A letter of credit is a written undertaking by an importer's bank, known as the issuing bank, to pay the exporter, or beneficiary, a specified amount of money within a set time limit if certain documents are presented. There are different types of letters of credit, including irrevocable and revocable, confirmed and unconfirmed, transferable, standby, and revolving letters of credit. The key parties involved in a letter of credit transaction are the applicant, issuing bank, beneficiary, advising bank, confirming bank, negotiating bank, and reimbursing bank. Required documents to be presented under a letter of credit usually include bills of exchange, invoices, transport documents, insurance documents, and various certificates.
10 Most Common Reasons Why UK Visas Get Rejected – A Definitive Guide.pdfHiren Patel
This post will lead you through the most common causes for visa denials in the United Kingdom. This list should also be useful if you are reapplying for a visa to the United Kingdom following a denial.
Food, water , energy nexus, presentation golam rasul, senior economistICIMOD
Food, Water, and Energy Security in the Hindu Kush Himalayan Region: A Nexus Perspective
With limited land resources, inadequate energy supply, and growing water stress, South
Asia faces the challenge of providing enough water and energy to grow enough food for the
burgeoning population. Using secondary data from diverse sources, this paper explores the
food, water, and energy nexus from a regional dimension, emphasizing the role of Hindu
Kush Himalayan (HKH) ecosystem services in sustaining food, water, and energy security
downstream. The analysis reveals that the issues and challenges in the food, water, and
energy sectors are interwoven in many complex ways and cannot be managed effectively
without cross-sectoral integration. The most distinctive feature of the nexus in South Asia is
the high degree of dependency of downstream communities on upstream ecosystem
services for dry-season water for irrigation and hydropower, drinking water, and soil fertility
and nutrients. This finding suggests that along with cross-sectoral integration to improve
the resource-use efficiency and productivity of the three sectors, regional integration
between upstream and downstream areas is critical in food, water, and energy security.
Within the nexus approach in South Asia, equal attention should be paid to management of
HKH ecosystems–especially the watersheds, catchments, and headwaters of river systems–
and to tapping the potential of collaborative gains in water, hydropower, and other
ecosystem services through coordination across HKH countries.
IIHT is recognised as a premier franchising company in India and around the world in IT (IMS) training. IIHT has over 300 centres in India and has centres in over 22 countries. IIHT is headquartered in Bangalore, India; and has six - company owned centres.
Overcoming the challenges of IT Training in Non-English speaking countriesIIHT Technologies
Overcoming the challenges of IT Training in Non-English speaking countries. IIHT has hit the Training market and also has successful track record in penetrating Non English speaking countries.
10 Most Common Reasons Why UK Visas Get Rejected – A Definitive Guide.pdfHiren Patel
This post will lead you through the most common causes for visa denials in the United Kingdom. This list should also be useful if you are reapplying for a visa to the United Kingdom following a denial.
Food, water , energy nexus, presentation golam rasul, senior economistICIMOD
Food, Water, and Energy Security in the Hindu Kush Himalayan Region: A Nexus Perspective
With limited land resources, inadequate energy supply, and growing water stress, South
Asia faces the challenge of providing enough water and energy to grow enough food for the
burgeoning population. Using secondary data from diverse sources, this paper explores the
food, water, and energy nexus from a regional dimension, emphasizing the role of Hindu
Kush Himalayan (HKH) ecosystem services in sustaining food, water, and energy security
downstream. The analysis reveals that the issues and challenges in the food, water, and
energy sectors are interwoven in many complex ways and cannot be managed effectively
without cross-sectoral integration. The most distinctive feature of the nexus in South Asia is
the high degree of dependency of downstream communities on upstream ecosystem
services for dry-season water for irrigation and hydropower, drinking water, and soil fertility
and nutrients. This finding suggests that along with cross-sectoral integration to improve
the resource-use efficiency and productivity of the three sectors, regional integration
between upstream and downstream areas is critical in food, water, and energy security.
Within the nexus approach in South Asia, equal attention should be paid to management of
HKH ecosystems–especially the watersheds, catchments, and headwaters of river systems–
and to tapping the potential of collaborative gains in water, hydropower, and other
ecosystem services through coordination across HKH countries.
IIHT is recognised as a premier franchising company in India and around the world in IT (IMS) training. IIHT has over 300 centres in India and has centres in over 22 countries. IIHT is headquartered in Bangalore, India; and has six - company owned centres.
Overcoming the challenges of IT Training in Non-English speaking countriesIIHT Technologies
Overcoming the challenges of IT Training in Non-English speaking countries. IIHT has hit the Training market and also has successful track record in penetrating Non English speaking countries.
Computers only deal with binary data (0s and 1s), hence all data manipulated by computers must be represented in binary format.
Machine instructions manipulate many different forms of data:
Numbers:
Integers: 33, +128, -2827
Real numbers: 1.33, +9.55609, -6.76E12, +4.33E-03
Alphanumeric characters (letters, numbers, signs, control characters): examples: A, a, c, 1 ,3, ", +, Ctrl, Shift, etc.
So in general we have two major data types that need to be represented in computers; numbers and characters
Introduction
Numbering Systems
Binary & Hexadecimal Numbers
Binary and Hexadecimal Addition
Binary and Hexadecimal subtraction
Base Conversions
Food, water, energy nexus as an adaptation mechanism golam rasulICIMOD
Food-Water-Energy Nexus Approach: An Option for Adaptation to Climate Change in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan Region
Nexus approach is a system-wise approach
Provide a framework for assessing trade-offs & synergies
Improve resource use efficiency
Support minimizing trade-offs, maximizing synergies
Generate co-benefits through harnessing complementarities
The nexus approach encourage mutually beneficial responses and enhance the potential for cooperation between & among all sectors.
Most adaptation measures are sectoral or project driven
Sectoral approach promote cross-sectoral externalities and Mal-adaptation
Understanding the interlinkages between the water, energy, and food is vital for devising sustainable adaptation strategy
Nexus can be a pathway to climate adaptation and sustainable development through enhancing synergies and complementarities
Sectors of developing bangladesh and the problems behind it and the remedy of...SamiuR RahmaN
Bangladesh is a developing country. We know there are two types of countries all over the world. One is developing and another is developed. Due to some reasons we call Bangladesh developing :
Over population
Lack of resource
Mismanagement
Crime and deviance
Political issues
Corruption
Cloud Storage has become the most popular data storing option in the corporate life. Cloud and the business surrounding it is growing faster than every previous day. The easy accessibility, trustworthy security system and money efficiency have made cloud popular among people. Have a light cloud journey for yourself! :D
Food Security in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya Region
Long term food security is a broad development issue. Food security cannot be achieved without enhancing livelihood options, and the livelihoods of poor communities cannot be improved unless productive resources, such as water, land, forest, rangeland, biodiversity, and the natural environment are conserved and their access and optimal utilization are ensured. From the mountain perspective it is, therefore, necessary to take a holistic approach. A sustainable strategy for improving the food security calls for a package of measures including strengthening up-stream down-stream relationships:
a. Enhancing income through mountain niche-based products and resource endowments as well as enhancing livelihood options by promoting non-farm employment opportunities through rural enterprise development, mountain tourism, and higher economic value addition in marketable products;
b. Reducing risks and vulnerabilities of loss of assets, crops, and lives from natural hazards through facilitating early warning systems and establishing data and information sharing as the HKH region is more prone to natural hazards;
c. Developing options, ideas, and institutional arrangements to protect and develop watershed resources such as land, forest, water, and biodiversity, thereby sustaining and enhancing ecosystem services, which are not only the primary basis of production but that are also sources of economic (medicinal and aromatic plants, raw materials for rural enterprises, uncultivated foods, water for irrigation), environmental (regulating climate), and social well-being through supporting several self-provisioning livelihood systems.
d. Facilitating a more productive use of remittances, as mountain areas have become part of a large remittance economy, through policy and knowledge inputs that will improve food security by stimulating rural investment and employment opportunities.
e. Developing options, methodologies, and institutional mechanisms to compensate mountain communities for the vital environmental services whom they are the custodians of, such as water, flood control, biodiversity conservation, climate regulation, dry season water flow, as well as other tangible and intangible environmental services.
f. Facilitating adaptation and building resilience to achieving long-term food security through providing relevant data, information and knowledge generated through ICIMOD and its partner’s research on climate change, glacier melting, temperature change, air pollution including ‘brown cloud’ haze . Because the agricultural productivity of the HKH region and adjacent plains of the eight regional member countries is heavily dependent on the availability of dry season water from the Himalayan glaciers, which have been shrinking due to global warming and poses a serious threat to long-term food production sustainability of the entire region.
7th five year plan & development vision for cht golam rasul icimodICIMOD
7th Five Year Plan and Development Vision for Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) Bangladesh
Golam Rasul, Senior Economist, ICIMOD
The Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) is an ethnically, culturally, and topographically diverse region of Bangladesh with a population of approximately 1.7 million, including 12 small ethnic communities with distinct tribal cultures and traditions. It covers 10% of the country’s land area, has 40% of the forest cover, and is home to 1% of the population.
With a poverty incidence of more than 50%, the CHT is one of the economically least advanced regions in Bangladesh. The majority of the population relies on subsistence farming, and especially jhum farming practices. With increased environmental degradation and a low capacity to adapt to the impacts of climate change, the current agricultural practices can no longer sustain the population of the region. The region also lacks good healthcare, sanitation, education, banking, and finance and transport facilities. Furthermore, in the past, sociopolitical tensions have affected the development process.
Despite the challenges, the CHT has a huge potential for development, especially in high-value horticulture, offseason vegetables, tourism, and trade. With its majestic beauty, the region can attract millions of tourists from around the world, and the CHT could be promoted as a world-class tourism site. The terrain is suitable for the production of a number of high-value agricultural products, including various fruits, off-season vegetables, and seeds. With proper development of a market infrastructure, farmers could earn better prices for their produce. Agribusiness is a sector which the region can usefully prioritize; farmers can be trained in agro processing techniques to promote such agribusiness. Skill enhancement programmes for the rural youth of CHT would help those seeking foreign employment and make good use of the ample workforce, while benefitting the region’s rural economy through the resultant remittances. More specifically, the region can be developed as a trade transit area between the mainland economy and the countries to the east, especially Myanmar, Thailand, and China. All these approaches will eventually help to improve the local economy.
The Government of Bangladesh aims to reduce poverty and achieve middle income country status by 2021. To achieve this, the developmental needs of the CHT must be duly reflected in the coming 7th Five Year Plan now being prepared by the Planning Commission. An explicit strategy is needed in the Plan for development of the CHT. This paper assesses the development challenges and opportunities in the CHT and proposes some integrated strategies for the development of the farm and non-farm sectors to bring dynamism into the rural economy and accelerate economic growth and improve livelihoods. The approach implies giving emphasis on the secondary and service sectors. Promoting non-farm activities and supporting labour mobility
Bangladesh towards development 2015-2050SamiuR RahmaN
Bangladesh, a country with immense opportunities in multiple sectors, has a population of 164 million which includes a large number of skilled & semi skilled workforce. Bangladesh has survived the recent economic recession & was successful to hold a sustainable inflation rate during that period. This country has a better GDP growth rate than the other developing nations too.
Agriculture sector is the single largest contributor to GDP.
Crop production system is highly labour intensive and there is an abundance of labour supply in the country.
Agriculture is the largest source of employment for skilled and unskilled labour.
Favorable natural environment generally exists throughout the year for crop production.
Wide range of bio-diversity exists for different crops.
A letter of credit guarantees payment of a specified sum in a specified currency, when seller meets precisely-defined conditions and submits the prescribed documents within a fixed time frame.
Computers only deal with binary data (0s and 1s), hence all data manipulated by computers must be represented in binary format.
Machine instructions manipulate many different forms of data:
Numbers:
Integers: 33, +128, -2827
Real numbers: 1.33, +9.55609, -6.76E12, +4.33E-03
Alphanumeric characters (letters, numbers, signs, control characters): examples: A, a, c, 1 ,3, ", +, Ctrl, Shift, etc.
So in general we have two major data types that need to be represented in computers; numbers and characters
Introduction
Numbering Systems
Binary & Hexadecimal Numbers
Binary and Hexadecimal Addition
Binary and Hexadecimal subtraction
Base Conversions
Food, water, energy nexus as an adaptation mechanism golam rasulICIMOD
Food-Water-Energy Nexus Approach: An Option for Adaptation to Climate Change in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan Region
Nexus approach is a system-wise approach
Provide a framework for assessing trade-offs & synergies
Improve resource use efficiency
Support minimizing trade-offs, maximizing synergies
Generate co-benefits through harnessing complementarities
The nexus approach encourage mutually beneficial responses and enhance the potential for cooperation between & among all sectors.
Most adaptation measures are sectoral or project driven
Sectoral approach promote cross-sectoral externalities and Mal-adaptation
Understanding the interlinkages between the water, energy, and food is vital for devising sustainable adaptation strategy
Nexus can be a pathway to climate adaptation and sustainable development through enhancing synergies and complementarities
Sectors of developing bangladesh and the problems behind it and the remedy of...SamiuR RahmaN
Bangladesh is a developing country. We know there are two types of countries all over the world. One is developing and another is developed. Due to some reasons we call Bangladesh developing :
Over population
Lack of resource
Mismanagement
Crime and deviance
Political issues
Corruption
Cloud Storage has become the most popular data storing option in the corporate life. Cloud and the business surrounding it is growing faster than every previous day. The easy accessibility, trustworthy security system and money efficiency have made cloud popular among people. Have a light cloud journey for yourself! :D
Food Security in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya Region
Long term food security is a broad development issue. Food security cannot be achieved without enhancing livelihood options, and the livelihoods of poor communities cannot be improved unless productive resources, such as water, land, forest, rangeland, biodiversity, and the natural environment are conserved and their access and optimal utilization are ensured. From the mountain perspective it is, therefore, necessary to take a holistic approach. A sustainable strategy for improving the food security calls for a package of measures including strengthening up-stream down-stream relationships:
a. Enhancing income through mountain niche-based products and resource endowments as well as enhancing livelihood options by promoting non-farm employment opportunities through rural enterprise development, mountain tourism, and higher economic value addition in marketable products;
b. Reducing risks and vulnerabilities of loss of assets, crops, and lives from natural hazards through facilitating early warning systems and establishing data and information sharing as the HKH region is more prone to natural hazards;
c. Developing options, ideas, and institutional arrangements to protect and develop watershed resources such as land, forest, water, and biodiversity, thereby sustaining and enhancing ecosystem services, which are not only the primary basis of production but that are also sources of economic (medicinal and aromatic plants, raw materials for rural enterprises, uncultivated foods, water for irrigation), environmental (regulating climate), and social well-being through supporting several self-provisioning livelihood systems.
d. Facilitating a more productive use of remittances, as mountain areas have become part of a large remittance economy, through policy and knowledge inputs that will improve food security by stimulating rural investment and employment opportunities.
e. Developing options, methodologies, and institutional mechanisms to compensate mountain communities for the vital environmental services whom they are the custodians of, such as water, flood control, biodiversity conservation, climate regulation, dry season water flow, as well as other tangible and intangible environmental services.
f. Facilitating adaptation and building resilience to achieving long-term food security through providing relevant data, information and knowledge generated through ICIMOD and its partner’s research on climate change, glacier melting, temperature change, air pollution including ‘brown cloud’ haze . Because the agricultural productivity of the HKH region and adjacent plains of the eight regional member countries is heavily dependent on the availability of dry season water from the Himalayan glaciers, which have been shrinking due to global warming and poses a serious threat to long-term food production sustainability of the entire region.
7th five year plan & development vision for cht golam rasul icimodICIMOD
7th Five Year Plan and Development Vision for Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) Bangladesh
Golam Rasul, Senior Economist, ICIMOD
The Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) is an ethnically, culturally, and topographically diverse region of Bangladesh with a population of approximately 1.7 million, including 12 small ethnic communities with distinct tribal cultures and traditions. It covers 10% of the country’s land area, has 40% of the forest cover, and is home to 1% of the population.
With a poverty incidence of more than 50%, the CHT is one of the economically least advanced regions in Bangladesh. The majority of the population relies on subsistence farming, and especially jhum farming practices. With increased environmental degradation and a low capacity to adapt to the impacts of climate change, the current agricultural practices can no longer sustain the population of the region. The region also lacks good healthcare, sanitation, education, banking, and finance and transport facilities. Furthermore, in the past, sociopolitical tensions have affected the development process.
Despite the challenges, the CHT has a huge potential for development, especially in high-value horticulture, offseason vegetables, tourism, and trade. With its majestic beauty, the region can attract millions of tourists from around the world, and the CHT could be promoted as a world-class tourism site. The terrain is suitable for the production of a number of high-value agricultural products, including various fruits, off-season vegetables, and seeds. With proper development of a market infrastructure, farmers could earn better prices for their produce. Agribusiness is a sector which the region can usefully prioritize; farmers can be trained in agro processing techniques to promote such agribusiness. Skill enhancement programmes for the rural youth of CHT would help those seeking foreign employment and make good use of the ample workforce, while benefitting the region’s rural economy through the resultant remittances. More specifically, the region can be developed as a trade transit area between the mainland economy and the countries to the east, especially Myanmar, Thailand, and China. All these approaches will eventually help to improve the local economy.
The Government of Bangladesh aims to reduce poverty and achieve middle income country status by 2021. To achieve this, the developmental needs of the CHT must be duly reflected in the coming 7th Five Year Plan now being prepared by the Planning Commission. An explicit strategy is needed in the Plan for development of the CHT. This paper assesses the development challenges and opportunities in the CHT and proposes some integrated strategies for the development of the farm and non-farm sectors to bring dynamism into the rural economy and accelerate economic growth and improve livelihoods. The approach implies giving emphasis on the secondary and service sectors. Promoting non-farm activities and supporting labour mobility
Bangladesh towards development 2015-2050SamiuR RahmaN
Bangladesh, a country with immense opportunities in multiple sectors, has a population of 164 million which includes a large number of skilled & semi skilled workforce. Bangladesh has survived the recent economic recession & was successful to hold a sustainable inflation rate during that period. This country has a better GDP growth rate than the other developing nations too.
Agriculture sector is the single largest contributor to GDP.
Crop production system is highly labour intensive and there is an abundance of labour supply in the country.
Agriculture is the largest source of employment for skilled and unskilled labour.
Favorable natural environment generally exists throughout the year for crop production.
Wide range of bio-diversity exists for different crops.
A letter of credit guarantees payment of a specified sum in a specified currency, when seller meets precisely-defined conditions and submits the prescribed documents within a fixed time frame.
Letters of credit is a written commitment to pay, by a buyer's or importer's bank (called the issuing bank) to the seller's or exporter's bank (called the accepting bank, negotiating bank, or paying bank). It is also known as a documentary credit.
A letter of credit, also known as a documentary credit or bankers commercial credit, or letter of undertaking, is a payment mechanism used in international trade to provide an economic guarantee from a creditworthy bank to an exporter of goods. Wikipedia
What is a Letter of Credit?
Parties Involved in LC Transaction
Letter of Credit Process
Types of Letter of Credit
Documents of Letter of Credit
Advantages of Letter of Credit
Disadvantages of Letter of Credit
Padma Oil Company Limited of Financial Position and Statement of profit or loss.SamiuR RahmaN
1 Background
2 POCL Vision
3 POCL Mission
4 Strategic Priorities
5 POCL Products
6 Pattern of shareholding as on 30 June, 2015
7 Five years Performance of Financial Position
8 Five years Performance of Profitability
9 Statement of Financial Position
10 Statement of Profit or Loss and Other Comprehensive Income
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2. MEANING OF LETTER OF CREDIT
It is a written undertaking by the importers bank
known as the issuing bank on behalf of its
customer, the importer (applicant), promising to
effect payment in favour of the exporter
(beneficiary) up to a stated sum of money, within
a prescribed time limit and against stipulated
document
Letter of Credit also known as Documentary
Credit
7/20/2016 2
3. TYPES OF LETTER OF CREDIT
Irrevocable and revocable letters of credit
Confirmed and unconfirmed letters of credit
Transferable letters of credit
Standby letters of credit
Revolving letters of credit
Back-to-back letters of credit
7/20/2016 3
5. PARTIES TO LETTER OF CREDIT
Applicant (Opener)
Issuing Bank (Opening Bank)
Beneficiary
Advising Bank
Confirming Bank
Negotiating Bank
Reimbursing Bank
Second Beneficiary
7/20/2016 5
6. Required Documents
Bills of exchange
Invoices
Government documents such as licenses,
certificates of origin, inspection certificates,
embassy legalizations, and phytosanitary
certificates
Shipping and transport documents such as bills of
lading and airway bills
Insurance policies or certificates, except cover
notes
7/20/2016 6
