1. Europe is still heavily reliant on importing natural gas from Russia, funding Russia's war in Ukraine. Options to reduce this reliance include small modular nuclear reactors and increased green hydrogen production. 2. Carbon emissions and income inequality are generally better in Europe compared to the US, due to higher taxes funding social programs in Europe. 3. Germany in particular needs to address its high carbon emissions given its phase-out of nuclear power, leading to increased reliance on dirty coal and Russian natural gas. Expanding nuclear and green energy can help solve this problem.

1. EFFECIVENESS OF
ECONOMIC SANCTIONS
AGAINST RUSSIA?
Paul H. Carr
• How can Europe stop importing
fossil fuels from Russia?
• Europe is presently funding
Russia’s war against the Ukraine.

2. Effectiveness of Economic Sanctions against Russia ?
1. Europe’s largest economy, Germany, is still importing
half of its natural gas from Russia.
Most of Russia’s taxes come from exporting fossil fuels.
Europe is in effect paying these taxes.
This helps to explain why NATO’s other economic
sanctions against Russia are not preventing it from
invading the Ukraine.
How will Europe stop importing fossil fuels from Russia?
2. However, carbon emissions-per-capita and
income equality are better in Europe than the US.

3. Russia sells the highest volume of natural gas to the large population of Germany.
Germany imports twice as much gas from Russia as France.

5. Before the Nord
Stream 1 pipeline,
Germany’s natural
gas came through
the Ukraine.
Nord Stream 2 was
canceled, but it
was not
completed.
Nord Stream 1 is
still importing gas
from Russia.
Only the
Netherlands port
can process LNG

6. The Ukraine makes money by servicing its 5 gas pipelines.
The Nord Stream pipeline deprived the Ukraine of these funds.
What might Russia gain from controlling the Ukraine?

7. Natural gas electricity has half the CO2 emissions as coal.
Reduced USA C02 emissions

8. The natural gas increase is replacing dirty coal, but gas burning still emits CO2
The 94 US nuclear reactors are still generating 20% of our electricity with no CO2 emissions.

9. NATURAL GAS
PRODUCING
COUNTRIES

11. Most of Europe’s natural gas comes from Russia.
Could the US would sell Europe more Liquified Natural Gas (LNG)?.
Germany gets its LNG through one port in the Netherlands.

13. Natural gas
prices in
Europe are
at least
5 times
higher than
in the US
Can the
poor afford
to buy gas
to keep
warm?

14. GERMANY’S CO2 EMISSIONS ARE 5 TIMES
GREATER THAN FRANCE’S
-Even though Germany has 5 times greater
solar and wind capacity.
Why?

15. GERMANY’S CO2 EMISSIONS ARE 5 TIMES GREATER THAN FRANCE’S
-Even though Germany has 5 times greater solar and wind capacity.
-This is because Germany has been shutting-down its nuclear reactors.
- When wind and solar are not available, Germany has had to burn dirty coal,
and more recently, natural gas imported from Russia.
FRANCE GENERATES 75% OF ITS ELECTRICY WITH NON-CARBON
EMITTING NUCLEAR REACTORS
FRANCE’S ELECTICITY IS 41% CHEAPER THAN GERMANY’S.
- The lifetime of nuclear reactors is twice that of windmills and solar
collectors.

16. Which country has the most nuclear or
quantum reactors?
Which country is building the most
nuclear or quantum reactors?

17. Germany now
has only 2
reactors.

19. Germany’s
wind & solar
is 5X that of
France.
Germany’s
CO2
emissions are
5X greater.
Germany has
been phasing
out its nuclear
reactors.
France gets 75%
or its electricity
from nuclear.

20. Effectiveness of Economic Sanctions against Russia ?
1. How will Europe stop importing fossil
fuels from Russia?
More
• Small modular reactors
• Green Hydrogen
2. However, carbon emissions-per-capita and
income equality are better in Europe than the US.

21. Low-Cost Small Modular Nuclear Power Plants. They can fit on the back of a truck. JOSH
HRALA 20 JAN 2017
Working with the US Department of Energy (DOE), NuScale Power, Portland, Oregon, plans
to build a 12-module plant in Idaho
The 77 MegaWatt design is approved by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and will be
mass produced to reduce cost.
Self contained light water reactor(s) installed in a concrete lined hole in the ground.
Water circulates by convection. Automatic shut down. https://www.sciencealert.com/miniature-
modular-nuclear-power-plants-are-being-implemented-in-the-us

22. Small modular reactor coolant circulates by convection.
No external pumps and operator intervention for safe shutdown.

23. SEABORG TECHNOLOGIES
Copenhagen, Denmark.
NUCLEAR POWER BARGES
Obtain type approval in 2026.

24. Generation of Green Hydrogen
from Wind, Solar, & Nuclear electricity.

25. • Use green electricity from solar and wind to power an electrolyzer to split H2O for green H2.
• Long term hydrogen storage exceeds short storage times of present batteries.
• Introduce H into natural gas pipelines to burn in turbines with no Carbon Emissions.
• Use green H2 to make green ammonia NH3, liquid NH3 boils at -30 C, much higher
temperature than liquid H2, - 253 C/
.

27. Saudi Arabia is
using solar PVs to
generate
electricity, used to
generate green
hydrogen via the
electrolysis of
water.

29. Effectiveness of Economic Sanctions against Russia ?
1. How will Europe stop importing fossil fuels
from Russia?
• Small modular reactors
• Green Hydrogen
2. However, carbon emissions-per-capita and
income equality are better in Europe than the US.

30. Economic equality is better in Europe than the US

31. Since 1980, income inequality in the US increased, but not Europe.

32. 10/9/15
US
Sweden

33. Sweden has the highest tax revenue, US the lowest
Sweden
US

34. 10/9/15
The US has the highest
income inequality 48%
Sweden has the lowest
28%
Sweden has the highest tax
revenue 54%
The US has the lowest 30%
US
Sweden
US
Higher taxes buy higher
income equality.

35. Higher taxes in European counties buy:
• Greater economic equality than the US,
• Free medical insurance,
- Per patient medial cost less than US.
• Free college and vocational education.
- No student loans.
EUROPEAN TAX STRUCTURE
WWII destroyed European capital.
Their tax structure encourages capital growth. Corporate taxes now
comparable to US.
European taxes do not take from the rich and give to the poor.
Free medical care takes from the young and gives to the old.
Free college gives to the educated at the expense of others.
Everyone pays high taxes because they get a lot in return.

36. The December 2017 law was not as drastic as the “trickle-
down” tax cut from 1980 – 1089.
Corporate rate of
48% decreased to
35%
Top individual tax
rate of 70%
decreased to
28%
21%
1980. 1990
Clinton
Tax
Increase
90% Tax rate
starting in 1942
1940

37. “Trickle up”
capital, for the
needy at the
bottom, will
eventually be
available to
the rich.
Does capital
“trickle
down”?

38. A RISING TIDE FLOATS ALL BOATS ?
TRICKLE-DOWN ECONOMICS
The objective of the individual and corporate
in 1980 was to stimulate the economy, ie
increase GDP. Everyone was expected to be
better off including an increase in the tax
revenue to the government.
• No GDP increase.
• Income inequality increased.
• Nation debt increased.
• Lowered national deficit for 2 years &
helped us win the Cold War.

39. From 1980-1987, growth decreased from 3.5% to 3.0% as per the trend.
Reagan tax cuts did not increase GDP growth downward trend.
Dot Com
boom
increased
GDP above
trend line

41. YACHT, NEWPORT, RI

42. 1998 -
2001
Surplus
Reagan tax
cuts
decreased
deficit
temporarily..
After1929 crash,
hardly any deficit
spending.
Unemployment of 30%
did not end until WWII.
Deficit
spending
after 2009
crash.
Unemploy-
ment 10%

43. Effectiveness of Economic Sanctions against Russia ?
1. How will Europe stop importing fossil fuels
from Russia?
• Small modular reactors
• Green Hydrogen
2. However, carbon emissions-per-capita and
income equality are better in Europe than the US.

46. 43% of Russia’s
government
income is from
fossil fuels.

47. Does Russia get more “bang from their buck” than the US?

48. Burning fossil fuels increases GDP per capita.
US and The EU, population 1 billion, are burning the most.
Why Chana and India do not want to stop burning fossil fuels.

52. 11% of world

53. 12 % of Germans believe their 2 remaining
nuclear reactors should be shut down.
45% of Germans believe that their 2 remaining
reactors should NOT be shut down at present.