The document discusses different types of structures including mass structures, frame structures, trusses, shell structures, suspension structures, vaulted structures, and geodesic structures. It provides examples and descriptions of each type as well as their advantages. Mass structures use weight to hold themselves together while frame structures have a skeleton that supports an empty interior space. Trusses form rigid structures using triangles. Shell structures derive strength from an outer layer while suspension structures use cables to support horizontal planes. Vaulted structures use arches to provide space and geodesic domes form shell structures from polygons.

1. STRUCTURES 2nd part Types of structures Technologies 1st year ESO

2. Types of structures 1. MASS STRUCTURES 1. Mass structures They can be made by, piling up or forming similar materials into a particular shape or design. Sand castles, dams and brick walls are manufactured mass structures. Advantages: They are hold in place by their own weight. Losing small parts often has little effect on the overall strength of the structure.

3. Types of structures 2. FRAME STRUCTURES 2. Frame Structures They have a skeleton of strong materials, which is then filled and covered with other materials, supporting the overall structure. Most of the inside part of the structure is empty space. Buildings made of steel beams and columns are an example of frame structures. Sometimes the columns and beams are made of reinforced concrete instead of steel.

4. Types of structures 2. FRAME STRUCTURES Concrete is a mixture of cement and stone aggregate and mixed with a small amount of water. When steel bars are placed in concrete, the composite material is called reinforced concrete . It resists compression and bending.

5. Types of structures 3. TRUSSES 3. Trusses Trusses are frame structures formed by triangles. The triangle is the most rigid frame structure and many complex structures are based on triangles. The technique used in these type of structures is called triangulation .

6. Types of structures 3. TRUSSES When forces are applied to a simple four-sided structure, it can be forced out of shape. A structure which behaves in this way is said to be non-rigid By adding an extra bar the structure can no longer be forced out of shape, and is said to be rigid. The effect is known as triangulation

7. Types of structures 4. SHELL STRUCTURES 4. Shell Structures Structures, which keep their shape and support loads, even without a frame, or solid mass material inside, are called shell structures. These structures use an outer layer of material to provide their strength and rigidity. The shape of a shell structure spreads forces throughout the whole structure, which means every part of the structure supports only a small part of the load, giving it its strength. Examples include: egg cartons, water containers, gas tanks and cars

8. Types of structures 5. SUSPENSION STRUCTURES 5. Suspension structures Suspension structures are those with horizontal planes (road decks, roofs, and even floors) supported by cables (hangers). Suspension bridges are good examples of these structures. In these bridges, cables suspended via towers hold up the road deck.

9. Types of structures 6. VAULTED STRUCTURES 6. Vaulted structures Vaulted structures are those formed with arches . They are usually used to provide a big space with a ceiling or roof. The weight of the ceiling is conducted through the vault into the pillars (or columns) that are supporting it, and from those pillars into the foundation of the building. Different shapes in the vaulted structures have been used through history and depending on the different cultures.

10. Types of structures 7. GEODESIC STRUCTURES 7. Geodesic structures Geodesic structures (usuaslly called geodesic domes) are a kind of shell structures in which the shell is formed by polygons (usually triangles).

11. Types of structures Think about the type of the structure of the following buildings/objects and what advantages it has

12. Mass structure

13. Mass structure

14. Mass structure

15. Vaulted structure

16. Vaulted structure

17. Vaulted structure

18. Vaulted structure

19. Frame structure

20. Frame structure

21. Frame structure

22. Frame structure

23. Shell structure

24. Shell structure

25. Shell structure

26. Trusses

27. Trusses

28. Trusses

29. Suspension structure

30. Suspension structure

31. Suspension structure

32. Which type of structure is each of the following pictures? Take it down in your notebook