD VULNERABILITY EXPOSURE A simple risk assessment matrix
Different definitions of exposure: • under threat for a given period of time • at risk to a given extent of possible loss.
A person who spends five minutes twice a day crossing a bridge that is at risk of collapse is exposed to that risk for 10/(60x24x7)= 0.00098 of a week
Command & control Delegation to agency Delegation to agency & negotiation Enforced self- regulation Voluntary self- regulation More interventionist Less interventionist The regulatory continuum Government ownership Market forces
The ALARP concept Negligible risk Unacceptable risk Broadly acceptable region (no need for detailed work to demonstrate ALARP) Unacceptable region ALARP or tolerability region: risk assumed only if benefit warrants it
Cost of risk reduction Risk Inefficient measures Disproportionate measures Insufficient measures Optimal measures Critical infrastructure
Safeguarding critical infrastructures • redundant systems • adequate levels of operating supplies • fault-tolerant design • "fail-safe" design • adequate and reserve manpower • scenarios for failures and disasters • contingency and emergency plans - kept current • involvement of top management
• measuring weaknesses • creating resilience and redundancy • restoring essential services. Critical infrastructure protection: a programme, a plan or an activity
SMART criteria: S - specific M - measurable A - attractive, acceptable R - realistic, realisable T - timing.
The risk management process Establish the context Identify hazards and threats Analyse risks Evaluate risks Manage risks Accept risks Communicateandconsult Monitorandreview Yes No 1 2 3
Fully opera- tional Opera- tional Life safe Near collapse Frequent Occa- sional Rare Very rare Performance level Design standards versus performance levels Designlevel Unacceptable performance for new construction
• measure interdependency • adopt design standards • create resilience. Protection strategies
Policy adoption Risk assessment • hazard • vulnerability • exposure Policy assessment • costs • benefits • consequences Disaster Expected losses Risk Policy Assessment
Cyber Human Physical Set goals and objectives Identify assets, systems and networks Assess risks: vulnerabilities, threats, consequences Prioritise Implement programmes Measure effectiveness Continuous improvement to enhance protection of critical infrastructure and key resources Feedback loop
interim.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/media/349103/strategic-framework.pdf
http://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/EN/Broschueren/ Basisschutzkonzept_kritische_Infrastrukturen_en.html?nn=441658

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