bio

1. Chapter 2: Biological Foundations of
Behavior

2. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Nervous System
Central Nervous
System (CNS)
Introductory Psychology Concepts: The Nervous System
The Nervous System
Complex neural network carrying
information throughout the body
Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS)
The Nervous System

3. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts
Nervous System

4. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
The Nervous System
Complex neural network carrying
information throughout the body
Nervous System
Central Nervous
System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS)
• Composed of the
brain and spinal cord.
• Spinal cord is the
primary means for
transmitting
messages between
the brain and the rest
of the body.
Introductory Psychology Concepts: The Nervous System
Central Nervous System

5. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
The Nervous System
Complex neural network carrying
information throughout the body
Nervous System
Central Nervous
System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS)
• Made up of neurons
with long axons and
dendrites.
• Branches out from
the spinal cord and
brain to reach the
extremities of the
body.
Introductory Psychology Concepts: The Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System

6. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Central Nervous System
Brain Spinal cord
The Central Nervous System
Introductory Psychology Concepts: The Nervous System
Central Nervous System
(CNS)
Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain
Thalamus Hypothalamus
Cerebrum
Limbic
system
Cerebellum Pons Medulla
Corpus
callosum

7. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Somatic division
• Voluntary muscle
activation
Sympathetic
(generally activates)
Parasympathetic
(generally inhibits)
Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS)
Introductory Psychology Concepts
Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic division
Autonomic
division
Autonomic division
• Controls smooth muscle,
cardiac muscle, and glands;
• Basically involuntary

8. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Peripheral -Somatic System
Sensory neurons:
Carrying messages to the central nervous system
Motor neurons:
Carrying messages from the central nervous
system to the voluntary muscles
The Primary Components of the Neuron
Introductory Psychology Concepts
Peripheral - Somatic System
Axon
Dendrites
Cell body Myelin
sheath
Terminal buttons

9. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts
Peripheral -
Autonomic System
Sympathetic division:
• Fight or flight response
• Acts to prepare the body for
action in stressful situations,
engaging all the organism’s
resources to respond to a
threat.
Eye:
Dilates pupil
Salivary glands:
Inhibits flow of saliva
Heart:
Accelerates heartbeat
Lungs:
Dilates bronchi
Digestive tract:
Inhibits digestion
Liver:
Stimulates release
of glylcogen
Urinary bladder:
Inhibits bladder
contraction
Chain of sympathetic ganglia
Ganglion Secretion of
epinephrine by
adrenal gland
Postganglionic fibers

10. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts
Peripheral -
Autonomic System
Parasympathetic
division:
• Maintaining normal functions
• Acts to calm the body after an
emergency or stressful
situation has ended.
Eye:
Constricts pupil
Salivary glands:
Stimulates flow of
saliva
Heart:
Slows heartbeat
Lungs:
Constricts bronchi
Digestive tract:
Stimulates digestion
Liver:
Stimulates release
of bile
Urinary bladder:
Contracts bladder

11. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts
The Neuron and Synapse

12. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Identify parts of the neuron and synapse and
describe how they communicate information.
Introductory Psychology Concepts: The Neuron and the Synapse

13. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts: The Neuron and the Synapse
Identify parts of the neuron and synapse and
describe how they communicate information.

14. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts: The Neuron and the Synapse
Identify parts of the neuron and synapse and
describe how they communicate information.

15. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Instructor name
Class Title, Term/Semester, Year
Institution
Introductory Psychology Concepts
Brain

16. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts
The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function
Thalamus
Corpus
callosum
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Pons
Medulla
Reticular formation Spinal cord
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Amygdala Hippocampus

17. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts
The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function
Corpus callosum
Bridge of fibers passing
information between the
two cerebral hemispheres
Cerebellum
Thalamus
Corpus
callosum
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Pons
Medulla
Reticular formation Spinal cord
Brain stem
Cerebrum
Amygdala Hippocampus

18. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts
The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function
Thalamus
Relay center for incoming
sensory information
Thalamus
Corpus
callosum
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Pons
Medulla
Reticular formation Spinal cord
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Amygdala Hippocampus

19. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts
The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function
Cerebrum
Involved in sensing,
thinking, learning,
emotion, consciousness,
and voluntary movement
Thalamus
Corpus
callosum
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Pons
Medulla
Reticular formation Spinal cord
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Amygdala Hippocampus

20. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts
The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function
Amygdala
Limbic system structure
involved in emotion and
aggression
Thalamus
Corpus
callosum
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Pons
Medulla
Reticular formation Spinal cord
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Amygdala Hippocampus

21. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts
The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function
Hippocampus
Limbic system structure
involved in learning and
memory
Thalamus
Corpus
callosum
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Pons
Medulla
Reticular formation Spinal cord
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Amygdala Hippocampus

22. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts
The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function
Cerebellum
Coordinates fine muscle
movement, balance
Thalamus
Corpus
callosum
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Pons
Medulla
Reticular formation Spinal cord
Brain stem
Cerebrum
Amygdala Hippocampus
Cerebellum

23. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts
The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function
Amygdala Hippocampus
Brain stem
Thalamus
Corpus
callosum
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Pons
Medulla
Reticular formation Spinal cord
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Cerebrum

24. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts
The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function
Spinal cord
Transmits information
between brain and rest of
body; handles simple
reflexes
Thalamus
Corpus
callosum
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Pons
Medulla
Reticular formation Spinal cord
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Amygdala Hippocampus

25. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts
The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function
Reticular formation
Group of fibers that
carries stimulation related
to sleep and arousal
through brain stem
Thalamus
Corpus
callosum
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Pons
Medulla
Reticular formation Spinal cord
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Amygdala Hippocampus

26. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts
The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function
Medulla
Regulates vital functions
such as breathing and
circulation
Thalamus
Corpus
callosum
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Pons
Medulla
Reticular formation Spinal cord
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Amygdala Hippocampus

27. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts
The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function
Pons
Involved in sleep and
arousal
Thalamus
Corpus
callosum
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Pons
Medulla
Reticular formation Spinal cord
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Amygdala Hippocampus

28. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts
The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function
Amygdala Hippocampus
Pituitary gland
“Master” gland that
regulates other endocrine
glands
Thalamus
Corpus
callosum
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Pons
Medulla
Reticular formation Spinal cord
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Cerebrum

29. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts
The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function
Hypothalamus
Regulates basic
biological needs: hunger,
thirst, temperature control
Thalamus
Corpus
callosum
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Pons
Medulla
Reticular formation Spinal cord
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Amygdala Hippocampus

30. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts
The Brain - Major Structures and Their Function
Thalamus
Corpus
callosum
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Pons
Medulla
Reticular formation Spinal cord
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Amygdala Hippocampus

31. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts
Cerebral Cortex Lobes & Association
Areas

32. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Cerebral Cortex Lobes and Association Areas
Identify the location of the four cerebral cortex
lobes and describe their primary functions.

33. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Cerebral Cortex Lobes and Association Areas
Identify the location of the four cerebral cortex
lobes and describe their primary functions.