THE FRAME GEOMETRY MATCHES THE SHAPE OF THE BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM FOR OPTIMAL DESIGN, THUS MINIMIZING MATERIAL WASTE AND REDUCING THE TOTAL WEIGHT OF FRAMES
1. Reinforced masonry working stress design of flexural members uses assumptions including plane sections remaining plane after bending and neglecting all masonry in tension.
2. The balanced condition occurs when the extreme fiber stress in the masonry equals the allowable compressive stress and the tensile stress in reinforcement equals the allowable tensile stress.
3. Shear design of reinforced masonry considers mechanisms such as dowel action and the ability of shear reinforcement to restrict crack growth and resist tensile stresses. Allowable shear stresses depend on the presence of shear reinforcement.
This document provides the preface and contents for the book "Steel Structures: Practical Design Studies" by T.J. MacGinley. The preface outlines that the book presents principles and sample designs for major steel-framed building types, with designs now conforming to limit state theory codes. Not all analyses and checks can be shown for each design. The contents provide an overview of the topics covered in each chapter, including preliminary design methods, single-storey buildings, multi-storey buildings, floor systems, tall buildings, wide-span buildings and more. Design exercises are included at the end of most chapters.
This document discusses nonlinear static (pushover) analysis for assessing structural capacity against seismic actions. It provides an overview of key aspects of pushover analysis including:
1. Converting the response of a multi-degree of freedom system into an equivalent single-degree of freedom system for comparison to demand spectra.
2. Defining the capacity curve from the pushover analysis and establishing a bilinearized equivalent curve for demand evaluation.
3. Evaluating demand based on the equivalent linear system period and comparing displacements and ductility demands to the system capacity to determine safety.
This document discusses the changing relationship between architecture and structure over time. It begins by explaining how in the past one person acted as both architect and engineer, but industrialization led to specialization. It then analyzes the relationship between architects and structural engineers in different eras, from early independence to closer collaboration today. The document also examines how structural engineers approach complex architectural forms and stresses the need for refined structural analysis and understanding of structural behavior when dealing with freeform designs.
El documento presenta información sobre sistemas estructurales de metales, incluyendo pórticos, entrepisos, cerchas y uniones. Explica conceptos como tipos de apoyos, secciones de elementos, inestabilidad, y diferentes soluciones constructivas para cada sistema. Además, describe consideraciones de diseño como la optimización de formas y la distribución de esfuerzos. El documento fue preparado por la profesora Dra. Carolina Stevenson Rodriguez para su curso sobre sistemas de construcción y estimación.
Este documento presenta el Reglamento Argentino para Construcciones Sismorresistentes de Acero. Establece los requerimientos mínimos para el diseño y construcción de estructuras de acero en zonas sísmicas. El reglamento se basa en las previsiones sísmicas del American Institute of Steel Construction y complementa el Reglamento Argentino de Estructuras de Acero para Edificios. El objetivo es asegurar un comportamiento estructural dúctil durante terremotos, disipando energía por deformaciones inelásticas.
The document provides an overview of structural systems and principles. It discusses the early shelters people used, the history of structural engineering from ancient structures like pyramids to modern advances. Key concepts covered include load paths, types of loads (static, dynamic), supports, materials used in construction, and the structural design process. The role of structural engineering is to safely resist all loads on a structure through appropriate analysis and design.
Este documento describe varios sistemas estructurales comúnmente utilizados en Venezuela. Estos incluyen sistemas porticados de concreto, acero y madera, cerchas de metal o madera, concreto armado y tridilosas. Cada sistema se caracteriza por sus materiales, forma geométrica y método de soportar cargas y fuerzas.
1. Reinforced masonry working stress design of flexural members uses assumptions including plane sections remaining plane after bending and neglecting all masonry in tension.
2. The balanced condition occurs when the extreme fiber stress in the masonry equals the allowable compressive stress and the tensile stress in reinforcement equals the allowable tensile stress.
3. Shear design of reinforced masonry considers mechanisms such as dowel action and the ability of shear reinforcement to restrict crack growth and resist tensile stresses. Allowable shear stresses depend on the presence of shear reinforcement.
This document provides the preface and contents for the book "Steel Structures: Practical Design Studies" by T.J. MacGinley. The preface outlines that the book presents principles and sample designs for major steel-framed building types, with designs now conforming to limit state theory codes. Not all analyses and checks can be shown for each design. The contents provide an overview of the topics covered in each chapter, including preliminary design methods, single-storey buildings, multi-storey buildings, floor systems, tall buildings, wide-span buildings and more. Design exercises are included at the end of most chapters.
This document discusses nonlinear static (pushover) analysis for assessing structural capacity against seismic actions. It provides an overview of key aspects of pushover analysis including:
1. Converting the response of a multi-degree of freedom system into an equivalent single-degree of freedom system for comparison to demand spectra.
2. Defining the capacity curve from the pushover analysis and establishing a bilinearized equivalent curve for demand evaluation.
3. Evaluating demand based on the equivalent linear system period and comparing displacements and ductility demands to the system capacity to determine safety.
This document discusses the changing relationship between architecture and structure over time. It begins by explaining how in the past one person acted as both architect and engineer, but industrialization led to specialization. It then analyzes the relationship between architects and structural engineers in different eras, from early independence to closer collaboration today. The document also examines how structural engineers approach complex architectural forms and stresses the need for refined structural analysis and understanding of structural behavior when dealing with freeform designs.
El documento presenta información sobre sistemas estructurales de metales, incluyendo pórticos, entrepisos, cerchas y uniones. Explica conceptos como tipos de apoyos, secciones de elementos, inestabilidad, y diferentes soluciones constructivas para cada sistema. Además, describe consideraciones de diseño como la optimización de formas y la distribución de esfuerzos. El documento fue preparado por la profesora Dra. Carolina Stevenson Rodriguez para su curso sobre sistemas de construcción y estimación.
Este documento presenta el Reglamento Argentino para Construcciones Sismorresistentes de Acero. Establece los requerimientos mínimos para el diseño y construcción de estructuras de acero en zonas sísmicas. El reglamento se basa en las previsiones sísmicas del American Institute of Steel Construction y complementa el Reglamento Argentino de Estructuras de Acero para Edificios. El objetivo es asegurar un comportamiento estructural dúctil durante terremotos, disipando energía por deformaciones inelásticas.
The document provides an overview of structural systems and principles. It discusses the early shelters people used, the history of structural engineering from ancient structures like pyramids to modern advances. Key concepts covered include load paths, types of loads (static, dynamic), supports, materials used in construction, and the structural design process. The role of structural engineering is to safely resist all loads on a structure through appropriate analysis and design.
Este documento describe varios sistemas estructurales comúnmente utilizados en Venezuela. Estos incluyen sistemas porticados de concreto, acero y madera, cerchas de metal o madera, concreto armado y tridilosas. Cada sistema se caracteriza por sus materiales, forma geométrica y método de soportar cargas y fuerzas.
This document provides an introduction to earthquake-resistant design concepts outlined in the NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions for New Buildings and Other Structures. It was prepared by the Building Seismic Safety Council for the Federal Emergency Management Agency. The document discusses key aspects of seismic design including seismic risk and performance-based design, geologic effects of earthquakes, and important design and construction features to improve seismic performance of buildings and structures. It also summarizes different types of structural systems and considerations for nonbuilding structures and existing buildings.
Steel portal frames are a common form of construction for single-story industrial buildings. They consist of parallel steel frames forming the major structure, with steel columns connected by steel beams or rafters spanning between them. This allows for large clear spans of up to 40 meters. The frames are spaced 5-10 meters apart and support the roof structure and unobstructed floor space within. Concrete or masonry walls can be attached to the frames.
The document discusses composite beams, which combine steel beams with concrete slabs to act compositely. It provides examples and discusses the advantages of composite beams over normal steel beams. The performance of composite beams is similar to reinforced concrete beams, but differs in that the steel beam's properties cannot be ignored and shear connection is needed between the steel and concrete. Design of composite beams follows reinforced concrete design methods with modifications. An example problem is provided to demonstrate the design process for a composite beam, including checking the beam properties, shear connectors, and deflection.
The document is a Google image search for "soldier pile retaining wall design example" that provides various images related to soldier pile retaining wall design. Soldier pile retaining walls involve the use of steel piles or pipes driven into the ground at set intervals with wood or steel lagging between the piles. The images show examples of cantilever soldier pile walls, sheet pile walls, designs involving tiebacks, and diagrams illustrating soldier pile retaining wall components and design considerations.
This publication provides a concise compilation of selected rules in the Eurocode 8, together with relevant Cyprus National Annex, that relate to the design of common forms of concrete building structure in the South Europe. It id offers a detail view of the design of steel framed buildings to the structural Eurocodes and includes a set of worked examples showing the design of structural elements with using software (CSI ETABS). It is intended to be of particular to the people who want to become acquainted with design to the Eurocodes. Rules from EN 1998-1-1 for global analysis, type of analysis and verification checks are presented. Detail design rules for steel composite beam, steel column, steel bracing and composite slab with steel sheeting from EN 1998-1-1, EN1993-1-1 and EN1994-1-1 are presented. This guide covers the design of orthodox members in steel frames. It does not cover design rules for regularities. Certain practical limitations are given to the scope.
Glued laminated timber (glulam) is an engineered wood product made by gluing together multiple layers of lumber. It goes through several manufacturing steps including end jointing using finger joints or radio frequency curing, planning or sanding, curing and pressing using cold setting or radio frequency curing. Glulam comes in four appearance grades and has advantages over solid wood such as increased structural capacity and continuity over longer spans as well as dimensional stability.
El documento describe los fundamentos y métodos del diseño estructural. Explica que el objetivo del diseño estructural es equilibrar las fuerzas a las que estará sometida la estructura para resistir sin colapso. Detalla varios métodos de diseño como el de esfuerzos permisibles, resistencia, análisis límite y probabilísticos. También cubre principios como seguridad, funcionalidad y economía para garantizar que la estructura no falle durante su vida útil y cumpla sus funciones de manera adecuada y económ
Este documento describe diferentes tipos de vigas de acero utilizadas en la construcción, incluyendo vigas simples, múltiples, reforzadas, void, armadas y de alma llena. También describe disposiciones constructivas como apoyos de vigas, uniones con brochales y empalmes, así como detalles de soportes y uniones viga-pilar.
The document discusses proper detailing of reinforced concrete structures, which is essential for safety and structural performance. It provides guidelines and examples of good and bad detailing practices for common reinforced concrete elements like slabs, beams, columns, and foundations. Proper detailing is important to avoid construction errors and ensure the structural design works as intended under gravity and seismic loads.
The Pushover Analysis from basics - Rahul LeslieRahul Leslie
Pushover analysis has been in the academic-research arena for quite long. The papers published in this field usually deals mostly with proposed improvements to the approach, expecting the reader to know the basics of the topic... while the common structural design practitioner, not knowing the basics, is left out from participating in those discussions. Here I’m making an effort to bridge that gap by explaining the Pushover analysis, from basics, in its simplicity.
A write up on this topic can be found at http://rahulleslie.blogspot.in/p/blog-page.html, though does not cover the full spectrum presented in this slide show.
This document provides an overview of reinforced concrete design methods. It discusses the following key points in 3 paragraphs:
1. It describes three common design methods: the working stress method, ultimate load method, and limit state method. The working stress method assumes linear elastic behavior but does not account for long-term effects. The ultimate load method analyzes failure conditions but may not ensure adequate serviceability. The limit state method aims to provide safety under ultimate loads and serviceability under service loads.
2. It discusses limit states as states of impending failure, including ultimate limit states related to strength and serviceability limit states related to excessive deformation and cracking. Design loads are calculated using characteristic loads and partial safety factors.
3
Este documento presenta información sobre losas de entrepiso. Explica que las losas son elementos rígidos que separan los pisos de una construcción, cumpliendo funciones arquitectónicas y estructurales. Describe diferentes tipos de losas como las unidireccionales, bidireccionales, de concreto armado o pretensado, apoyadas en madera, y de otros materiales. También clasifica las losas según su dirección de carga y material, e incluye detalles constructivos para diferentes sistemas de entrepiso.
CE 72.52 - Lecture 8b - Retrofitting of RC MembersFawad Najam
This document contains a presentation by Dr. Pramin Norachan on fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) systems for strengthening concrete structures. The presentation covers flexural, shear, axial and confinement strengthening using FRP. It discusses various FRP materials, design considerations, and design equations. The key points covered include the materials and properties of FRP, how FRP is used to enhance load capacity, ductility and durability of structures, and design approaches for flexural, shear and confinement strengthening.
Comparision of Design Codes ACI 318-11, IS 456 2000 and Eurocode IIijtsrd
This document compares the design code specifications of ACI 318-11, IS 456:2000, and Eurocode II. It discusses some key differences between the codes, such as their stress-strain block parameters, L/D ratios, load combinations, elastic modulus of concrete, and design strength limits of concrete. The document aims to compare the broader design criteria and calculate the steel area required for structural members based on each code, in order to perform a comparative analysis. Some notable differences highlighted include Eurocode II having more stringent L/D ratios and load combinations compared to the other codes.
Guide for Obtaining Cores and Interpreting Compressive Strength Results. ACI ...Md. Rasal Mia
This document provides guidance on obtaining cores from concrete structures and interpreting the compressive strength test results. It discusses factors that can cause the in-place concrete strength to vary within a structure, such as bleeding, consolidation, curing and cracking. It also provides statistical methods and correction factors to analyze core strength data and determine equivalent compressive strengths for new and existing structures. The document aims to help investigators properly plan core testing programs and draw reliable conclusions about concrete strengths.
1. Large span structures provide large column free spaces using structural systems like trusses, space frames, shells, and folded plates.
2. They are commonly used for roofs of large halls like airports, stadiums, and industrial buildings.
3. Examples of large span structure systems include shell structures, steel space frames, barrel vaults, and hyperbolic paraboloids which use bending, tension, and compression to span long distances.
Este documento describe el diseño de columnas sometidas a compresión axial y flexión. Explica los principios de diseño, los requisitos de las secciones transversales, el uso de ligaduras y zunchos, y presenta un método basado en tablas para dimensionar columnas rectangulares sometidas a flexo-compresión.
Ch7 Box Girder Bridges (Steel Bridges تصميم الكباري المعدنية & Prof. Dr. Metw...Hossam Shafiq II
1. Box girder bridges have two key advantages over plate girder bridges: they possess torsional stiffness and can have much wider flanges.
2. For medium span bridges between 45-100 meters, box girder bridges offer an attractive form of construction as they maintain simplicity while allowing larger span-to-depth ratios compared to plate girders.
3. Advances in welding and cutting techniques have expanded the structural possibilities for box girders, allowing for more economical designs of large welded units.
Modelling Building Frame with STAAD.Pro & ETABS - Rahul LeslieRahul Leslie
The document discusses modeling a reinforced concrete building frame using STAAD.Pro and ETABS software. It describes how to model the beams, columns, slabs, walls, stairs, and foundations. Initial member sizes are determined based on architectural requirements and design formulas. The building is modeled by framing the beams and columns. Loads like self-weight, floor loads, and wall loads are applied to the frame. Material properties of concrete are also specified. The document provides guidance on modeling the structural elements and applying loads in STAAD.Pro and ETABS to analyze the building frame.
This document provides an overview of steel building design and structural steel systems. It discusses the characteristics of structural steel, popular steel structures, advantages of steel structures, and how steel structures behave under loading. It also covers structural steel sections, failures of steel structures, and choices in structural systems for steel buildings, including framework/skeletal and shell systems.
A bridge is the key element in a transportation system; it controls both the volume and weight of the traffic. Balance must be achieved between handling future traffic volume and loads and the cost of heavier and wider bridge structure. Economic Analysis and comparisons against competing alternatives is required as Bridges are the most expensive part of a road transportation network. Monetized & Non-Monetized Benefits that will accrue like time savings to road users, benefits to business activities (and to the economy in general) and salvage value benefits like Right-of-Way and substructure use need to be assessed as well.
This document provides an introduction to earthquake-resistant design concepts outlined in the NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions for New Buildings and Other Structures. It was prepared by the Building Seismic Safety Council for the Federal Emergency Management Agency. The document discusses key aspects of seismic design including seismic risk and performance-based design, geologic effects of earthquakes, and important design and construction features to improve seismic performance of buildings and structures. It also summarizes different types of structural systems and considerations for nonbuilding structures and existing buildings.
Steel portal frames are a common form of construction for single-story industrial buildings. They consist of parallel steel frames forming the major structure, with steel columns connected by steel beams or rafters spanning between them. This allows for large clear spans of up to 40 meters. The frames are spaced 5-10 meters apart and support the roof structure and unobstructed floor space within. Concrete or masonry walls can be attached to the frames.
The document discusses composite beams, which combine steel beams with concrete slabs to act compositely. It provides examples and discusses the advantages of composite beams over normal steel beams. The performance of composite beams is similar to reinforced concrete beams, but differs in that the steel beam's properties cannot be ignored and shear connection is needed between the steel and concrete. Design of composite beams follows reinforced concrete design methods with modifications. An example problem is provided to demonstrate the design process for a composite beam, including checking the beam properties, shear connectors, and deflection.
The document is a Google image search for "soldier pile retaining wall design example" that provides various images related to soldier pile retaining wall design. Soldier pile retaining walls involve the use of steel piles or pipes driven into the ground at set intervals with wood or steel lagging between the piles. The images show examples of cantilever soldier pile walls, sheet pile walls, designs involving tiebacks, and diagrams illustrating soldier pile retaining wall components and design considerations.
This publication provides a concise compilation of selected rules in the Eurocode 8, together with relevant Cyprus National Annex, that relate to the design of common forms of concrete building structure in the South Europe. It id offers a detail view of the design of steel framed buildings to the structural Eurocodes and includes a set of worked examples showing the design of structural elements with using software (CSI ETABS). It is intended to be of particular to the people who want to become acquainted with design to the Eurocodes. Rules from EN 1998-1-1 for global analysis, type of analysis and verification checks are presented. Detail design rules for steel composite beam, steel column, steel bracing and composite slab with steel sheeting from EN 1998-1-1, EN1993-1-1 and EN1994-1-1 are presented. This guide covers the design of orthodox members in steel frames. It does not cover design rules for regularities. Certain practical limitations are given to the scope.
Glued laminated timber (glulam) is an engineered wood product made by gluing together multiple layers of lumber. It goes through several manufacturing steps including end jointing using finger joints or radio frequency curing, planning or sanding, curing and pressing using cold setting or radio frequency curing. Glulam comes in four appearance grades and has advantages over solid wood such as increased structural capacity and continuity over longer spans as well as dimensional stability.
El documento describe los fundamentos y métodos del diseño estructural. Explica que el objetivo del diseño estructural es equilibrar las fuerzas a las que estará sometida la estructura para resistir sin colapso. Detalla varios métodos de diseño como el de esfuerzos permisibles, resistencia, análisis límite y probabilísticos. También cubre principios como seguridad, funcionalidad y economía para garantizar que la estructura no falle durante su vida útil y cumpla sus funciones de manera adecuada y económ
Este documento describe diferentes tipos de vigas de acero utilizadas en la construcción, incluyendo vigas simples, múltiples, reforzadas, void, armadas y de alma llena. También describe disposiciones constructivas como apoyos de vigas, uniones con brochales y empalmes, así como detalles de soportes y uniones viga-pilar.
The document discusses proper detailing of reinforced concrete structures, which is essential for safety and structural performance. It provides guidelines and examples of good and bad detailing practices for common reinforced concrete elements like slabs, beams, columns, and foundations. Proper detailing is important to avoid construction errors and ensure the structural design works as intended under gravity and seismic loads.
The Pushover Analysis from basics - Rahul LeslieRahul Leslie
Pushover analysis has been in the academic-research arena for quite long. The papers published in this field usually deals mostly with proposed improvements to the approach, expecting the reader to know the basics of the topic... while the common structural design practitioner, not knowing the basics, is left out from participating in those discussions. Here I’m making an effort to bridge that gap by explaining the Pushover analysis, from basics, in its simplicity.
A write up on this topic can be found at http://rahulleslie.blogspot.in/p/blog-page.html, though does not cover the full spectrum presented in this slide show.
This document provides an overview of reinforced concrete design methods. It discusses the following key points in 3 paragraphs:
1. It describes three common design methods: the working stress method, ultimate load method, and limit state method. The working stress method assumes linear elastic behavior but does not account for long-term effects. The ultimate load method analyzes failure conditions but may not ensure adequate serviceability. The limit state method aims to provide safety under ultimate loads and serviceability under service loads.
2. It discusses limit states as states of impending failure, including ultimate limit states related to strength and serviceability limit states related to excessive deformation and cracking. Design loads are calculated using characteristic loads and partial safety factors.
3
Este documento presenta información sobre losas de entrepiso. Explica que las losas son elementos rígidos que separan los pisos de una construcción, cumpliendo funciones arquitectónicas y estructurales. Describe diferentes tipos de losas como las unidireccionales, bidireccionales, de concreto armado o pretensado, apoyadas en madera, y de otros materiales. También clasifica las losas según su dirección de carga y material, e incluye detalles constructivos para diferentes sistemas de entrepiso.
CE 72.52 - Lecture 8b - Retrofitting of RC MembersFawad Najam
This document contains a presentation by Dr. Pramin Norachan on fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) systems for strengthening concrete structures. The presentation covers flexural, shear, axial and confinement strengthening using FRP. It discusses various FRP materials, design considerations, and design equations. The key points covered include the materials and properties of FRP, how FRP is used to enhance load capacity, ductility and durability of structures, and design approaches for flexural, shear and confinement strengthening.
Comparision of Design Codes ACI 318-11, IS 456 2000 and Eurocode IIijtsrd
This document compares the design code specifications of ACI 318-11, IS 456:2000, and Eurocode II. It discusses some key differences between the codes, such as their stress-strain block parameters, L/D ratios, load combinations, elastic modulus of concrete, and design strength limits of concrete. The document aims to compare the broader design criteria and calculate the steel area required for structural members based on each code, in order to perform a comparative analysis. Some notable differences highlighted include Eurocode II having more stringent L/D ratios and load combinations compared to the other codes.
Guide for Obtaining Cores and Interpreting Compressive Strength Results. ACI ...Md. Rasal Mia
This document provides guidance on obtaining cores from concrete structures and interpreting the compressive strength test results. It discusses factors that can cause the in-place concrete strength to vary within a structure, such as bleeding, consolidation, curing and cracking. It also provides statistical methods and correction factors to analyze core strength data and determine equivalent compressive strengths for new and existing structures. The document aims to help investigators properly plan core testing programs and draw reliable conclusions about concrete strengths.
1. Large span structures provide large column free spaces using structural systems like trusses, space frames, shells, and folded plates.
2. They are commonly used for roofs of large halls like airports, stadiums, and industrial buildings.
3. Examples of large span structure systems include shell structures, steel space frames, barrel vaults, and hyperbolic paraboloids which use bending, tension, and compression to span long distances.
Este documento describe el diseño de columnas sometidas a compresión axial y flexión. Explica los principios de diseño, los requisitos de las secciones transversales, el uso de ligaduras y zunchos, y presenta un método basado en tablas para dimensionar columnas rectangulares sometidas a flexo-compresión.
Ch7 Box Girder Bridges (Steel Bridges تصميم الكباري المعدنية & Prof. Dr. Metw...Hossam Shafiq II
1. Box girder bridges have two key advantages over plate girder bridges: they possess torsional stiffness and can have much wider flanges.
2. For medium span bridges between 45-100 meters, box girder bridges offer an attractive form of construction as they maintain simplicity while allowing larger span-to-depth ratios compared to plate girders.
3. Advances in welding and cutting techniques have expanded the structural possibilities for box girders, allowing for more economical designs of large welded units.
Modelling Building Frame with STAAD.Pro & ETABS - Rahul LeslieRahul Leslie
The document discusses modeling a reinforced concrete building frame using STAAD.Pro and ETABS software. It describes how to model the beams, columns, slabs, walls, stairs, and foundations. Initial member sizes are determined based on architectural requirements and design formulas. The building is modeled by framing the beams and columns. Loads like self-weight, floor loads, and wall loads are applied to the frame. Material properties of concrete are also specified. The document provides guidance on modeling the structural elements and applying loads in STAAD.Pro and ETABS to analyze the building frame.
This document provides an overview of steel building design and structural steel systems. It discusses the characteristics of structural steel, popular steel structures, advantages of steel structures, and how steel structures behave under loading. It also covers structural steel sections, failures of steel structures, and choices in structural systems for steel buildings, including framework/skeletal and shell systems.
A bridge is the key element in a transportation system; it controls both the volume and weight of the traffic. Balance must be achieved between handling future traffic volume and loads and the cost of heavier and wider bridge structure. Economic Analysis and comparisons against competing alternatives is required as Bridges are the most expensive part of a road transportation network. Monetized & Non-Monetized Benefits that will accrue like time savings to road users, benefits to business activities (and to the economy in general) and salvage value benefits like Right-of-Way and substructure use need to be assessed as well.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on stress ribbon bridges. It defines a stress ribbon bridge as a tension structure similar to a simple suspension bridge, where the suspension cables are embedded in the deck which follows a catenary arc between supports. This provides stiffness to prevent excessive swaying. Such bridges use pre-tensioned concrete reinforced by steel cables. The document outlines the history and theory behind stress ribbon bridges, describes their construction process, and provides examples of existing stress ribbon bridges along with their advantages and disadvantages.
This document provides an overview of bridge types and engineering concepts. It discusses the history of bridge development from natural bridges and Roman arch bridges to modern suspension and cable-stayed bridges. The basic concepts of forces, materials, and shapes are explained. Common bridge types including beam, arch, suspension, truss, and cable-stayed bridges are described along with the forces that act on each. Engineering concepts such as modulus of elasticity, structural stability formulas, and truss analysis are also summarized.
Undergraduate major project_-_design_ofVijay Singh
This document describes the design of a T-beam rail-over-bridge submitted by 9 students for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering. It includes an introduction to bridge types and T-beam bridges. It then outlines the contents which will cover the design of the deck slab, cantilever slab, longitudinal and cross girders, and bearings. Design calculations and reinforcement details will be provided for each component.
The document describes the analysis and design of a steel truss footbridge with an isolated foundation. It discusses modeling the superstructure in STAAD PRO and Tekla Structure software. The bridge is a 9.63m high steel structure. Methodology includes drafting plans in AutoCAD, modeling in Tekla Structure, analysis in STAAD PRO, material properties, design of truss components, fabrication of steel, and conclusion. A modified queen post steel truss is analyzed and designed to be economical, safe, and easily assembled for pedestrian use.
Dynamic analysis of steel tube structure with bracing systemseSAT Journals
Abstract Nowadays, competition towards rise of tall steel structures made certain factors are compulsory like serviceability and comfort of human relating to lateral loads caused by wind or earthquake. Earthquake is dangerous to the living beings in terms of its effects on manmade structures. Structures like tall buildings are built to resist gravity loads. However many tall buildings are not so resistant in lateral loads due to earthquake so need an improvement in resisting lateral loads. So there are many structural systems which resist lateral loads by varying orientation, addition of different structural systems. Like steel tubular structural system is considered and compared for their results against lateral forces and also by providing mega bracing system and diagrid bracing system. In this dissertation work, four structural systems are considered in which one is framed structure and rest are tubular system with addition of different bracing systems as mega bracing and diagrid bracing system. For the purpose 45 storey steel structure with rectangular plan of dimension 44mx24m uniform throughout the height is considered and analyzed for gravity and lateral loads using ETABS software. Its intention is to obtain the functioning characteristics like displacements, storey shear, time period, frequency, peak displacement and peak acceleration in both x and y direction to get most economical structure in all ways. Results shows that the steel tubular structure with mega bracing system performance is much better than the framed structure, tubular and tubular structure with diagrid bracing system. Keywords: Steel Tube Structure, Mega Bracing, Diagrid Bracing, Dynamic Analysis, ETABS, Time and History Analysis.
The document provides an overview of the history and engineering concepts related to bridge development and design. It discusses the basic types of bridges including beam, arch, suspension and cable-stayed bridges. It also covers concepts such as forces, loads, materials and shapes that affect bridge structure, and tips for building bridges including the importance of connections and structural stability.
Space frames are 3D structural frameworks designed to withstand loads applied at any point as an integral unit. They provide a lightweight solution for large span enclosures, and are commonly used for roofs of structures like sports stadiums, airports, and warehouses. Cable structures transmit loads through tensioned cables rather than compression and are highly efficient for long spans. They include suspension bridges, cable-stayed roofs, and bicycle-wheel roofs. Cable-stayed bridges differ from suspension bridges in that they have greater stiffness from multiple towers and are constructed using cantilevering from the tower rather than suspending from main cables.
This document discusses reinforced concrete (RC) girder bridges. It begins by defining girder bridges as the simplest bridge type, consisting of horizontal beams supported at each end. RC girder bridges are comprised of deck slabs that vehicles drive on, supported by main girders. There are three main types of girder bridges: box girders, which can handle twisting forces and are suitable for longer spans; concrete girders made of pre-stressed concrete; and I-beam girders made of steel. RC girder bridges must be designed to support dead loads from the structure itself, live loads from traffic, and dynamic loads from wind and weather.
Steel framed buildings use a skeleton framework of vertical columns and horizontal beams made of steel. There are several types of steel frame construction including conventional fabrication using welding, bolted construction where pieces are assembled on site, and light gauge steel using thin steel sheets. Steel shapes used include American standard beams, angles, bearing piles, channels, hollow steel sections, I-beams, pipes, and tees. Steel framing is suitable for high rises, industrial buildings, warehouses, residences, and temporary structures. Advantages are versatility, sustainability, strength, light weight, speed of construction, and ability to span large distances.
This document provides an analysis and design overview of a cable-stayed bridge project. It introduces cable-stayed bridges and their components, including pylons, decks, cables, and bearings. The project involves the design of a three-span cable-stayed bridge with two 130m pylons and an 80-cable system arranged in a double plane configuration. The bridge deck is 28m wide with 6 lanes and consists of I-girders, X-girders, and stringers. Cables are initially 12cm in diameter and spaced 12m apart. Bridge components and construction are further described. Tests on cable-stayed bridge models are also outlined.
This document discusses different structural systems used for high-rise buildings, focusing on steel framing systems. It describes shear frames, which provide lateral stiffness through moment connections, and shear truss-frame systems, which combine shear frames with vertical trusses. Outrigger and belt truss systems connect vertical trusses to perimeter frames to improve stiffness. Framed tube systems use closely spaced columns and spandrel beams to create tube-like behavior. Developments in steel, like tailor-made beams and high-strength steels, have enabled taller and more efficient structures. The document provides examples of different structural systems used in high-rise building designs.
This document analyzes the seismic performance of a 13-story reinforced concrete building with different types of concrete and steel bracing systems. The bracing systems studied include diagonal, V-type, inverted V-type, combined V-type, K-type, and X-type bracings. The building is analyzed using ETAB software according to Indian seismic design standards. Results show that X-type concrete bracing and combined V-type steel bracing most effectively reduce story drift and displacement. Both systems increase the building's base shear, stiffness, strength, and displacement capacity when bracing is provided on all sides or any two parallel sides of the building. The study concludes that concrete and steel bracing are effective techniques for
The document discusses rigid frame systems used in high-rise buildings. It provides a history of rigid frames, an introduction to what they are, and examples of their applications. It describes the material properties and connections used. It discusses considerations for rigid frame design like behavior under lateral loads. It notes advantages like architectural freedom but also disadvantages like increased drift. It concludes with a case study on using hybrid rigid/semi-rigid frames to improve seismic performance.
This document discusses steel-concrete composite construction. It describes shear connectors, which provide composite action between steel beams and concrete slabs. There are three main types of shear connectors: rigid connectors made of steel bars or angles that resist shear through bearing pressure; flexible stud connectors that bend and fail through yielding; and bond-type connectors that rely on bond and anchoring. The document discusses the design of shear connectors according to Indian codes IRC 22-1986 and IS 11384-1985, providing methods to calculate the design strength of shear connectors.
Hello Dear,
I'm an Engineer Aamir Khasru Mohammad Chowdhury. Nick name Aryan Khasru. I'm a Civil Engineer (B.Sc In Civil Engineering). But I am also working or interested as like as Architecture, Interior Design, Exterior Design, Event Management and made Model Making Idea, Handicraft & Handmade Design Idea for Home Decorate & Life Style etc. I come from Chittagong, Bangladesh. That's all about myself.
Lecture 3-Composites construction (1).pptxanik7nziza
This document discusses composite construction techniques, specifically composite metal decking with concrete and concrete-cambering composites. It describes how composite metal decking works with concrete fill to create a stiff, lightweight floor system. Methods for installing metal decking, shear connectors, and concrete are outlined. Cambering steel beams is discussed as a method to compensate for beam deflection under wet concrete loads. Quality control procedures for shear connector installation and verifying proper camber are also summarized.
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5. 1.Braced frame: (fig.:1)
Braced frames have single diagonal,
x-braces and k-braces. Lattice and
knee bracing are also used.
Concrete braced frames are often
not used, since shear walls are
superior for construction and lateral
resistance.
Different types of arrangements in
bracings (fig.:2)
Single diagonal.
Cross-braced (X-shaped bracing)
Inverted V-shaped bracing.
Unsymmetrical portal.
Symmetrical portal.
V-shaped bracing.
Fig .1
Fig .2
7. Advantages of using
space grid structure:
•Loads are distributed
more evenly to the
supports.
•There is reduction in
deflection when
compared to two-
dimensional structures
of same span, loading
& size.
•Fixing details are
greatly simplified.
•Modular in nature-
easy dismantling.
Different types
15. Domes:
Domes present a particularly
efficient and graceful way of
providing cover to large span
areas. The skeletal dome
structure is classified into four
most popular types constructed
in steel.
Ribbed domes are formed form
number of identical rib members
following the meridian line of the
dome.
Schwedler domes are similar to
the above type but the member
are interconnected along their
length by series of horizontal
rings.
20. The form of the Swiss
Re Building is
achieved by a circular
plan that widens as it
rises from its base
and then tapers
towards its peak.
This allows the floors
that occur towards
the middle of the
tower to offer more
floor space.
In addition, wind is not
deflected to its base as
it is in rectangular
towers, therefore
pedestrians in the
plaza have a comfort
and safe.
23. 23
Types of Pyramids – most stable shapes of structure
Dahi Handi – Pyramidal shape
for stability
Inverted Pyramidal shape
most unstable one
Slovak Radio Building, Bratislava, Slovakia
26. 4/4/2020 26
THE FRAME GEOMETRY MATCHES THE SHAPE OF THE BENDING
MOMENT DIAGRAM FOR OPTIMAL DESIGN, THUS MINIMIZING
MATERIAL WASTE AND REDUCING THE TOTAL WEIGHT OF FRAMES.
30. 30
Forces
When something pushes down on the beam, the
beam bends. Its top edge is pushed together, and its
bottom edge is pulled apart.
Beam Bridge
33. 33
Basic Concepts
Truss - a rigid frame composed of short, straight pieces
joined to form a series of triangles or other stable shapes
Stable - (adj.) ability to resist collapse and deformation;
stability (n.) characteristic of a structure that is able to
carry a realistic load without collapsing or deforming
significantly
Deform - to change
shape
37. 37
Forces
The arch is squeezed together, and this squeezing force is
carried outward along the curve to the supports at each
end. The supports, called abutments, push back on the
arch and prevent the ends of the arch from spreading apart.
Types of Bridges
Arch Bridges
40. 40
Forces
In all suspension bridges, the roadway hangs from
massive steel cables, which are draped over two towers
and secured into solid concrete blocks, called anchorages,
on both ends of the bridge. The cars push down on the
roadway, but because the roadway is suspended, the
cables transfer the load into compression in the two
towers. The two towers support most of the bridge's
weight.
Types of Bridges
Suspension Bridges
42. 42
The cable-stayed bridge, like the suspension bridge,
supports the roadway with massive steel cables, but in a
different way. The cables run directly from the roadway up
to a tower, forming a unique "A" shape.
Cable-stayed bridges are becoming the most popular
bridges for medium-length spans (between 500 and 3,000
feet).
Types of Bridges
Cable-Stayed Bridge
46. Every system will have goals and specify what
the system is to accomplish and how it will effect
the environment and other systems
They are made in statements of specific design
objectives such as
◦ purpose
◦ time limitation
◦ cost limitation
◦ environmental constraints
◦ AESTHETICS
46
47. Design for strength
◦ Specifies that the design resistance of a structural
component is greater than the required strength to
transmit the loads safely
Design for serviceability
◦ In the serviceability design criteria for structures, the
designer seeks to make the structure sufficiently stiff so
that its deflections under the most adverse working loads
will not affect its serviceability
◦ DESIGN FOR AESTHETICS
47
48. Wall-bearing construction
Beam and column construction
Trusses
Rigid frames
Arches
Suspension cables and cable-stayed systems
Steel lamella roof
Dome
48