The document provides an overview of basic networking concepts including computer networks, local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), common LAN topologies, LAN transmission methods, LAN infrastructure devices, common network cabling, Ethernet, and network models like OSI and TCP/IP. It describes key aspects of each layer in the OSI model from application to network layer.
This document discusses various networking devices used to connect electronic devices and share resources in a computer network. It describes network interface cards (NICs) that provide the physical interface between a computer and cabling. It also covers repeaters that regenerate signals to extend distances, modems that modulate and demodulate signals for internet connections, hubs and switches that connect multiple devices either by broadcasting or selectively forwarding, bridges that segment networks while filtering traffic, and routers that intelligently connect different network types and choose optimal paths between them. The document provides details on the function and layer (physical, data link, network) of operation for each type of networking device.
A network switch is a telecommunications device that receives messages and sends them to their intended destinations. It connects network segments or devices and forwards data to one or multiple targets that need to receive it. Switches operate at the data link layer to process and forward data, unlike hubs but similar to routers. They improve network performance by reducing broadcast domains and using hardware to map ports to device addresses.
Routers connect different computer networks and forward data packets between them by reading the address information in each packet to determine the ultimate destination. A router contains a routing table with information about connected networks and uses this to determine the best path for packets to travel through multiple networks to reach their destination. There are two main types of routers: core routers connect different cities while edge routers connect users and hosts to networks.
IP addressing and subnetting allows networks to be logically organized and divided. The key objectives covered include explaining IP address classes, configuring addresses, subnetting networks, and advanced concepts like CIDR, summarization, and VLSM. Transitioning to IPv6 is also discussed as a way to address the depletion of IPv4 addresses and improve security.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks, including their basic concepts and classifications. It defines a computer network as interconnected computers that allow sharing of resources and information. The first major network was ARPANET funded by the US Department of Defense. Networks can be classified by scale as LAN, WAN, MAN, or PAN, or by structure as client-server or peer-to-peer. Topologies include bus, star, ring, mesh and tree. Network media include twisted pair, coaxial, fiber optic and wireless. Internetworking connects distinct networks through common routing technologies like intranets, extranets and the global Internet.
This presentation gives a brief description about IP Address (Internet protocol address), Classes of IPv4. And also included, what is IPv4 and what is IPv6.
Peer-to-peer (P2P) networks are a type of computer network architecture where individuals form a loose group to share resources directly with others in the group without a centralized server. There are two main types of P2P network structures - unstructured and structured. Unstructured networks do not use algorithms to organize the network, while structured networks use algorithms to optimize routing. Popular applications of P2P networking include file sharing, media streaming, grid computing, instant messaging, and voice over internet protocol.
The document provides an overview of basic networking concepts including computer networks, local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), common LAN topologies, LAN transmission methods, LAN infrastructure devices, common network cabling, Ethernet, and network models like OSI and TCP/IP. It describes key aspects of each layer in the OSI model from application to network layer.
This document discusses various networking devices used to connect electronic devices and share resources in a computer network. It describes network interface cards (NICs) that provide the physical interface between a computer and cabling. It also covers repeaters that regenerate signals to extend distances, modems that modulate and demodulate signals for internet connections, hubs and switches that connect multiple devices either by broadcasting or selectively forwarding, bridges that segment networks while filtering traffic, and routers that intelligently connect different network types and choose optimal paths between them. The document provides details on the function and layer (physical, data link, network) of operation for each type of networking device.
A network switch is a telecommunications device that receives messages and sends them to their intended destinations. It connects network segments or devices and forwards data to one or multiple targets that need to receive it. Switches operate at the data link layer to process and forward data, unlike hubs but similar to routers. They improve network performance by reducing broadcast domains and using hardware to map ports to device addresses.
Routers connect different computer networks and forward data packets between them by reading the address information in each packet to determine the ultimate destination. A router contains a routing table with information about connected networks and uses this to determine the best path for packets to travel through multiple networks to reach their destination. There are two main types of routers: core routers connect different cities while edge routers connect users and hosts to networks.
IP addressing and subnetting allows networks to be logically organized and divided. The key objectives covered include explaining IP address classes, configuring addresses, subnetting networks, and advanced concepts like CIDR, summarization, and VLSM. Transitioning to IPv6 is also discussed as a way to address the depletion of IPv4 addresses and improve security.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks, including their basic concepts and classifications. It defines a computer network as interconnected computers that allow sharing of resources and information. The first major network was ARPANET funded by the US Department of Defense. Networks can be classified by scale as LAN, WAN, MAN, or PAN, or by structure as client-server or peer-to-peer. Topologies include bus, star, ring, mesh and tree. Network media include twisted pair, coaxial, fiber optic and wireless. Internetworking connects distinct networks through common routing technologies like intranets, extranets and the global Internet.
This presentation gives a brief description about IP Address (Internet protocol address), Classes of IPv4. And also included, what is IPv4 and what is IPv6.
Peer-to-peer (P2P) networks are a type of computer network architecture where individuals form a loose group to share resources directly with others in the group without a centralized server. There are two main types of P2P network structures - unstructured and structured. Unstructured networks do not use algorithms to organize the network, while structured networks use algorithms to optimize routing. Popular applications of P2P networking include file sharing, media streaming, grid computing, instant messaging, and voice over internet protocol.
Network components include nodes, links, clients, servers, and other devices that connect and allow communication between systems. Key components discussed include network interface cards, hubs, bridges, routers, switches, gateways, and wireless devices. Various media are used to physically transmit data between nodes on a network.
A computer network is defined as the interconnection of two or more computers. It is done to enable the computers to communicate and share available resources.
Components of computer network
Network benefits
Disadvantages of computer network
Classification by their geographical area
Network classification by their component role
Types of servers
Packet switching and circuit switching are two different technologies for sending messages over networks. Packet switching breaks messages into packets that can take different routes to the destination, while circuit switching establishes a dedicated connection for the duration of the call. Each approach has advantages - packet switching uses bandwidth efficiently but can experience delays, while circuit switching guarantees quality but is inefficient. Modern networks are shifting more towards packet switching as it allows for easier scaling.
The document discusses different types of computer network architectures and topologies. It describes peer-to-peer networks and client/server networks, and notes advantages and disadvantages of each. The document also covers different network topologies like bus, star, ring, and mesh, and the pros and cons of each. Finally, it discusses the differences between workgroup and domain network models.
In a star topology, each device connects to a central hub through a dedicated point-to-point link, and devices cannot directly connect to each other. Traffic between devices must go through the hub, which acts as an exchange. Star topologies have advantages like lower cost than mesh topologies, easy installation and reconfiguration, and robustness since only one link is affected if one fails, but disadvantages include needing long cable lengths, the high cost of the central hub, and potential message delays.
The document provides an overview of basic networking hardware and concepts. It defines a local area network (LAN) and discusses common LAN topologies like bus, star, and ring. It also describes common networking hardware such as hubs, switches, bridges, routers, and network interface cards. The document outlines different network media including copper, fiber optic, and wireless technologies. It provides examples of how home and business networks can be implemented using these concepts and technologies.
A router forwards data packets between computer networks based on IP addresses. It examines header information in each packet and determines the best path to send it towards its destination, choosing the route with the lowest cost. Routers work at the IP protocol level and maintain routing tables with information about neighboring routers and the costs of routes to efficiently transmit data packets between networks.
This presentation is about the introduction to network switch layer technology. A network switch is a device tha is used to connect different segments over the network.This ppt includes introduction to switch,types of switches or layer specification,advantages and disadvantages of switch..
I hope it will be very helpful for the engineering students and the others who are interested to search in deep about network switch.
IPv6 is the next generation Internet Protocol that provides a vastly larger number of IP addresses compared to the current IPv4. It features 128-bit addressing which allows for trillions of devices to have unique IP addresses. IPv6 also aims to make networking more secure and allow for more efficient routing. The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is underway, with most modern operating systems and network hardware now supporting IPv6, though applications support is still growing. IPv6's expanded addressing capabilities and additional features will help meet future demands on the Internet as more devices connect online.
This document provides an overview of basic local area network (LAN) concepts including definitions, hardware, media, and sample implementations. It defines a LAN as a group of computers and devices sharing resources within a small geographic area. Common LAN hardware includes hubs, switches, bridges, and routers which connect devices and segment traffic at different OSI model layers. Wired media include twisted pair, coaxial, and fiber optic cables while common wireless technologies are Wi-Fi and WiMax. Sample configurations show home and business LAN setups connecting devices via these components.
This document provides information about IP addresses and Internet Protocol versions 4 and 6. It defines an IP address as a unique identifier for devices on a TCP/IP network. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses, while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses to allow for many more available addresses. The document also describes how IP addresses are structured and assigned, either statically or dynamically through DHCP. It notes that IPv6 deployment is increasing to address IPv4 address exhaustion issues.
An IP address is a unique 32-bit number that identifies each device on a network. It allows devices to communicate by sending and receiving data packets. IP addresses are made up of a network portion and host portion, with four sections that each range from 0-255. There are five classes of IP addresses - A, B, C, D and E - that determine the number of networks and hosts. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses written in dotted decimal notation, while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses written in hex. IP addresses can be static or dynamically assigned by a DHCP server.
Here you will learn:
How to Connect two or more devices to share data and information.
What is OSI Model?
Introduction to OSI Model
What is Physical Layer?
Devices used Physical Layer
What is Signal?
Types of Signals?
Analog Signals
Digital SIgnals
What is Transmission Medium?
What Is Switch in Networking?
Networking 7 Layers.
.
Please like and comments your Question and suggestion?
Overview of IP routing protocols, packet forwarding and proxy ARP.
The principle of IP routing proved to be very flexible and scalable in the growth of the Internet and TCP/IP based networks.
IP routing denotes protocols for exchanging IP address range reachability like RIP, BGP and OSPF.
In contrast to IP routing, IP packet forwarding collectively means all functions performed when an IP router receives a packet and forwards it over the output interface indicated by an IP route in the routing table.
When an IP router performs a route lookup, it calculates a route decision based on different properties like prefix (mask) length, route precedence and metrics.
Routing protocols for exchanging route information can be coarsely classified as distance vector and link state protocols. Distance vector protocols like RIP (Routing Information Protocol) exchange information about the path cost to specific targets (IP address ranges). Routers that talk distance vector protocols receive reachability information about all sub-networks indirectly from neighboring routers.
In contrast to distance vector protocols, link state protocols like OSPF disseminate information about the link state of each router link in a network to all routers in the network. Thus link state protocols tend to converge faster to topology changes since all routers have firsthand information of the topology of the network.
Proxy ARP may be a convenient solution when it comes to add additional subnets without having to add routes to routers and hosts. A proxy ARP enabled router would answer ARP requests on behalf of the targeted hosts mimicking a local network access to the requesting host.
Ports and sockets allow processes on the same device to communicate over a network. Every TCP connection is uniquely identified by its two endpoints - the source port and destination port. Ports map incoming data to specific processes using port numbers between 0-65535. A socket is the endpoint of a connection and is defined by an IP address and port number combination. Sockets provide an interface for programming networks at the transport layer and allow devices to establish connections to communicate.
The document describes a paper tower building activity that will be done in groups:
1) The class will be divided into five groups, each receiving 5 papers from the teacher.
2) Each group will develop a strategy to build the tallest free-standing paper tower.
3) The group whose tower survives different tests by the teacher without collapsing will be announced the winner.
Unicast involves sending data from one computer to another, with one sender and one receiver. Multicast sends data to a group of devices that have joined the multicast group, with one sender but multiple potential receivers. Broadcast sends data from one computer that is then forwarded to all connected devices, with one sender and all devices receiving the broadcast traffic.
The document discusses different network topologies including mesh, star, bus, ring, tree, and hybrid topologies. For each topology, it describes the logical layout, advantages, disadvantages, and examples of applications. Mesh topology has every device connected to every other device but requires a large amount of cabling. Star topology has each device connected to a central hub, requiring less cabling than mesh. Bus topology uses a single backbone that devices connect to via taps. Ring topology passes signals in one direction between devices connected in a closed loop. Tree topology connects multiple star networks. A hybrid uses elements of different topologies under a single backbone. Factors like cost, cable needs, growth and cable type should be considered when choosing a topology
This document is a project report submitted by Deepak Kumar Pandey, a 4th semester BSc Computer Science student at Shri Jayanti Lal Hirachand Sanghvi Gujrati Samaj Innovative Collage of Commerce and Science Indore, to his project guide Prof. Deepshikha Shah. The report discusses key issues to consider when designing a computer network, including the nature of nodes, topology, interconnection type, reliability, channel capacity allocation, routing techniques, applicable models, channel capacities, and access methods.
Network components include nodes, links, clients, servers, and other devices that connect and allow communication between systems. Key components discussed include network interface cards, hubs, bridges, routers, switches, gateways, and wireless devices. Various media are used to physically transmit data between nodes on a network.
A computer network is defined as the interconnection of two or more computers. It is done to enable the computers to communicate and share available resources.
Components of computer network
Network benefits
Disadvantages of computer network
Classification by their geographical area
Network classification by their component role
Types of servers
Packet switching and circuit switching are two different technologies for sending messages over networks. Packet switching breaks messages into packets that can take different routes to the destination, while circuit switching establishes a dedicated connection for the duration of the call. Each approach has advantages - packet switching uses bandwidth efficiently but can experience delays, while circuit switching guarantees quality but is inefficient. Modern networks are shifting more towards packet switching as it allows for easier scaling.
The document discusses different types of computer network architectures and topologies. It describes peer-to-peer networks and client/server networks, and notes advantages and disadvantages of each. The document also covers different network topologies like bus, star, ring, and mesh, and the pros and cons of each. Finally, it discusses the differences between workgroup and domain network models.
In a star topology, each device connects to a central hub through a dedicated point-to-point link, and devices cannot directly connect to each other. Traffic between devices must go through the hub, which acts as an exchange. Star topologies have advantages like lower cost than mesh topologies, easy installation and reconfiguration, and robustness since only one link is affected if one fails, but disadvantages include needing long cable lengths, the high cost of the central hub, and potential message delays.
The document provides an overview of basic networking hardware and concepts. It defines a local area network (LAN) and discusses common LAN topologies like bus, star, and ring. It also describes common networking hardware such as hubs, switches, bridges, routers, and network interface cards. The document outlines different network media including copper, fiber optic, and wireless technologies. It provides examples of how home and business networks can be implemented using these concepts and technologies.
A router forwards data packets between computer networks based on IP addresses. It examines header information in each packet and determines the best path to send it towards its destination, choosing the route with the lowest cost. Routers work at the IP protocol level and maintain routing tables with information about neighboring routers and the costs of routes to efficiently transmit data packets between networks.
This presentation is about the introduction to network switch layer technology. A network switch is a device tha is used to connect different segments over the network.This ppt includes introduction to switch,types of switches or layer specification,advantages and disadvantages of switch..
I hope it will be very helpful for the engineering students and the others who are interested to search in deep about network switch.
IPv6 is the next generation Internet Protocol that provides a vastly larger number of IP addresses compared to the current IPv4. It features 128-bit addressing which allows for trillions of devices to have unique IP addresses. IPv6 also aims to make networking more secure and allow for more efficient routing. The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is underway, with most modern operating systems and network hardware now supporting IPv6, though applications support is still growing. IPv6's expanded addressing capabilities and additional features will help meet future demands on the Internet as more devices connect online.
This document provides an overview of basic local area network (LAN) concepts including definitions, hardware, media, and sample implementations. It defines a LAN as a group of computers and devices sharing resources within a small geographic area. Common LAN hardware includes hubs, switches, bridges, and routers which connect devices and segment traffic at different OSI model layers. Wired media include twisted pair, coaxial, and fiber optic cables while common wireless technologies are Wi-Fi and WiMax. Sample configurations show home and business LAN setups connecting devices via these components.
This document provides information about IP addresses and Internet Protocol versions 4 and 6. It defines an IP address as a unique identifier for devices on a TCP/IP network. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses, while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses to allow for many more available addresses. The document also describes how IP addresses are structured and assigned, either statically or dynamically through DHCP. It notes that IPv6 deployment is increasing to address IPv4 address exhaustion issues.
An IP address is a unique 32-bit number that identifies each device on a network. It allows devices to communicate by sending and receiving data packets. IP addresses are made up of a network portion and host portion, with four sections that each range from 0-255. There are five classes of IP addresses - A, B, C, D and E - that determine the number of networks and hosts. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses written in dotted decimal notation, while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses written in hex. IP addresses can be static or dynamically assigned by a DHCP server.
Here you will learn:
How to Connect two or more devices to share data and information.
What is OSI Model?
Introduction to OSI Model
What is Physical Layer?
Devices used Physical Layer
What is Signal?
Types of Signals?
Analog Signals
Digital SIgnals
What is Transmission Medium?
What Is Switch in Networking?
Networking 7 Layers.
.
Please like and comments your Question and suggestion?
Overview of IP routing protocols, packet forwarding and proxy ARP.
The principle of IP routing proved to be very flexible and scalable in the growth of the Internet and TCP/IP based networks.
IP routing denotes protocols for exchanging IP address range reachability like RIP, BGP and OSPF.
In contrast to IP routing, IP packet forwarding collectively means all functions performed when an IP router receives a packet and forwards it over the output interface indicated by an IP route in the routing table.
When an IP router performs a route lookup, it calculates a route decision based on different properties like prefix (mask) length, route precedence and metrics.
Routing protocols for exchanging route information can be coarsely classified as distance vector and link state protocols. Distance vector protocols like RIP (Routing Information Protocol) exchange information about the path cost to specific targets (IP address ranges). Routers that talk distance vector protocols receive reachability information about all sub-networks indirectly from neighboring routers.
In contrast to distance vector protocols, link state protocols like OSPF disseminate information about the link state of each router link in a network to all routers in the network. Thus link state protocols tend to converge faster to topology changes since all routers have firsthand information of the topology of the network.
Proxy ARP may be a convenient solution when it comes to add additional subnets without having to add routes to routers and hosts. A proxy ARP enabled router would answer ARP requests on behalf of the targeted hosts mimicking a local network access to the requesting host.
Ports and sockets allow processes on the same device to communicate over a network. Every TCP connection is uniquely identified by its two endpoints - the source port and destination port. Ports map incoming data to specific processes using port numbers between 0-65535. A socket is the endpoint of a connection and is defined by an IP address and port number combination. Sockets provide an interface for programming networks at the transport layer and allow devices to establish connections to communicate.
The document describes a paper tower building activity that will be done in groups:
1) The class will be divided into five groups, each receiving 5 papers from the teacher.
2) Each group will develop a strategy to build the tallest free-standing paper tower.
3) The group whose tower survives different tests by the teacher without collapsing will be announced the winner.
Unicast involves sending data from one computer to another, with one sender and one receiver. Multicast sends data to a group of devices that have joined the multicast group, with one sender but multiple potential receivers. Broadcast sends data from one computer that is then forwarded to all connected devices, with one sender and all devices receiving the broadcast traffic.
The document discusses different network topologies including mesh, star, bus, ring, tree, and hybrid topologies. For each topology, it describes the logical layout, advantages, disadvantages, and examples of applications. Mesh topology has every device connected to every other device but requires a large amount of cabling. Star topology has each device connected to a central hub, requiring less cabling than mesh. Bus topology uses a single backbone that devices connect to via taps. Ring topology passes signals in one direction between devices connected in a closed loop. Tree topology connects multiple star networks. A hybrid uses elements of different topologies under a single backbone. Factors like cost, cable needs, growth and cable type should be considered when choosing a topology
This document is a project report submitted by Deepak Kumar Pandey, a 4th semester BSc Computer Science student at Shri Jayanti Lal Hirachand Sanghvi Gujrati Samaj Innovative Collage of Commerce and Science Indore, to his project guide Prof. Deepshikha Shah. The report discusses key issues to consider when designing a computer network, including the nature of nodes, topology, interconnection type, reliability, channel capacity allocation, routing techniques, applicable models, channel capacities, and access methods.
A ring topology is a type of local area network (LAN) where each node connects to exactly two other nodes in a circular formation, providing only one pathway between any two nodes. It performs better than a bus topology under heavy loads, has short cable lengths, and is suitable for optical fibers. However, moving, adding, or changing devices can affect the network, reconfiguration is difficult, and node failure causes network failure, making it less popular today for high speed LANs. Ring topologies can still be found in some office buildings or school campuses.
This document discusses different types of internetworking devices used to connect local area networks (LANs). It describes hubs, bridges, switches and routers in increasing order of complexity. Hubs simply repeat and broadcast data to all ports, while bridges learn and filter traffic between connected LANs. Switches operate similarly to bridges but provide dedicated connections for each workstation. Routers connect distinct networks like a LAN to the Internet, and make routing decisions based on IP addresses. The document outlines reasons for interconnecting LANs and the functions of various internetworking devices.
This document discusses different types of networking devices used to connect local area networks (LANs). It describes hubs, repeaters, bridges, routers, and gateways. Hubs and repeaters operate at the physical layer, bridges operate at the physical and data link layers, and routers and gateways operate at the network layer and above to connect multiple networks and perform protocol conversion. The document provides details on the functions and characteristics of each type of device.
Network devices like repeaters, hubs, bridges, switches and routers are used to extend and segment networks. Repeaters regenerate signals to increase cable length while hubs connect cables without regeneration. Bridges segment networks at the data link layer using MAC addresses. Switches increase performance by opening virtual circuits between devices. Routers connect multiple networks at the network layer using IP addresses and dynamic routing.
The document discusses various networking devices and their functions. Repeaters work at the physical layer to regenerate signals and extend the distance of a network by combating attenuation. Bridges operate at the data link layer, segmenting networks and reducing traffic by only forwarding frames to relevant segments based on MAC addresses. Switches improve performance over bridges by opening virtual circuits between communicating devices to avoid contention. Routers connect multiple network segments and operate at the network layer, using logical IP addresses to route packets. Gateways have the most negative impact on performance as they must fully translate between different protocol suites.
This document discusses computer networks and networking concepts. It defines what a computer network is and different types of networks like LAN, MAN, and WAN. It then covers network topologies, describing physical topologies like bus, star, ring, mesh, tree and hybrid topologies. It also discusses common networking devices like routers, switches, hubs, bridges and others. Finally, it covers some common networking cables used like coaxial cable, Ethernet cable and optical fiber cable.
Network topologies include single node, bus, star, ring, mesh, tree, and hybrid. The physical arrangement of devices in a network defines its topology. Topologies like star and bus are easier to install and manage while ring and mesh provide better fault tolerance and handle high traffic volumes but require more complex cabling. The choice of topology depends on network size, budget, and fault tolerance requirements.
Its about the need for standard in networking, and caters to IEEE 802 standard in detail. FI you want to listen to this lecture
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IVD5sOpA0lc
The document discusses network topologies, including bus, ring, and star. It defines each topology and compares their advantages and disadvantages. The bus topology has all devices connected to a central cable. It is inexpensive but if the cable breaks, the whole network fails. Ring topology forms a closed loop with devices arranged along it. Data travels in one direction around the ring. Star topology connects all devices to a central hub. It is easy to install but the hub is a single point of failure.
The document discusses IEEE standards for local area networks (LANs) including Ethernet LANs, Token Ring LANs, and wireless LANs. It describes the IEEE 802 standards family, common LAN topologies and cabling, how CSMA/CD and token protocols work, and comparisons of Ethernet and Token Ring technologies. It also outlines wireless LAN specifications including 802.11, 802.11a, 802.11b, and 802.11g.
The document discusses the history and development of the Internet. It began in 1969 as the ARPANET, a network created by the US government to connect universities and research labs. No single organization owns the Internet, which uses TCP/IP protocols and packet switching to connect networks worldwide. Local area networks (LANs) connect computers within the same building, while wide area networks (WANs) connect LANs across greater distances. The document also covers network topologies, types, layers of the OSI model, and common Internet services like email and search engines.
Introduction to networking by vikas jagtapVikas Jagtap
Network :- “A group of computers & other devices (such as workstations, printers, or servers) that are linked together is called as Network.”
Networking :- “The concept of connected computers sharing information, resources, or both is called as Networking.”
This document provides an overview of key concepts in computer networks and communication. It defines what a network is, discusses the need for networking and sharing of resources, and outlines the evolution of early networks like ARPANET and NSFNET into the modern Internet. It also covers network topologies, transmission media, switching techniques, common network devices, and communication protocols.
What is a network?
Need for networking
Components of Network
Types of Network
Evolution of Networking
Communication media
Data Communication Terminologies
Switching Techniques
Digital and Analog Transmission
Network Topology
Network Devices
Communication Protocols
Wireless/Mobile Computing
A LAN is a network confined within a limited geographic area that connects computers. LANs can connect as few as three computers but often link hundreds used by thousands of people. Standard networking protocols and media have resulted in widespread use of LANs in businesses and schools. Common LAN technologies include Ethernet, phone lines, and wireless. Ethernet uses coaxial or twisted pair cabling and a hub to connect computers, while phone lines use existing telephone wiring. Wireless networks use radio signals and no cabling.
This document provides an overview of computer networking concepts including network architecture, evolution of networking technologies, common network devices, transmission media, network topologies, wireless technologies, types of networks, standards organizations like IEEE, common network models, important network protocols, and types of servers. It covers fundamental topics in a comprehensive manner suitable for an introductory course on computer networks.
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The document summarizes the key components of computer networks including hardware, software, protocols, networking models like client-server and peer-to-peer, local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and the Ethernet standard for LANs. It discusses Ethernet frames, media access control (MAC) addressing, cabling, and transmission types.
Basic networking in power point by suprabhaSuprabha Sahoo
Computer networking allows for the sharing of data and resources between connected computers. The main purpose is sharing information, hardware, software, and administration. Connected devices include network interface cards, cables, hubs/switches, routers, and network software. Common network topologies are peer-to-peer and client-server. Common network types include local area networks within an office and metropolitan area networks within a city.
This document provides information about computer networks and telecommunications. It discusses terminals, telecommunications software, communication processors, communication media, network topologies, protocols, network architectures, and internet protocols. Terminals include video display terminals and other end user workstations. Telecommunications software functions include access control, transmission control, network control, error control, and security. Common network topologies include star, ring, bus, and tree configurations. Popular internet protocols are TCP/IP, FTP, HTTP, Telnet, Gopher, and WAIS. The document also covers internet addressing, domains, email addresses, URLs, and web directories.
Network system on Ahsanullah University of Science & TechnologyManas Saha
This document provides an overview of the network system at Ahsanullah University of Science & Technology (AUST) in Bangladesh. It describes the types of networks, topologies, hardware, and media used. The university uses both wired and wireless networks to connect computers. The wired network uses UTP and fiber optic cables in a star topology. Routers, switches, and servers connect the departments and buildings. The wireless network provides internet access across campus. In total, the network system at AUST effectively connects computers to share resources while managing bandwidth usage.
This document provides an overview of computer networking concepts including:
- Types of network topologies such as star, bus, ring, and mesh.
- Transmission media like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, optical fiber, radio waves, and satellite links.
- Network devices, protocols, wireless computing, internetworking terms, open source software, security, and viruses.
A computer network connects computers together to share resources and exchange information. The main types of computer networks are personal area networks (PANs), local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). LANs are commonly used within offices and buildings to share printers and files between connected computers. WANs extend across broader areas like cities or countries using transmission lines and routers to connect distant LANs and allow communication between nonlocal computers. Common network hardware includes network interface cards, switches, routers, hubs, and gateways.
This document provides an overview of computer networking concepts including different network topologies, types of networks, and common networking devices. It discusses peer-to-peer and client-server network models. Topologies covered include ring, bus, star, mesh, and tree. Wide area networks and local area networks are defined. Common networking devices like repeaters, bridges, routers, switches, and network interface cards are also explained.
This document provides an overview of computer networks and their basic components. It discusses how networks connect devices like computers, printers and servers to allow sharing of resources. Local area networks (LANs) connect devices within a building, while wide area networks (WANs) span greater distances. The two main types of networks are peer-to-peer and client-server. Client-server networks have centralized data storage on servers for easier management. Network topologies like star, bus and ring determine how data flows. Key network components include network interface cards, hubs, switches, bridges, routers and gateways. The document also describes the CSMA/CD and token ring access methods for transmitting data over the network.
PAN -Personal Area Network – Linking local devices e,g, PC to printer. LAN – Local Area network- links devices in an office or offices. MAN – Metropolitan Area network – links devices across multiple buildings like a campus. WAN – Wide area network – links devices across a country/countries.
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Network Devices
1. NetworkDevices
Submitted To: Mominul Haque
School of Business
State University of Bangladesh
Submitted By:
Name: Samiur Rahman
ID: UG01-34-13-044
Batch: 34.2
Course code:CIS-102
Course code:Computer Application & Networking
Date of Submission: 19.06.2014
Assignment ON
3. NetworkDevices 3
Introduction
Networking hardware may also be known as network equipment, computer networking devices.
Units which are the last receiver or generate data are called hosts or data terminal equipment. All
these terms refer to devices facilitating the use of a computer network. Network devices are
components used to connect computers or other electronic devices together so that they can share
files or resources like printers or fax machines. Devices used to setup a Local Area Network
(LAN) are the most common type of network devices used by the public. A LAN requires a hub,
router, cabling or radio technology, network cards, and if online access is desired, a high-speed
modem. Happily this is much less complicated than it might sound to someone new to
networking.
Network card
What is a network card?
A network card (also called a Network Adapter or Network Interface Card, or NIC for short)
acts as the interface between a computer and a network cable. The purpose of the network card is
to prepare, send, and control data on the network.
A network card usually has two indicator lights (LEDs):
The green LED shows that the card is receiving electricity;
The orange (10 Mb/s) or red (100 Mb/s) LED indicates network activity (sending or
receiving data). To prepare data to be sent the network card uses a transceiver, which
transforms parallel data into serial data. Each cart has a unique address, called a MAC
address, assigned by the card's manufacturer, which lets it be uniquely identified among
all the network cards in the world.
4. NetworkDevices 4
ARC Net card
ARCNET is a widely-installed local area network (LAN) technology that uses a token-bus
scheme for managing line sharing among the workstations and other devices connected on the
LAN. The LAN server continuously circulates empty message frames on a bus (a line in which
every message goes through every device on the line and a device uses only those with its
address). When a device wants to send a message, it inserts a "token" (this can be as simple as
setting a token bit to 1) in an empty frame in which it also inserts the message. When the
destination device or LAN server reads the message, it resets the token to 0 so that the frame can
be reused by any other device. The scheme is very efficient when traffic increases since all
devices are afforded the same opportunity to use the shared network.
Ethernet card
An Ethernet card is one kind of network adapter. These adapters support the Ethernet standard
for high-speed network connections via cables. Ethernet cards are sometimes known as network
interface cards (NICs).
Ethernet cards are available in several different standard packages called form factors:
5. NetworkDevices 5
Ethernet cards may operate at different network speeds depending on the protocol standard they
support. Old Ethernet cards were capable only of the 10 Mbps maximum speed offered by
Ethernet originally. Modern Ethernet adapters all support the 100 Mbps Fast Ethernet standard
and an increasing number now also offer Gigabit Ethernet support at 1 Gbps (1000 Mbps).
An Ethernet card does not directly support Wi-Fi wireless networking, but home network
broadband routers contain the necessary technology to allow Ethernet devices to connect via
cables and communicate with Wi-Fi devices via the router.
Token Ring
A Token Ring network is a local area network (LAN) in which all computers are connected in a
ring or star topology and a bit- or token-passing scheme is used in order to prevent the collision
of data between two computers that want to send messages at the same time. The Token Ring
protocol is the second most widely-used protocol on local area networks after Ethernet. The IBM
6. NetworkDevices 6
Token Ring protocol led to a standard version, specified as IEEE 802.5. Both protocols are used
and are very similar. The IEEE 802.5 Token Ring technology provides for data transfer rates of
either 4 or 16 megabits per second. Very briefly, here is how it works.
Network Cables
Networking cables are used to connect one network device to other network devices or to
connect two or more computers to share printer, scanner etc. Different types of network cables
like Coaxial cable, Optical fiber cable, Twisted Pair cables are used depending on the network's
topology, protocol and size. The devices can be separated by a few meters (e.g. via Ethernet) or
nearly unlimited distances (e.g. via the interconnections of the Internet).
7. NetworkDevices 7
Coaxialcable:Coaxial lines confine the electromagnetic wave to area inside the cable,
between the centre conductor and the shield. The transmission of energy in the line occurs totally
through the dielectric inside the cable between the conductors. Coaxial lines can therefore be
bent and twisted (subject to limits) without negative effects, and they can be strapped to
conductive supports without inducing unwanted currents in them and though.
Twistedpair cable: Twisted pair cabling is a form of wiring in which pairs of wires (the
forward and return conductors of a single circuit) are twisted together for the purposes of
cancelling out electromagnetic interference (EMI) from other wire pairs and from external
sources. This type of cable is used for home and corporate Ethernet newt.
orks.
8. NetworkDevices 8
Fiber Optic cable:An optical fiber cable consists of a center glass core surrounded by
several layers of protective material. The outer insulating jacket is made of Teflon or PVC to
prevent interference. It is expensive but has higher bandwidth and can transmit data over longer
distances
Different Kinds of Network Topology in
Computer Networks
The way in which the connections are made is called the topology of the computer network.
Now I am discussing about network topology, Network topology specifically refers to the
physical layout of the network, especially the locations of the computers and how the cable is run
between them. Four most common topologies are:
Bus
Star
Ring
Mesh
Bus Topology: All the devices on a bus topology are connected by one single cable. When one
computer sends a signal up the wire, all the computers on the network receive the information,
9. NetworkDevices 9
but only one accepts the information. The rest regrets the message. One computer can send a
message at a time. A computer must wait until the bus is free before it can transmit .
When the signal reaches the end of the wire, it bounces back and travels back up the wire. When
a signal echoes back and forth along an undermanaged bus, it is called ringing. To stop the
signals from ringing, attach terminators at either end of the segment. The terminators absorb the
electrical energy and stop the reflection.
Star Topology: the cables run from the computers to a central location, where they are all
connected by a device called a hub. Each computer on a star network communicates with a
central hub that resends the message either to all the computers or only to the destination
Computers
Hub can be active or passive in the star network Active hub regenerates the electrical signal and
sends it to all the computers connected to it. Passive hub does not amplify or regenerate signal
and does not require electrical power to run. We can expand a star network by placing another
star hub.
10. NetworkDevices 10
Ring Topology: Each computer is connected to the next computer ,with the last one connected
to the first. Every computer is connected to the next computer in the ring, and each retransmits
what it receives from the previous computer. The message flow around the ring in one direction.
Some ring networks do token passing. It passes around the ring until a computer wishes to send
information
.
to another computer. The computer adds an electronic address and data and sends it around the
ring. Each computer in sequence receives the token and the information and passes them to the
next until either the electronic address matches the address of the computer or the token returns
to the origin. The receiving computer returns a message to the originator indicating that the
message has been received. The sending computer then creates another token and place it on the
network, allowing another station to capture the token and being transmitted.
MeshTopology: The mesh topology connects all devices (nodes) to each other for redundancy
and fault tolerance. It is used in WANs to interconnect LANs and for mission critical networks
like those used by banks and financial institutions. Implementing the mesh topology is expensive
and difficult.
11. NetworkDevices 11
Common Network Connectivity Devices
It’s easy to forget about all the small pieces of hardware that sit and hum along 24-7 just so that
we can check our email or catch the latest stats for our fantasy team. Just what are those little
boxes and why do they have so many little blinking lights?
Network connections are made possible by two main types of hardware: network media and
network connectivity devices. This article is going to cover the later in enough detail to have you
picking up the network-speak in no time. Network connection devices include:
Hubs
Repeaters
Bridges
Switches
Gateways
A hub is a small Network Device. A hub joins multiple computers (or
other network devices) together to form a single network segment. On this network segment, all
12. NetworkDevices 12
computers can communicate directly with each other. Ethernet hubs are by far the most common
type, but hubs for other types of networks such as USB also exist.
A hub includes a series of ports that each accept a network cable, one port is reserved for
"uplink" connections to another hub or similar device.
Main Features
■ Operate at Layer 1 devices ( Physical layer ) in the OSI model .
■ Hubs do not read any of the data passing through them and are not aware of their source or
destination.
■ Hub simply receives incoming packets, possibly amplifies the electrical signal, and broadcasts
these packets out to all devices on the network - including the one that originally sent the packet!
Network Router:
A Network Router is a network device with interfaces in multiple networks whose task is to
copy packets from one network to another. Router gives path to data packet to destination.
Routers provide connectivity inside enterprises, between enterprises and the Internet, and within
an Internet Service Provider (ISP).
Main Features
■ Operates at Layer 3 (Network Layer) of the OSI Model.
■ Router works with Static Routing manfully configure by Network Administrator.
■ Router works with Dynamic Routing which routers calculate automatically by different
methods.
■ Router stores calculate path in his Routing Table.
13. NetworkDevices 13
■ The network router will then use its routing table to make intelligent decisions about which
packets to copy to which of its interfaces .
■ The router will use this information to create a routing table.
■ This process is known as routing.
Bridge:
A bridge reads the outermost section of data on the data packet, to tell where the message is
going. It reduces the traffic on other network segments, since it does not send all packets.
Bridges can be programmed to reject packets from particular networks. Bridging occurs at the
data link layer of the OSI model, whcih means the bridge cannot read IP address, but only the
outermost hardware address of the packet. In our case the bridge can read the ethernet data whcih
gives the hardware address of the destination address, not the IP address. Bridges forward all
broadcast messages. Only a special bridge called a translation bridge will allow two networks of
different architectures to be connected. Bridges do not normally allow connection of networks
with different architectures. The hardware address is also called the MAC (media access control)
address. To determine the network segment a MAC address belongs to, bridges use one of the
following
14. NetworkDevices 14
Switches:A switch is like a hub in that every device on the network is connected to it.
However, a switch does not rebroadcast signals to all other devices. A switch makes a direct link
between the device that is transmitting and the device that is receiving. All other devices are
totally unaware of the communication taking place. For this reason, switches realize greater
performance because bandwidth is not being wasted on needless rebroadcasting.
Gateways:A gateway can translate information between different network data formats or
network architectures.
15. NetworkDevices 15
It can translate TCP/IP to AppleTalk so computers supporting TCP/IP can communicate with
Apple brand computers. Most gateways operate at the application layer, but can operate at the
network or session layer o the OSI model. Gateways will start at the lower level and strip
information until it gets to the required level and repackage the information and work its way
back toward the hardware layer of the OSI model. To confuse issues, when talking about a router
that is used to interface to another network, the word gateway is often used. This does not mean
the routing machine is a gateway as defined here, although it could be.
Conclusion
While the age-old concept of the network is foundational in virtually all areas of society,
Computer Networks and Protocols have forever changed the way humans will work, play, and
communicate. Forging powerfully into areas of our lives that no one had expected, digital
networking is further empowering us for the future. New protocols and standards will emerge,
new applications will be conceived, and our lives will be further changed and enhanced. While
the new will only be better, the majority of digital networking's current technologies are not
cutting-edge, but rather are protocols and standards conceived at the dawn of the digital
networking age that have stood solid for over thirty years.