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In aquatic animals such as fish respiration takes place through special respiratory organs called gills, however lung fish respiration takes place through lungs. Gills are present on both the sides of the head of fish. The gills are covered by gill covers also called operculum. When the fish open its mouth, water is drawn into the buccal cavity and passed through the gills. The gills contain special type of cells that absorb the oxygen present in water. The absorbed oxygen is then supplied to all the cells of body through blood. In the cells, oxygen is converted into carbon dioxide and returned back to gills through blood. Ultimately, the gills release the carbon dioxide in water passing through them.
Respiration in Fish
The gills of fish are very efficient; it is estimated gills can extract about 80% oxygen dissolved in water. In addition to the respiratory organs, the gills have an important role in maintaining the right balance of salts in the body.
Digestive physiology of herbivorous fishMahendra Pal
The knowledge of food and feeding habits and the physiology of digestion of any organism is most essential for development of artificial feed in culture practices. Fish and shellfish belong to the poikilothermous animal. The digestion process is somewhat different than the terrestrial animals. Similarly the mechanism of digestion and absorption process is quite different in fishes and shellfishes. The basic function of digestive system is to dissolve foods by rendering them soluble so that they can be absorbed and utilized in the metabolic process. The system may also function to remove dangerous toxic properties of certain food substances.
Fish generally change their feeding habits depending upon availability of food. So according to their feeding fishes are classified into different categories viz., predators, grazers, strainers, suckers and parasites.
In aquatic animals such as fish respiration takes place through special respiratory organs called gills, however lung fish respiration takes place through lungs. Gills are present on both the sides of the head of fish. The gills are covered by gill covers also called operculum. When the fish open its mouth, water is drawn into the buccal cavity and passed through the gills. The gills contain special type of cells that absorb the oxygen present in water. The absorbed oxygen is then supplied to all the cells of body through blood. In the cells, oxygen is converted into carbon dioxide and returned back to gills through blood. Ultimately, the gills release the carbon dioxide in water passing through them.
Respiration in Fish
The gills of fish are very efficient; it is estimated gills can extract about 80% oxygen dissolved in water. In addition to the respiratory organs, the gills have an important role in maintaining the right balance of salts in the body.
Digestive physiology of herbivorous fishMahendra Pal
The knowledge of food and feeding habits and the physiology of digestion of any organism is most essential for development of artificial feed in culture practices. Fish and shellfish belong to the poikilothermous animal. The digestion process is somewhat different than the terrestrial animals. Similarly the mechanism of digestion and absorption process is quite different in fishes and shellfishes. The basic function of digestive system is to dissolve foods by rendering them soluble so that they can be absorbed and utilized in the metabolic process. The system may also function to remove dangerous toxic properties of certain food substances.
Fish generally change their feeding habits depending upon availability of food. So according to their feeding fishes are classified into different categories viz., predators, grazers, strainers, suckers and parasites.
Modern developments in transport technology are from two levels; one is from an understanding of internal physiological mechanisms of the fish and the optimal requirements, ensuring maximum survival of fish under transport and the other is from a study of the environmental parameters of the medium in which fish are transported. Under anaesthesia fish can be transported without water even, provided the skin and gills are kept moist under low temperature. The cryopreservation of fish sperm for use at any convenient time can be referred to here, though this would concern seed production more directly than live seed transport.
The main function of gills is respiration...In gills, there are many hair like projections called gill filaments..in gill filaments, there are number of lamella, from transfer of gases and water occur..
Setting an aquarium is an important steps to maintaining healthy ornamental fishes. It gives mind relaxation and peaceful. It is a hobby and reduces the stress also
At what age does a fish attain a maturity
What is the perfect catchable or mark able size of the fish
It helps to calculate the life span and longevity of fish
It enables to estimate and compare growth rates of fish in different waters.
Good or bad growth can point out the suitability for rearing and stocking purposes
The timing of spawning migration of given species can be worked out .
A fishing gear is the tool with which aquatic resources are captured, whereas the fishing method is how the gear is used. Gear also includes harvesting organisms.
Dr. K. Rama Rao
Department of Zoology
Govt, Degree College
TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt: A.P.
Modern developments in transport technology are from two levels; one is from an understanding of internal physiological mechanisms of the fish and the optimal requirements, ensuring maximum survival of fish under transport and the other is from a study of the environmental parameters of the medium in which fish are transported. Under anaesthesia fish can be transported without water even, provided the skin and gills are kept moist under low temperature. The cryopreservation of fish sperm for use at any convenient time can be referred to here, though this would concern seed production more directly than live seed transport.
The main function of gills is respiration...In gills, there are many hair like projections called gill filaments..in gill filaments, there are number of lamella, from transfer of gases and water occur..
Setting an aquarium is an important steps to maintaining healthy ornamental fishes. It gives mind relaxation and peaceful. It is a hobby and reduces the stress also
At what age does a fish attain a maturity
What is the perfect catchable or mark able size of the fish
It helps to calculate the life span and longevity of fish
It enables to estimate and compare growth rates of fish in different waters.
Good or bad growth can point out the suitability for rearing and stocking purposes
The timing of spawning migration of given species can be worked out .
A fishing gear is the tool with which aquatic resources are captured, whereas the fishing method is how the gear is used. Gear also includes harvesting organisms.
Dr. K. Rama Rao
Department of Zoology
Govt, Degree College
TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt: A.P.
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Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
1. Fish Blood
• Similar to that of any other vertebrates
• Consist of plasma and cellular components
– Cellular Components – Red blood cells (RBC), White
blood cells (WBC) and thrombocytes
– Plasma – Liquid portion and consists of water
2. What makes up fish blood?
• Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) – The most abundant cells in
blood; they are produced in the bone marrow and contain a
protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to cells.
• White Blood Cells (Leucocytes) – They are part of the
immune system and destroy infectious agents called
pathogens.
• Plasma – This is the yellowish liquid portion of blood that
contains electrolytes, nutrients and vitamins, hormones,
clotting factors, and proteins such as antibodies to fight
infection.
• Platelets (Thrombocytes) – The clotting factors that are
carried in the plasma; they clot together in a process called
coagulation to seal a wound and prevent a loss of blood.
3. Formed elements of the blood
There are three varieties of cells or corpuscles present in blood
a) Red blood corpuscles or Erythrocytes
b) White blood corpuscles or Leucocytes
1. Agranulocytes: Have no granules in the cytoplasm; two varieties:
i) Lymphocytes ii) Monocytes
2. Granulocytes: Possess specific granules & retain nucleus; three
varieties:
i) Neutrophils ii) Eosinophils iii) Basophils
c) Platelets or Thrombocytes
4. Functions of blood cells:
Respiration- Transport of Oxygen
Nutritive- Carries nutrient material (glucose, amino
acid & fatty acids, vitamin)
Excretory- Carries waste materials (urea, uric acid,
creatine etc.)
Exchange of electrolyte and other molecules
Contains regulatory agent such as hormones
5. Blood Circulatory System
Circulatory Systems: system of organs and tissues, including the heart, blood,
blood vessels, lymph, lymphatic vessels and glands, involved in circulating blood
and lymph through the body
The two types of animal circulation systems are:
1. Open Circulatory Systems: pump blood into a hemocoel with the blood
diffusing back to the circulatory system between cells. Blood is pumped by a heart
into the body cavities, where tissues are surrounded by the blood.
(Circulatory fluid: hemolymph, also called haemolymph found in molluscs and
arthropods.
2. Closed Circulatory Systems: blood flows through closed vessels of different
size and wall thickness; blood is pumped by a heart through vessels, and does not
normally fill body cavities
(Circulatory fluid: blood. Blood is constrained within the heart and blood vessels)
6. Two types of closed circulation systems are:
1. Single Circulatory Systems: blood passes through the heart
only once on each circuit around the whole of the blood
circulation system of the animal
e.g. in fish
2. Double Circulatory Systems: blood passes through the
heart twice during one complete circuit around the blood
system through the body of the animal e.g. in mammals
7.
8. The circulatory system of fish:
The circulatory system of fish of fish is quite simple. It consists of a heart,
blood, and blood vessels. The heart of a fish is a simple muscular structure that
is located behind (and below) the gills. It is enclosed by the pericardial
membrane or pericardium.
The heart consists of an atrium, a ventricle, a thin-walled structure known as
sinus venosus, and a tube called bulbus arteriosus. Though it has four parts, the
heart of a fish is considered two-chambered. Unlike humans, the four parts of a
fish heart do not form a single organ. Usually, they are found one behind
another.
9. Blood and Blood Vessels:
The blood contains plasma (the fluid portion) and blood cells. The red
blood cells or the erythrocytes contain hemoglobin, a protein that carries
oxygen throughout the body. The white blood cells comprise an
indispensable part of the immune system. The thrombocytes perform
functions that are equivalent to the role of platelets in the human body,
i.e. they help in blood clotting.
10. Fish Circulatory System – Parts:
Bulbus arteriosus: pear shaped chamber that functions as a capacitor,
maintaining continuous blood flow into the gill arches.
Atrium: each of the two upper cavities of the heart from which blood is
passed to the ventricles (each of the two main chambers of the heart, left
and right)
11. Blood Circulation:
Blood vessels carry the blood throughout the body. While arteries carry
oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body, veins return
deoxygenated blood from different parts of the body to the heart.
Arterioles are small, thin-walled arteries that end in capillaries, while
venules are tiny veins that are continuous with capillaries. Capillaries are
minute blood vessels located within body tissues, and they form the link
between arteries and veins.
12.
13. The cardiovascular system of fish:
The cardiovascular system of a fish comprise a heart, veins, arteries, blood, and
fine capillaries. The capillaries are microscopic vessels that form a network
called a capillary bed, where the arterial and venous blood get linked. Capillaries
have thin walls that facilitate diffusion, a process through which oxygen and
other nutrients from the arterial blood are transferred into the cells. At the same
time, carbon dioxide and waste materials are moved into the capillaries.
Capillaries with deoxygenated blood (contains carbon dioxide) drain into small
veins called venules, which in turn drain into larger veins. The veins carry the
deoxygenated blood into the sinus venosus, which is like a small collection
chamber. The sinus venosus has pacemaker cells that are responsible for
initiating contractions, so that the blood is moved into the thin-walled atrium,
which has very few muscles.
14. The atrium generates weak contractions so as to push blood into the ventricle. The
ventricle is a thick-walled structure with lots of cardiac muscles. It generates enough
pressure to pump the blood throughout the body. The ventricle pumps blood inside it
into bulbus arteriosus, a small chamber with elastic components.
While bulbus arteriosus is the name of the chamber in teleosts (rayfinned, bony fish),
the structure is known as conus arteriosus in elasmobranchs (fish with cartilaginous
skeleton and placoid scales). Conus arteriosus has many valves and muscles, whereas
bulbus arteriosus has no valves. The main function of this structure is to reduce the
pulse pressure generated by the ventricle, in order to avoid damage to the thin-walled
gills.
15. Gills are the primary respiratory organs of fish. They facilitate exchange of gases,
i.e. absorption of oxygen from water and elimination of carbon dioxide. Arteries
carry the oxygenated blood (from the gills) throughout the body.
Arteries branch into arterioles, which drain into capillaries, where the arterial blood
becomes venous blood, as it supplies oxygen and other nutrients to the cells and
absorbs carbon dioxide and waste materials. The venous blood is carried to the heart,
which pumps it to the gills, where the carbon dioxide gets replaced with oxygen.
The oxygenated blood is supplied to the cells in the body, and the cycle continues.