Carl Jung broke from Freud to establish his own theory of analytical psychology. Jung believed that in addition to repressed experiences, we are also influenced by a collective unconscious containing archetypes inherited from our ancestors. The psyche has conscious, personal unconscious, and collective unconscious levels. The collective unconscious contains archetypes like persona and self that influence our behavior. Jung's theory views people as having both opposing traits like introverted and extroverted, and the goal is achieving self-realization through balancing these opposing forces.
Carl Jung founded analytical psychology, which views people as both conscious and unconscious, rational and irrational. He believed occult phenomena and inherited ancestral experiences influence individuals. The psyche contains personal experiences and collective archetypes. Dreams are a source of understanding the unconscious, which aims for wholeness. Jung characterized types by attitudes and functions, and developed stages of life. His theories organized observations but lacked falsifiability.
Carl Jung expanded Freud's theory of the unconscious to include a collective unconscious shared among all humans. This collective unconscious contains archetypes - common patterns and symbols representing human experiences like heroes and mothers. Jung also described extraverted and introverted personality types, as well as types that make decisions rationally through thinking or feeling, and irrationally through sensation or intuition.
Analytical psychology Theories of Personality Carl JungGrace Bran
Carl Jung developed the concepts of the personal unconscious, collective unconscious, and archetypes. The psyche consists of the ego, personal unconscious, and collective unconscious. The collective unconscious contains archetypes - universal themes such as the mother, hero, and self. Jung described personality types as introverted/extraverted with thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting functions. His method of analysis included dream analysis, word association tests, and active imagination to understand a patient's unconscious and facilitate self-realization through integrating opposing forces. Critics argue Jung's concepts are difficult to empirically test and some concepts lack clarity due to ambiguity.
Jung introduced the theory of analytical psychology in 1914. He believed personality is made up of interacting systems, including the conscious ego, personal unconscious, complexes, collective unconscious, and archetypes. The personal unconscious contains memories and experiences that have been forgotten or suppressed, while the collective unconscious consists of inherited experiences from ancestry. Archetypes in the collective unconscious include personas, anima, animus, and the self, which tries to synthesize all personality components into a unified whole known as self-actualization. Jung also described introversion and extraversion as personality types.
Carl Jung believed that dialogue between the conscious and unconscious mind enriches people. He coined the term "individuation" to describe personal development involving a connection between the ego and self. Jung identified four main psychological functions: thinking, feeling, sensation, and intuition. He also distinguished between introversion and extraversion in people's orientations. Jung proposed a personal unconscious similar to Freud's, as well as a deeper collective unconscious containing innate archetypes shared between all people.
Carl Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist who founded analytical psychology. Some key points of his theory include:
1) He proposed the collective unconscious - a reservoir of experiences shared by humanity that influences our behaviors and emotions. It contains archetypes - innate tendencies to experience things in certain ways.
2) Major archetypes include the mother, representing nurturing relationships, and the shadow, representing repressed desires and the "dark side" of humanity.
3) Dreams, myths, and spiritual experiences across cultures provide evidence of the collective unconscious and archetypes. Near-death experiences in particular suggest we are "built" to experience death in similar ways.
4) Jung diverged from Freud by arguing archetypes
Carl Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist who founded analytical psychology. He proposed concepts like archetypes, the collective unconscious, and individuation. Jung believed that archetypes like the mother, shadow, and persona exist in the collective unconscious and can be experienced through symbols. He also developed ideas about personality types, the dynamics of opposites in the psyche, and the shift from acquiring identity in the first half of life to a focus on the soul in the second half. While influential, some of Jung's theories like the reality of the collective unconscious remain challenged.
1) Alfred Adler developed Individual Psychology, which views people as motivated by social influences and a striving for superiority rather than by sex and aggression as Freud believed.
2) Adler saw personality as shaped more by the future than the past and people as usually aware of their behavior and reasons for it rather than driven by unconscious forces.
3) Individual Psychology presents an optimistic view of human nature and potential.
Carl Jung founded analytical psychology, which views people as both conscious and unconscious, rational and irrational. He believed occult phenomena and inherited ancestral experiences influence individuals. The psyche contains personal experiences and collective archetypes. Dreams are a source of understanding the unconscious, which aims for wholeness. Jung characterized types by attitudes and functions, and developed stages of life. His theories organized observations but lacked falsifiability.
Carl Jung expanded Freud's theory of the unconscious to include a collective unconscious shared among all humans. This collective unconscious contains archetypes - common patterns and symbols representing human experiences like heroes and mothers. Jung also described extraverted and introverted personality types, as well as types that make decisions rationally through thinking or feeling, and irrationally through sensation or intuition.
Analytical psychology Theories of Personality Carl JungGrace Bran
Carl Jung developed the concepts of the personal unconscious, collective unconscious, and archetypes. The psyche consists of the ego, personal unconscious, and collective unconscious. The collective unconscious contains archetypes - universal themes such as the mother, hero, and self. Jung described personality types as introverted/extraverted with thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting functions. His method of analysis included dream analysis, word association tests, and active imagination to understand a patient's unconscious and facilitate self-realization through integrating opposing forces. Critics argue Jung's concepts are difficult to empirically test and some concepts lack clarity due to ambiguity.
Jung introduced the theory of analytical psychology in 1914. He believed personality is made up of interacting systems, including the conscious ego, personal unconscious, complexes, collective unconscious, and archetypes. The personal unconscious contains memories and experiences that have been forgotten or suppressed, while the collective unconscious consists of inherited experiences from ancestry. Archetypes in the collective unconscious include personas, anima, animus, and the self, which tries to synthesize all personality components into a unified whole known as self-actualization. Jung also described introversion and extraversion as personality types.
Carl Jung believed that dialogue between the conscious and unconscious mind enriches people. He coined the term "individuation" to describe personal development involving a connection between the ego and self. Jung identified four main psychological functions: thinking, feeling, sensation, and intuition. He also distinguished between introversion and extraversion in people's orientations. Jung proposed a personal unconscious similar to Freud's, as well as a deeper collective unconscious containing innate archetypes shared between all people.
Carl Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist who founded analytical psychology. Some key points of his theory include:
1) He proposed the collective unconscious - a reservoir of experiences shared by humanity that influences our behaviors and emotions. It contains archetypes - innate tendencies to experience things in certain ways.
2) Major archetypes include the mother, representing nurturing relationships, and the shadow, representing repressed desires and the "dark side" of humanity.
3) Dreams, myths, and spiritual experiences across cultures provide evidence of the collective unconscious and archetypes. Near-death experiences in particular suggest we are "built" to experience death in similar ways.
4) Jung diverged from Freud by arguing archetypes
Carl Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist who founded analytical psychology. He proposed concepts like archetypes, the collective unconscious, and individuation. Jung believed that archetypes like the mother, shadow, and persona exist in the collective unconscious and can be experienced through symbols. He also developed ideas about personality types, the dynamics of opposites in the psyche, and the shift from acquiring identity in the first half of life to a focus on the soul in the second half. While influential, some of Jung's theories like the reality of the collective unconscious remain challenged.
1) Alfred Adler developed Individual Psychology, which views people as motivated by social influences and a striving for superiority rather than by sex and aggression as Freud believed.
2) Adler saw personality as shaped more by the future than the past and people as usually aware of their behavior and reasons for it rather than driven by unconscious forces.
3) Individual Psychology presents an optimistic view of human nature and potential.
Karen Horney was a German psychoanalyst who developed her own theories about neurosis and personality. She identified 10 neurotic needs that she believed all humans have, including the need for affection, a partner, power, social recognition, and perfection. Horney also studied feminine psychology and believed that societies encouraged women to depend on men. She published several works developing her theories and challenging some of Freud's views before becoming a practicing psychiatrist in the United States. Horney made important contributions to psychoanalytic thought as one of the first prominent female theorists in the field.
Rollo May was an American psychologist who helped develop existential psychology. Some key aspects of May's work include:
- He combined existentialist philosophy with psychoanalytic traditions to explain his view of psychology.
- May believed that anxiety, feelings of threat and powerlessness are essential to human growth and development as they give people the freedom to act courageously.
- He outlined four stages of consciousness of self: innocence, rebellion, ordinary consciousness, and creative consciousness.
- May emphasized the importance of integrating motives called "daimons" and balancing love and will.
- He criticized views of love and sex that had become separated in society during the 1960s sexual revolution.
- May's last book focused
Karen Horney was a German psychoanalyst who developed theories about how social and cultural conditions, especially childhood experiences, shape personality. She believed that people whose needs for love and affection are not satisfied in childhood develop basic anxiety and hostility towards their parents. Horney identified three neurotic strategies people use to cope: moving towards people, moving against people, and moving away from people. She argued that normal individuals flexibly use all three strategies, while neurotics rigidly adhere to just one.
Carl Jung founded analytical psychology and disagreed with Freud's theories about sexuality. Jung believed in a collective unconscious containing archetypes inherited across generations. He proposed that the psyche is made of the conscious mind and unconscious parts like the personal unconscious, collective unconscious, anima/animus, shadow, and self. Jung used dream analysis and helped patients understand themselves to independently solve problems and cope with their environment. His theories contributed to understanding personality development and designing education to realize students' potential.
Alfred Adler Individual Psychology
Key Concepts of Individual Psychology
Adlerian counselling
Striving for Superiority (The Striving for Perfection, Striving for Self-Enhancement, Inferiority Feeling, Drive Satisfaction)
Styles of Life
Fictional Finalism
1) The document discusses the origins and key concepts of humanistic psychology. It originated in the 1950s and 1960s through the work of psychologists like Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers who were interested in studying the whole person.
2) Maslow developed his hierarchy of needs which proposes that people are motivated to fulfill basic physiological needs and then progress to seeking safety, love, esteem and self-actualization.
3) Humanistic psychology rejects behaviorism and psychoanalysis and believes people have free will and an inherent drive for personal growth. It focuses on concepts like self-realization, choice, and meaningfulness.
This document summarizes Gordon Allport's trait theory of personality. Allport was the first psychologist to thoroughly study traits and personality. He developed his own trait theory which viewed traits as stable characteristics that influence behavior. Allport believed that individuals have unique personalities made up of different combinations of traits. He used both idiographic and nomothetic approaches to understand individuals and groups. Allport's trait theory emphasized the individual nature and evolution of personality traits over time.
Adlerian theory views human nature positively and believes people can control their own fate. It stresses social interest and understanding a person's lifestyle to analyze their behavior. Early family interactions help shape feelings of inferiority or superiority and one's role in the family constellation. The theory views people as goal-oriented and focused on overcoming feelings of inferiority through social contribution and developing competence. A person's unique experiences and perceptions shape their understanding of reality.
Erich Fromm was a German-American psychologist who developed humanistic psychoanalysis, which emphasizes sociobiological influences on personality. Fromm believed humanity's separation from nature causes basic anxiety and dichotomies like life/death that people try to resolve. He identified existential needs like relatedness, transcendence, and identity. Productive orientations like working and loving help fulfill needs, while unproductive ones like authoritarianism and destructiveness rely on escape mechanisms. Fromm's theory organizes knowledge but lacks consistency, parsimony, and falsifiability for research.
Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis and its fundamental assumptions include that unconscious factors motivate behavior, early childhood experiences shape personality, and unconscious motives and conflicts are central. His basic concepts include human nature being determined by unconscious drives, instincts being life instincts and death instincts, and the structural theory of personality comprising the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. Defense mechanisms like repression are employed by the ego to reduce anxiety from unconscious conflicts. Psychoanalysis aims to make the unconscious conscious through techniques like free association, dream analysis, and interpretation of transference.
Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) was a pioneering Swiss psychiatrist who founded analytical psychology. While initially collaborating with Sigmund Freud, Jung parted ways with Freud over their differing views of the unconscious mind. Jung believed in a personal unconscious as well as a collective unconscious containing innate, universal psychic elements called archetypes. He developed theories of psychological types and functions, distinguishing between extraversion and introversion. Jung's theories formed the basis for personality tests like the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Jung saw individuation, or integrating one's conscious and unconscious elements, as key to personal growth and becoming whole. He recorded his extensive experiences with the unconscious, dreams, and fantasies in his famous "Red Book."
Humanistic theory focuses on human potential for growth and self-actualization. The key theorists discussed are Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. Maslow proposed a hierarchy of needs where self-actualization is at the top level achieved after fulfilling lower level needs. He described characteristics of self-actualized people. Rogers believed in an innate tendency for self-actualization. His client-centered therapy aims to help clients develop unconditional positive self-regard and become fully functioning through non-directive counseling. Humanistic theory emphasizes human strengths, free will, and fulfilling one's highest potential.
Biography
Basic Assumptions
Human Needs
Burden of Freedom
Character Orientations
Personality Disorders
Psychotherapy
Methods of Investigation
Critique of Fromm
Concept of Humanity
Erich Fromm (1900-1980) was a German social psychologist and philosopher. He received his PhD in sociology at age 22 and was a member of the Frankfurt School of Critical Theory. In 1933, he fled Nazi Germany for the US. He later taught in Mexico and Switzerland. Fromm made significant contributions to personality theory and emphasized how social factors influence development. He is known forEscape from Freedom (1941) and The Art of Loving (1956). Fromm identified different character orientations and mechanisms for escaping freedom and responsibility. He stressed the importance of relatedness, identity, and using one's creative powers productively.
This document provides an overview of existential therapy. It discusses key figures in existential therapy like Viktor Frankl who developed logotherapy. It also discusses Rollo May and his contributions. The document outlines some core concepts of existential therapy including its focus on finding meaning and purpose in life. It describes the goals and processes of existential therapy including techniques like the empty chair. It also notes some advantages and disadvantages of the approach.
Carl Jung believed that the psyche is made up of three levels: the conscious, personal unconscious, and collective unconscious. The conscious plays a minor role, while the personal unconscious contains repressed memories and the collective unconscious is inherited from ancestors. Jung proposed that archetypes like the persona, shadow, anima/animus exist in the collective unconscious and can be revealed through dreams, fantasies, and active imagination. He described personality types based on the attitudes of extraversion/introversion and the functions of thinking/feeling and sensing/intuiting. Jung believed individuals progress through life stages towards self-realization by integrating opposites within themselves.
Carl Rogers developed a theory of personality centered around the concept of self-actualization. He believed that every person has a tendency towards self-actualization by achieving their goals and desires. Self-actualization occurs when a person's ideal self is congruent with their real self, making them a "fully functioning person." Rogers emphasized unconditional positive regard, empathy, and congruence as therapeutic techniques to help clients grow towards their ideal self.
Functionalism was the first school of thought in American psychology, founded by William James in the late 19th century. It grew out of Darwin's theory of evolution and focused on how the mind helps humans adapt and function in their environment. Functionalists studied mental processes and consciousness with the goal of understanding their practical utility, rejecting the idea of breaking down consciousness into elements as structuralists did. They wanted psychology to have diverse methods and real-world applications rather than being a narrow, formal science.
Carl Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst in the early 20th century. He studied medicine and became interested in psychiatry. He worked with Sigmund Freud for several years but disagreed with Freud's belief that sexuality was the sole driving force of the unconscious mind. Jung developed his own theory called analytical psychology and focused on the collective unconscious and different personality types. He believed dreams were influenced by the unconscious mind and wrote extensively on symbolism, mythology and spirituality. Jung's theories are still influential today in therapy and dream interpretation.
Carl Jung believed the psyche was structured through the conscious, unconscious, and collective unconscious. The conscious includes thoughts and ideas, while the unconscious includes dreams. The psyche expresses itself through the body in physical symptoms.
Jung mapped the psyche as having layers including consciousness, the ego with its five functions of stability, identity, cognition, executive functioning and reality testing, the personal unconscious containing complexes, and the deepest level of the collective unconscious containing archetypes represented through symbols. The body and psyche are interconnected, with the psyche expressing itself physically through somatization and the body influencing the psyche.
Karen Horney was a German psychoanalyst who developed her own theories about neurosis and personality. She identified 10 neurotic needs that she believed all humans have, including the need for affection, a partner, power, social recognition, and perfection. Horney also studied feminine psychology and believed that societies encouraged women to depend on men. She published several works developing her theories and challenging some of Freud's views before becoming a practicing psychiatrist in the United States. Horney made important contributions to psychoanalytic thought as one of the first prominent female theorists in the field.
Rollo May was an American psychologist who helped develop existential psychology. Some key aspects of May's work include:
- He combined existentialist philosophy with psychoanalytic traditions to explain his view of psychology.
- May believed that anxiety, feelings of threat and powerlessness are essential to human growth and development as they give people the freedom to act courageously.
- He outlined four stages of consciousness of self: innocence, rebellion, ordinary consciousness, and creative consciousness.
- May emphasized the importance of integrating motives called "daimons" and balancing love and will.
- He criticized views of love and sex that had become separated in society during the 1960s sexual revolution.
- May's last book focused
Karen Horney was a German psychoanalyst who developed theories about how social and cultural conditions, especially childhood experiences, shape personality. She believed that people whose needs for love and affection are not satisfied in childhood develop basic anxiety and hostility towards their parents. Horney identified three neurotic strategies people use to cope: moving towards people, moving against people, and moving away from people. She argued that normal individuals flexibly use all three strategies, while neurotics rigidly adhere to just one.
Carl Jung founded analytical psychology and disagreed with Freud's theories about sexuality. Jung believed in a collective unconscious containing archetypes inherited across generations. He proposed that the psyche is made of the conscious mind and unconscious parts like the personal unconscious, collective unconscious, anima/animus, shadow, and self. Jung used dream analysis and helped patients understand themselves to independently solve problems and cope with their environment. His theories contributed to understanding personality development and designing education to realize students' potential.
Alfred Adler Individual Psychology
Key Concepts of Individual Psychology
Adlerian counselling
Striving for Superiority (The Striving for Perfection, Striving for Self-Enhancement, Inferiority Feeling, Drive Satisfaction)
Styles of Life
Fictional Finalism
1) The document discusses the origins and key concepts of humanistic psychology. It originated in the 1950s and 1960s through the work of psychologists like Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers who were interested in studying the whole person.
2) Maslow developed his hierarchy of needs which proposes that people are motivated to fulfill basic physiological needs and then progress to seeking safety, love, esteem and self-actualization.
3) Humanistic psychology rejects behaviorism and psychoanalysis and believes people have free will and an inherent drive for personal growth. It focuses on concepts like self-realization, choice, and meaningfulness.
This document summarizes Gordon Allport's trait theory of personality. Allport was the first psychologist to thoroughly study traits and personality. He developed his own trait theory which viewed traits as stable characteristics that influence behavior. Allport believed that individuals have unique personalities made up of different combinations of traits. He used both idiographic and nomothetic approaches to understand individuals and groups. Allport's trait theory emphasized the individual nature and evolution of personality traits over time.
Adlerian theory views human nature positively and believes people can control their own fate. It stresses social interest and understanding a person's lifestyle to analyze their behavior. Early family interactions help shape feelings of inferiority or superiority and one's role in the family constellation. The theory views people as goal-oriented and focused on overcoming feelings of inferiority through social contribution and developing competence. A person's unique experiences and perceptions shape their understanding of reality.
Erich Fromm was a German-American psychologist who developed humanistic psychoanalysis, which emphasizes sociobiological influences on personality. Fromm believed humanity's separation from nature causes basic anxiety and dichotomies like life/death that people try to resolve. He identified existential needs like relatedness, transcendence, and identity. Productive orientations like working and loving help fulfill needs, while unproductive ones like authoritarianism and destructiveness rely on escape mechanisms. Fromm's theory organizes knowledge but lacks consistency, parsimony, and falsifiability for research.
Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis and its fundamental assumptions include that unconscious factors motivate behavior, early childhood experiences shape personality, and unconscious motives and conflicts are central. His basic concepts include human nature being determined by unconscious drives, instincts being life instincts and death instincts, and the structural theory of personality comprising the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. Defense mechanisms like repression are employed by the ego to reduce anxiety from unconscious conflicts. Psychoanalysis aims to make the unconscious conscious through techniques like free association, dream analysis, and interpretation of transference.
Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) was a pioneering Swiss psychiatrist who founded analytical psychology. While initially collaborating with Sigmund Freud, Jung parted ways with Freud over their differing views of the unconscious mind. Jung believed in a personal unconscious as well as a collective unconscious containing innate, universal psychic elements called archetypes. He developed theories of psychological types and functions, distinguishing between extraversion and introversion. Jung's theories formed the basis for personality tests like the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Jung saw individuation, or integrating one's conscious and unconscious elements, as key to personal growth and becoming whole. He recorded his extensive experiences with the unconscious, dreams, and fantasies in his famous "Red Book."
Humanistic theory focuses on human potential for growth and self-actualization. The key theorists discussed are Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. Maslow proposed a hierarchy of needs where self-actualization is at the top level achieved after fulfilling lower level needs. He described characteristics of self-actualized people. Rogers believed in an innate tendency for self-actualization. His client-centered therapy aims to help clients develop unconditional positive self-regard and become fully functioning through non-directive counseling. Humanistic theory emphasizes human strengths, free will, and fulfilling one's highest potential.
Biography
Basic Assumptions
Human Needs
Burden of Freedom
Character Orientations
Personality Disorders
Psychotherapy
Methods of Investigation
Critique of Fromm
Concept of Humanity
Erich Fromm (1900-1980) was a German social psychologist and philosopher. He received his PhD in sociology at age 22 and was a member of the Frankfurt School of Critical Theory. In 1933, he fled Nazi Germany for the US. He later taught in Mexico and Switzerland. Fromm made significant contributions to personality theory and emphasized how social factors influence development. He is known forEscape from Freedom (1941) and The Art of Loving (1956). Fromm identified different character orientations and mechanisms for escaping freedom and responsibility. He stressed the importance of relatedness, identity, and using one's creative powers productively.
This document provides an overview of existential therapy. It discusses key figures in existential therapy like Viktor Frankl who developed logotherapy. It also discusses Rollo May and his contributions. The document outlines some core concepts of existential therapy including its focus on finding meaning and purpose in life. It describes the goals and processes of existential therapy including techniques like the empty chair. It also notes some advantages and disadvantages of the approach.
Carl Jung believed that the psyche is made up of three levels: the conscious, personal unconscious, and collective unconscious. The conscious plays a minor role, while the personal unconscious contains repressed memories and the collective unconscious is inherited from ancestors. Jung proposed that archetypes like the persona, shadow, anima/animus exist in the collective unconscious and can be revealed through dreams, fantasies, and active imagination. He described personality types based on the attitudes of extraversion/introversion and the functions of thinking/feeling and sensing/intuiting. Jung believed individuals progress through life stages towards self-realization by integrating opposites within themselves.
Carl Rogers developed a theory of personality centered around the concept of self-actualization. He believed that every person has a tendency towards self-actualization by achieving their goals and desires. Self-actualization occurs when a person's ideal self is congruent with their real self, making them a "fully functioning person." Rogers emphasized unconditional positive regard, empathy, and congruence as therapeutic techniques to help clients grow towards their ideal self.
Functionalism was the first school of thought in American psychology, founded by William James in the late 19th century. It grew out of Darwin's theory of evolution and focused on how the mind helps humans adapt and function in their environment. Functionalists studied mental processes and consciousness with the goal of understanding their practical utility, rejecting the idea of breaking down consciousness into elements as structuralists did. They wanted psychology to have diverse methods and real-world applications rather than being a narrow, formal science.
Carl Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst in the early 20th century. He studied medicine and became interested in psychiatry. He worked with Sigmund Freud for several years but disagreed with Freud's belief that sexuality was the sole driving force of the unconscious mind. Jung developed his own theory called analytical psychology and focused on the collective unconscious and different personality types. He believed dreams were influenced by the unconscious mind and wrote extensively on symbolism, mythology and spirituality. Jung's theories are still influential today in therapy and dream interpretation.
Carl Jung believed the psyche was structured through the conscious, unconscious, and collective unconscious. The conscious includes thoughts and ideas, while the unconscious includes dreams. The psyche expresses itself through the body in physical symptoms.
Jung mapped the psyche as having layers including consciousness, the ego with its five functions of stability, identity, cognition, executive functioning and reality testing, the personal unconscious containing complexes, and the deepest level of the collective unconscious containing archetypes represented through symbols. The body and psyche are interconnected, with the psyche expressing itself physically through somatization and the body influencing the psyche.
The document discusses various aspects of emotion, including its elements, theories, sources, classifications, and functions. It notes that emotions have physiological, cognitive, and cultural components. Physiologically, emotions involve changes in the body and brain. Cognitively, theories propose that emotions involve physiological arousal and cognitive labeling. Culturally, what triggers emotions varies across groups. Theories discussed include James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Schachter's cognitive theory. Emotions are said to evolve for survival reasons and communicate intentions. Sources of emotion include subjective feelings, physiology, and expression. Common emotions classified include anger, fear, sadness, joy, disgust, and surprise. Functions of emotion outlined are communication, organization
Criminal law defines prohibited conduct and punishments imposed by the state to protect public safety and welfare. It aims to achieve retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation, and restitution. Criminology is the scientific study of criminal behavior in individuals and society, drawing on various disciplines. It examines the incidence, forms, causes, and consequences of crime as well as governmental crime regulation and reactions. Areas of study include comparative criminology, crime prevention, criminal behavior patterns, and evaluation of criminal justice systems.
This document provides guidance on conducting research. It outlines the general research process which includes choosing a topic, refining the topic, searching for information, evaluating sources, and writing a paper. It then details each step of the process. Specifically, it discusses how to choose and refine a topic, identifies different types of research materials and tools, explains how to understand citations and identify journal titles, and describes advanced search techniques like Boolean operators. The overall aim is to equip researchers with the necessary skills and resources for effective research.
The document summarizes Alfred Adler's theory of striving for superiority. It discusses Adler's biography and how his childhood experiences influenced his theory. The key points of Adler's theory are:
1) Adler believed the single driving force behind all human motivation is the striving for superiority or success over others.
2) This striving is a result of innate feelings of inferiority that compel people to achieve more in order to feel whole.
3) People either strive for personal superiority, focused on their own gain, or strive for the success of humanity through socially-minded goals and cooperation with others.
This document provides a list of 10 quotes from Carl Jung on various topics. Some of the quotes discuss accepting oneself fully, making the unconscious conscious to take control of one's life, kindling meaning in existence, how people can transform when meeting each other, and looking within to gain clarity on one's visions. The document credits several Flickr photographers for making their images available under Creative Commons licenses.
The document discusses personas and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) personality assessment. It describes how Carl Jung and Isabel Briggs Myers developed the concepts of extraversion/introversion and sensing/intuition that form the basis of the MBTI. The document outlines the four dimensions and 16 personality types assessed by the MBTI. It cautions that the MBTI is a descriptive rather than predictive tool and should not be used to measure aptitude, normalcy, or performance.
The document discusses the idea that God has both masculine and feminine qualities and aspects. It suggests that by uniting the opposites within ourselves, such as the masculine and feminine, we can increase our consciousness and spiritual growth. The title "The God Crucible" refers to how each person contains both qualities and can act as a vessel for transforming and uniting those opposites, similar to how a crucible is used for transformation, to help create a more unified understanding and experience of God. By becoming more conscious of our "shadow" sides and uniting them with our preferred sides, we can continue progressing spiritually.
The document discusses the role of mental health counselors in activism and social justice. It argues that counselors should advocate on social issues and work to challenge systems that perpetuate discrimination [1]. Effective counseling requires understanding how psychological and social issues are interrelated, as society and civilization can be a source of unhappiness and mental pathology [2]. To truly help clients, counselors must engage in their own process of self-development and be aware of how they co-create the world through their work with patients [3].
This document discusses how dreams can be understood as occurring in five different "theatres" or levels of the psyche. It describes each theatre - the ego, persona, shadow, animus/anima, and self - and provides examples of common symbols and themes that appear in dreams from each theatre. The purpose of dreams is to guide individuals towards wholeness, health, and psychological freedom by making the unconscious conscious. Understanding dreams through this framework can help people gain insight into themselves and continue evolving psychologically.
C.G. Jung (1875-1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychotherapist who founded analytical psychology. He had three periods in his career as a physician from 1900-1912 where he developed his ideas and theories. Some of his major contributions included concepts of the collective unconscious and archetypes, extroversion and introversion personality types, and the process of individuation. Jung also differed from Freud in his views of the structure of personality, believing in additional parts of the psyche beyond the conscious mind.
The shadow refers to the unconscious aspects of oneself that one rejects, including primitive or socially unacceptable urges and traits. It contains everything about oneself that one will not acknowledge. The shadow has two aspects - the less evolved and darker parts of one's psyche, as well as one's faults and weaknesses that are rejected by one's conscious ego. Failing to acknowledge and control the shadow through self-analysis can result in its manifestation in dreams combined with archetypes like the anima, representing one's shadow in projected form onto others. Integrating one's shadow through self-reflection is an important moral and psychological task.
A short presentation accompanied by a handout of challenges. Intended as a demonstration only. For an audience of 15 -17 year old high school students.
The document outlines four major perspectives in psychology: the biological perspective views psychological disorders as caused by abnormalities in bodily functioning; the psychodynamic perspective emphasizes unconscious forces and resolving inner conflicts; the behavioral perspective focuses on how behavior is learned through rewards and punishments; and the cognitive perspective sees psychological disorders as products of disturbed thoughts that can be changed by altering thought patterns.
1. The document discusses different philosophical perspectives on ontology throughout history from Parmenides to Kant and Confucius.
2. It then examines perspectives on the self from the 'imago dei' to higher selves and transpersonal psychology.
3. The document provides an overview of key concepts in ontology including individual and connected being, subject and object relations, and the 7 laws of the universe.
This document is a Haiku Deck presentation that features 12 stock photos with captions crediting the photographers. The presentation encourages the viewer to be inspired by the photos and create their own Haiku Deck presentation on SlideShare.
IB Psychology- Carl Jung- The Hero Archetype h.yeung
The document discusses the definition and characteristics of a hero in fairytales. Heroes in fairytales are typically men who are admired for their courage, achievements, or noble qualities. The document then provides examples of heroes from fairytales from different time periods and cultures around the world, including Aladdin from Persia, Little Red Riding Hood from France, and the Monkey King from the Chinese novel Journey to the West.
1. The document discusses three central aspects of emotion: biological, cognitive, and social-cultural.
2. Biologically, emotions are influenced by the autonomic nervous system, endocrine system, neural circuits, facial feedback, and rate of neural firing. Cognitively, emotions involve appraisals, knowledge, attributions, and socialization history.
3. Socially and culturally, emotions are shaped by how other people and cultures instruct us about the causes of emotions, how emotions should be expressed, and when emotions should be controlled.
An Introduction to emotions from a neuropsychological perspective.
Presentation for talk at CBCS, Allahabad
(C) Sumitava Mukherjee
[smukh@cognobytes.com/ smukh@cbcs.ac.in
URL : http://people.cognobytes.com/smukh]
Carl Jung founded analytical psychology and developed concepts like the collective unconscious and archetypes. He disagreed with Freud on concepts like libido. Jung believed psychic energy could fuel personality development, not just sexuality. He described extraversion and introversion based on where people direct their psychic energy, outwardly or inwardly. Jung identified functions like sensing, intuiting, thinking and feeling that could be extraverted or introverted. He believed archetypes in the collective unconscious like persona, shadow and anima/animus influenced behavior. Jung developed stages of ego development from childhood through middle age and used techniques like word association, symptom analysis and dream analysis.
Carl Jung believed that dialogue between the conscious and unconscious mind enriches a person. He coined the term "individuation" to describe personal development through connecting the ego with the self. Jung also described psychological types of introversion and extraversion, and the four main psychological functions of thinking, feeling, sensation, and intuition. He proposed that beneath the personal unconscious lies the collective unconscious containing innate archetypes shared between all people.
Carl Jung developed the theory of analytical psychology and the concepts of the personal and collective unconscious. He believed humans are motivated by both individual experiences and inherited tendencies from ancestors. Jung proposed that the psyche aims for balance through incorporating opposing elements like introversion and extraversion. The goal of Jungian therapy is for clients to achieve self-realization by integrating the various parts of their psyche.
- Carl Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist who founded analytical psychology and broke from Freud's psychoanalytic theory, developing his own theories of the structure and dynamics of personality.
- Jung proposed that the psyche is composed of several interacting systems including the ego, personal and collective unconscious, archetypes like the persona, anima/animus, and shadow.
- A key concept is individuation, the process of integrating all aspects of personality towards unity and self-realization. Jung used case studies, word association tests, comparative mythology research, and dreams in his work.
Carl Jung broke from Sigmund Freud and developed his own theory of analytical psychology. Jung believed that the psyche consists of three layers - the ego and personal unconscious, the collective unconscious containing archetypes, and the self at the core regulating the entire psyche. In Jungian therapy, clients explore dreams and symbols to integrate the conscious and unconscious and achieve wholeness. Some key differences between Jung and Freud include Jung's view that libido encompasses all psychic energy, not just sexual urges, and that adult neuroses are caused by current issues rather than past childhood experiences alone.
Carl Jung disagreed with Freud on several aspects of psychoanalysis, leading him to develop his own theory called analytic psychology. Jung believed in a collective unconscious that is inherited and contains archetypes - primordial symbols and images like myths that are shared among all humans. Freud saw the unconscious as personal, but Jung argued it sits above a deeper collective layer of consciousness. Jung introduced the concepts of archetypes like The Shadow, Anima/Animus, and The Self to describe patterns in the collective unconscious. Other archetypes include family roles, story characters, and animal symbols that recur across cultures.
Bridging transpersonal psychology’s implications for assisting psychodynamic ...Lynn Baxter
Transpersonal psychology focuses on altered states of consciousness and transcendent experiences to understand the human mind and treat mental disorders. It emerged in response to limitations in psychoanalytic, behaviorist, and humanistic theories. Transpersonal psychology incorporates spiritual and transcendent experiences into theories of personality development and the ego. It views these altered states as opportunities for healing from trauma by accessing new ways of knowing beyond the personal level of consciousness that may have been disrupted. Incorporating clients' spiritual experiences can help restore internal dialogues and support integrating new meanings to foster coping and a sense of wholeness.
Carl Jung founded analytical psychology and developed concepts including the collective unconscious, archetypes, psychological types, and individuation. He believed psychic energy is expressed through psychological functions like thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting. The psyche comprises conscious, personal unconscious, and collective unconscious levels. Dreams and active imagination are methods to understand the unconscious. The goal of psychotherapy is self-realization by balancing conscious and unconscious elements. Human personality is shaped by both innate and learned factors over the lifespan.
Carl Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist who developed the theory of analytical psychology. He believed that people are extremely complex beings shaped by both conscious and unconscious experiences as well as inherited remnants from ancestors. Jung proposed that the psyche has different levels, including the personal unconscious and collective unconscious which contains archetypes. Some key archetypes are the persona, shadow, anima, animus, and self. Jung also developed the theory of psychological types which classified people into eight types based on their extraversion/introversion and dominant functions of sensing, thinking, feeling, or intuiting. Dream analysis and other techniques were used in Jung's therapeutic approach.
Carl Jung broke away from Sigmund Freud due to differing views on concepts like the libido, the structure of the psyche, and the nature of the unconscious. Jung believed that the unconscious contained more than just repressed desires, and included a "collective unconscious" containing archetypes inherited by all humans. A key part of Jung's theory was the concept of individuation - the process of integrating one's conscious and unconscious elements to achieve wholeness. This involved acknowledging archetypes like anima/animus and the shadow. Jung saw individuation occurring over three stages from birth to death.
This document provides an overview of psychoanalytic literary theory and some of its key figures. It discusses how psychoanalytic literary theory emerged in the 19th century and analyzes literature through references to authors' personalities and works to understand their unconscious minds. It profiles Sigmund Freud and his theories of the unconscious, id, ego and superego. It also summarizes Carl Jung's concepts of archetypes and the collective unconscious. Finally, it briefly outlines Jacques Lacan's stages of the imaginary, mirror and symbolic orders in human mental development.
In the Jungian, Adlerian and Gestalt theories discuss with your peer.docxzenobiakeeney
In the Jungian, Adlerian and Gestalt theories discuss with your peers what you find to be the positives of the theories and techniques and any criticisms you may have. Be certain you have read over the powerpoint, both web articles found under learning resources and the required reading assignment. Must be a minimum of 500 word
Carl Gustav Jung was the best known member of the group that formed the core of the early psychoanalytic movementfollowers and students of Sigmund Freud. After completing his medical studies, Jung obtained a position at the Burghoelzli Hospital in Zurich, Switzerland.
C. G. Jung
Carl Gustav Jung was the best known member of the group that formed the core of the early psychoanalytic movementfollowers and students of Sigmund Freud. After completing his medical studies, Jung obtained a position at the Burghoelzli Hospital in Zurich, Switzerland. There he worked with patients suffering from schizophrenia, while also conducting word association research. In 1904 Jung corresponded with Freud about this latter work and also began to use Freud's psychoanalytic treatment with his patients. In 1906 Freud invited Jung to Vienna, and they began a professional relationship. Freud soon began to favor Jung as his successor in the new and growing psychoanalytic movement. Through Freud's efforts, Jung was appointed Permanent President of the Association of Psycho-Analysis at its Second Congress in 1910. Jung and Freud held in common an understanding of the profound role of the unconscious. Their understanding of the nature of the unconscious, however, began to diverge. This led to a painful break between the two men in 1913 after Jung's publication of a major article on the psychology of the unconscious which emphasized the role of symbolism (Jung, 1912). Freud felt personally betrayed by Jung's departure from his theoretical views. Jung likewise felt betrayed, believing that Freud, because of his inflexibility, had failed to support this extension of their mutual work.
In the years from 1913 to 1917, when Jung was largely ostracized by the psychoanalytic community, he embarked upon a deep, extensive, (and potentially dangerous) process of self-analysis that he called a "confrontation with the unconscious" (Jung, 1961, chap. 6, pp. 170-99). Jung emerged from this personal journey with the structures in place for his theories on archetypes, complexes, the collective unconscious, and the individuation process. These theories, along with his understanding of the symbolism found in dreams and in other creative processes, formed the basis of his clinical approach, which he called analytical psychology. Throughout his long life, Jung continued to develop and broaden his theoretical framework, drawing both on his clinical practice and his study of such wide-ranging subjects as alchemy, Eastern religions, astrology, mythology, and fairy tales.
Jungian Theory
Jungian theory is very much experience driven. It is an approach which keeps ...
The document summarizes several theories of personality including Freud's psychodynamic theory, trait theories, and neo-Freudian perspectives. Freud believed the mind is divided into the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. He proposed psychosexual stages of development and the id, ego, and superego structures. Jung emphasized the collective unconscious and archetypes. Adler focused on inferiority complexes and birth order effects. Trait theories described types and traits as dimensions of personality.
Carl Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst in the early 20th century. He studied medicine and became interested in psychiatry. He worked with Sigmund Freud for several years but disagreed with Freud's belief that sexuality was the sole component of personality. Jung developed his own theory called analytical psychology and focused on the conscious and unconscious mind. He believed dreams were influenced by the collective unconscious and that people could have introverted or extroverted personalities. Jung's theories are still influential today in dream interpretation and understanding personality types.
Counseling
Theories
Chapter 3
Carl Jung
Jungian Analysis
Jungian Analysis is the psychotherapeutic approach of Analytical Psychology in which the analyst and client work together to bring unconscious elements of the psyche into a more balanced relationship with conscious awareness and experience in an effort to discover meaning, facilitate maturation of the personality, improve mental health or provide relief to psychological suffering (Hamilton, 2018).
Jungian Concepts
Active Imagination -- Jung created the concept of active imagination as a way to describe bridging the gap between unconsciousness and consciousness. Using imagination, fantasy, dreams and meditation, a client is able bring their unconscious into the present through narrative or action. Active imagination relies on a client’s undirected observation of their imagination or dreams, not an intended image of their desires.
Carl Jung
Jungian Concepts
Active Imagination –
Jung created the concept of active imagination as a way to describe bridging the gap between unconsciousness and consciousness.
Using imagination, fantasy, dreams and meditation, a client is able bring their unconscious into the present through narrative or action.
Active imagination relies on a client’s undirected observation of their imagination or dreams, not an intended image of their desires.
Carl Jung
Jungian Concepts
Individuation
Individuals with emotional difficulties often feel like they live fragmented, disjointed lives filled with varying degrees of emotional experiences. Forward progress is often impaired as a result of inner conflict and self-sabotage stemming from segregation of the different selves within a person.
Individuation involves integrating all of a person’s past positive and negative experiences in such a way that the person can live a healthy, productive, and emotionally stable life.
Individuation allows a person to become unique and essentially individual from other human beings and the collective unconscious.
The process of individuation occurs through various methods, including dream interpretation and active imagination, and gives birth to a mature, holistically healthy and harmonious individual.
Carl Jung
Jungian Concepts
Collective Unconscious
Jung was the first to use the term collective unconscious as a means for describing an expression of the unconscious that is exhibited by every living being with a nervous system.
Rather than only possessing experiences from our personal history or our psyche, the collective unconscious organizes all of the experiences within a species.
Jung believed the collective unconscious was inherited and inherent to each being, rather than a result of specific events.
According to Jung, the human mind has innate characteristics “imprinted” on it as a result of evolution. These universal predispositions stem from our ancestral past. Fear of the dark, or of snakes and spiders could be examples of this imprint. Jung called these a.
This document provides an overview of several major theories of personality. It begins by defining personality as a set of characteristics that uniquely influence cognition, motivation, and behavior. It then outlines the main types of personality theories, including trait theories, psychodynamic theories, humanistic theories, and social-cognitive theories. The document proceeds to summarize several influential theories within each approach, such as Freud's psychodynamic model, Bandura's social learning theory, Maslow's hierarchy of needs in humanism, and Skinner's behaviorism. It provides details on the key concepts and structures proposed by theorists like Jung, Eysenck, Cattell, Rogers, and Rotter.
This presentation aims to make an individual understand about the development of Psychoanalytic theory, aspects related to it and specially more focus on the therapeutic approach.
It covers: Information about Sigmund Freud, Concepts given by him and about the Therapeutic approach.
1. The document discusses disorders of consciousness and self, with a focus on defining consciousness from different perspectives like philosophy, psychology, religion, and quantum physics.
2. It provides an overview of consciousness in light of these disciplines and describes different dimensions and levels of consciousness from vigilance to drowsiness to clouding of consciousness.
3. Key disorders of self are discussed, including disorders of being, activity, singleness or ego consistency, identity, and boundaries of self.
1. The document discusses several perspectives on personality including Freud's psychoanalytic theory, Jung's analytical psychology, Adler's individual psychology, Erikson's ego psychology, Watson's behaviorism, and Skinner and Pavlov's contributions to learning theory.
2. Key aspects of each perspective are summarized such as their views on the structure of personality, abnormal behavior, research methods used, and therapeutic approaches.
3. Their merits and demerits are also evaluated in relation to scientific evidence and cultural considerations.
Similar to Analytical Psychology - C. G. Jung (20)
1. ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLGY
Theory of Personality by Carl Gustav Jung
Coverage: Overview || Biography of Carl Jung
Levels of Psyche || Dynamics of Personality
Reported by: MELVIN R. JACINTO
2. Overview of Analytical Psychology
An early colleague of Freud, Carl Gustav Jung broke from orthodox psychoanalysis
to establish a separate theory of personality called Analytical Psychology, which rest
on the assumption that occult phenomena can and do influence the lives of everyone.
Jung believed that each of us is motivated not only by repressed experienced but also
by certain emotionally toned experiences inherited from our ancestors. These inherited
images make up what Jung called the collective unconscious. The collective
unconscious includes those elements that we have never experienced individually but
which have come down to us from our ancestors.
3. Overview of Analytical Psychology
Some elements of the collective unconscious become highly developed and are
called archetypes. The most inclusive archetype is the notion of self-realization, which
can be achieved only by attaining a balance between various opposing forces of
personality. Thus, Jung’s theory is a compendium of opposites. People are both
introverted and extraverted; rational and irrational; male and female; conscious and
unconscious; and pushed by past events while being pulled by future expectations (Feist
& Feist, 2010).
4. Carl Gustav Jung
• Born on July 26, 1875, in Lake Constance, Kesswil,
Switzerland
• Father, Johann Paul Jung, was a minister
• Mother, Emilie Preiswerk Jung, was the daughter of a
theologian
• Religious upbringing (10 pastors)
• Occult background on mothers side
• Middle of three children; oldest died after 3 days; sister
was 9 years younger
5. Carl Gustav Jung
• Experienced an early separation from his mother; had
positive/negative feelings toward mother
• Became interested early in dreams, during childhood
• Experienced séances as a child
• Identified separate personalities early on in his life (#1
& #2)
• Interested in archaeology as a young student but settled
for medicine. Completed his medical degree from Basel
University in 1900.
6. Carl Gustav Jung
• Psychiatric assistant of Eugene Bleuler at Burghöltzli
Mental Hospital
• Studied for 6 months in Paris with Pierre Janet during
1902-1903
• Return in Switzerland in 1903 and married Emma
Rauschenbach
• Continue his hospital duties and began teaching at
University of Zürich in 1905
• Became the first president of the newly founded
International Psychoanalytic Society
7. Carl Gustav Jung
• Dissatisfied with relationship with Freud and they went
their separate ways
• Had an apparent mother complex which was based on
his volatile relationship with his mother.
• Spilled over into his relationships with women in his
life
• Had multiple relationships with women while married
and with the knowledge of his wife
• Had erotic feelings toward Freud which may have been
a factor in the termination of their relationship.
8. Carl Gustav Jung
• Was also sexually assaulted by an older man who was
his confidant as a young man.
• Went through a deep period of isolation and searching
which ultimately helped him better understand himself
and help his theory develop
• Taught medical psychology at the University of Basel
• Died on June 6, 1961 at the age of 85
9. The Psyche
• Psyche refers to all psychological process: thought, feelings, sensations, wishes, and
so forth. By psyche, I understand the totality of all psychic processes, conscious as
well as unconscious. Jung wrote, “By soul, on the other hand, I understand a clearly
demarcated functional complex that can best be described as a ‘personality’.” (Jung,
1971).
• Jung used the terms psyche and psychic, rather than mind and mental, to avoid
the implications of consciousness in the latter and to emphasize that the psyche
embraces both conscious and unconscious process (Engle, 2012).
10. The Psyche
• Self-realization or individuation – Jung believed that a human being is inwardly
whole, but that most of us have lost touch with important parts of our selves.
Through listening to the messages of our dreams and waking imagination, we can
contact and reintegrate our different parts.
• The goal of life is individuation, the process of coming to know, giving expression
to, and harmonizing the various components of the psyche. If we realize our
uniqueness, we can undertake a process of individuation and tap into our true self.
Each human being has a specific nature and calling which is uniquely his or her own,
and unless these are fulfilled through a union of conscious and unconscious, the
person can become sick (Daniels, 2011).
11. The Psyche
• Libido (or Psychic energy) is an appetite that may refer to sexuality and to other
hungers as well. It manifests itself as striving, desiring, and willing. Psychic energy
operates according to the principles of equivalence and entropy; it seeks a balance
and moves the person forward in a process of self-realization (Engle, 2012).
• The symbol refers to a name, term, or picture that is familiar in daily life, yet has
other connotations besides its conventional and obvious meaning. It is a key to
discovering feelings or preferences of which we are unaware. It implies something
vague and partially unknown or hidden. Many different symbols may be essentially
equivalent and reflect the same reality. Dream symbols bring messages from the
unconscious to the rational mind (Daniels, 2011).
12. Levels of Psyche
Jung, like Freud, based his personality theory on the assumption that mind, or
psyche, has both a conscious and an unconscious level. Unlike Freud, however, Jung
strongly asserted that the most important portion of the unconscious springs not from
personal experiences of the individual but from the distant past of human existence, a
concept Jung called the collective unconscious. Of lesser importance to Jungian
theory are the conscious and the personal unconscious (Feist & Feist, 2010).
13. Levels of Psyche
1. Conscious Ego
• Conscious images are those that are sensed by the ego,
whereas unconscious elements have no relationship
with the ego.
• Ego as the center of consciousness, but not the core
of personality. Ego is not the whole personality, but
must be completed by the more comprehensive self,
the center of personality that is largely unconscious
(Feist & Feist, 2010)
14. Levels of Psyche
1. Conscious Ego
• A psychologically healthy person, the ego takes a
secondary position to the unconscious self (Jung,
1951).
15. Levels of Psyche
2. Personal Unconscious
• Embraces all repressed, forgotten, or subliminally
perceived experiences of one particular individual.
• Contains repressed infantile memories and impulses,
forgotten events, and experiences originally perceived
below the threshold of our consciousness.
• Formed by our individual experiences and is therefore
unique to each of us.
• Containing complexes.
16. Levels of Psyche
2. Personal Unconscious
• A complex is an emotionally toned conglomeration
of associated ideas.
• Complexes are largely personal, but they may also be
partly derived from humanity’s collective experience.
17. Levels of Psyche
3. Collective Unconscious
• Has roots in the ancestral past of the entire species.
• The physical contents of the collective unconscious
are inherited and pass from one generation to the next
as psychic potential.
• The contents of the collective unconscious do not
lie dormant but are active and influence a person’s
thought’s emotions, and actions.
• The collective unconscious is responsible for
people’s many myths, legends, and religious beliefs.
18. Levels of Psyche
3. Collective Unconscious
• The collective unconscious does not refer to
inherited ideas but rather to human’s innate tendency
to react in a particular way whenever their experiences
stimulate a biologically inherited response tendency.
• Humans, like other animals, come into the world with
inherited predispositions to act or react in certain ways
if their present experiences touch on these biologically
based predispositions.
19. Levels of Psyche
3. Collective Unconscious
• Jung said that people have as many of these inherited
tendencies as they have typical situations in life.
Countless repetitions of these typical situations have
made them part of the human biological constitution.
20. Levels of Psyche
4. Archetypes
• Are ancient or archaic images that derive from the
collective unconscious.
• They are similar to complexes in that they are
emotionally toned collections of associated images.
But whereas complexes are individualized components
of personal unconscious, archetypes are generalized
and derive from the components of the collective
unconscious.
• Also be distinguished from instinct.
21. Levels of Psyche
4. Archetypes
• Archetypes have a biological basis but originated
through the repeated experiences of human’s early
ancestors.
• Dreams are main the source of archetypal material,
and certain dreams offer what Jung considered proof
for the existence of the archetype. These dreams
produce motifs that could not have been known to the
dreamer through personal experience.
22. The Archetypes
1. Persona
• The side of personality that people show to the world is
designated as the persona.
• The term is well chosen because it refers to the mask
worn by actors in the early theater.
• Although the persona is a necessary side of our
personality, we should not confuse our public face with
our complete self. If we identify too closely with our
persona, we remain unconscious of our individuality and
are blocked from attaining self-realization.
23. The Archetypes
1. Persona
• True, we must acknowledge society, but if we over
identify with our persona, we lose touch with our inner
self and remain dependent on society’s expectation of
us. To become psychologically healthy, we must strike
balance between the demands of society and what truly
are (Feist & Feist, 2010).
• To be oblivious of one’s persona is to underestimate the
importance of society, but to be unaware of one’s deep
individuality is to become society’s puppet (Jung, 1950).
24. The Archetypes
2. Shadow
• The archetype of darkness and repression, represents
those qualities we do not wish to acknowledge but
attempt to hide from ourselves and others.
• Consists of morally objectionable tendencies as well as
number of constructive and creative qualities that we,
nevertheless, are reluctant to face (Jung, 1959)
• Jung contented that, to be whole, we must continually
strive to know our shadow and that this is our first test
of courage (Feist & Feist 2010).
25. The Archetypes
2. Shadow
• To come to grips with the darkness within ourselves is to
achieve the “realization of the shadow”.
• People who never realize their shadow may, nevertheless,
come under its power and lead tragic lives, constantly
running into “bad luck” and reaping harvest of defeat
and discouragement for themselves (Jung, 1954).
26. The Archetypes
3. Anima
• The feminine side of men originates in the collective
unconscious as an archetype and remains extremely
resistant to consciousness.
• To master the projections of the anima, men must
overcome intellectual barriers, delve into the far recesses
of their unconscious, and realize the feminine side of
their personality (Feist & Feist, 2010).
27. The Archetypes
3. Anima
• Originated from early men’s experiences with women –
mothers, sisters, and lovers – that combined to form a
generalized picture of woman (Hayman, 2001).
• Can be the source of much misunderstanding in male-
female relationships, but it may also be responsible for
the alluring mystique woman has in the psyche of men
(Hillman, 1985).
28. The Archetypes
3. Anima
• A man may dream about a woman with no definite
image and no particular identity. The woman represents
no one from his personal experience, but enters his
dream from the depths of his collective unconscious.
The anima need not appear in dreams as a woman, but
can be represented by a feeling or mood (Jung, 1945).
• It influences the feeling side in man and is the
explanation for certain irrational mood and feelings.
29. The Archetypes
4. Animus
• The masculine archetype in women.
• The symbolic of thinking and reasoning.
• It is capable of influencing the thinking of a woman, yet
it does not actually belong to her. In every female-male
relationship, the woman runs a risk of projecting her
distant ancestors’ experiences with fathers, brothers,
lovers, and sons onto the unsuspecting man.
• Like the anima, the animus appears in dreams, visions,
and fantasies in a personified form.
30. The Archetypes
4. Animus
• Jung believes that the animus is responsible for thinking
and opinion in women just as the anima produces
feelings and moods in men.
• The animus is also the explanation for the irrational
thinking and illogical opinions often attributed to
women.
• If a woman is dominated by her animus, no logical or
emotional appeal can shake her from her prefabricated
beliefs (Jung, 1959).
31. The Archetypes
5. Great Mother
• This preexisting concept of mother is always associated
with both positive and negative feelings.
• Represents two opposing forces – fertility and
nourishment on the one hand and power and
destruction on the other. She is capable of producing
and sustaining life (fertility and nourishment), but she
may also devour or neglect her offspring (destruction).
32. The Archetypes
5. Great Mother
• The fertility and nourishment dimension of the great
mother archetype is symbolized by a tree, garden,
plowed field, sea, heaven, home, country, church, and
hollow objects such as ovens and cooking utensils.
• The power and destruction symbolized by a godmother,
the Mother of God, Mother Nature, Mother Earth, a
stepmother, or a witch.
33. The Archetypes
6. Wise Old Man
• Archetype of wisdom and meaning, symbolizes humans’
pre-existing knowledge of the mysteries of life.
• A man or woman dominated by the wise old man
archetype may gather a large following of disciples by
using verbiage that sounds profound but that really
makes little sense because the collective unconscious
cannot directly impart its wisdom to an individual.
• Personified in dreams as father, grandfather, teacher,
philosopher, guru, doctor or priest.
34. The Archetypes
6. Wise Old Man
• He appears in fairy tales as the king, the sage, or the
magician who comes to the aid of the troubled
protagonist and, through superior wisdom, he helps the
protagonist escape from myriad misadventures.
• The wise old man is also symbolized by the life itself.
35. The Archetypes
7. Hero
• Represented in mythology and legends as a powerful
person, sometimes part god, who fights against great
odds to conquer or vanquish evil in the form of
dragons, monster, serpents, or demons. In the end,
however, the hero often is undone by some seemingly
insignificant person or event (Jung, 1951).
• An immortal person with no weakness cannot be a hero.
36. The Archetypes
7. Hero
• The image of the hero touches an archetype within us,
as demonstrated by our fascination with the heroes of
movies, novels, plays, and television programs. When the
hero conquers the villain, he or she frees us from being
feelings of impotence and misery; at the same time,
serving as our model for the ideal personality (Jung,
1934).
37. The Archetypes
8. Self
• Jung believed that each person possesses an inherited
tendency to move toward growth, perfection, and
completion, and he called this innate disposition the self.
• The most comprehensive of all archetypes, the self is
the archetype of archetypes because it pulls together
the other archetypes and unites them in the process of
self-realization.
38. The Archetypes
8. Self
• It also possesses conscious and personal unconscious
components, but it is mostly formed by collective
unconscious images.
• As an archetype, the self is symbolized by a person’s
ideas of perfection, completion, and wholeness, but its
ultimate symbol is the mandala. It represents the
strivings of the collective unconscious for unity, balance,
and wholeness.
40. The Yang and the Yin
In summary, the self includes both the conscious
and unconscious mind, and it unites the opposing
elements of psyche – male and female, good and evil,
light and dark forces. These opposing elements are
often represented by the yang and the yin, whereas the
self is usually symbolized by the mandala. This latter
motif stand for unity, totality, and order – that is, self-
realization. Complete self-realization is seldom if ever
achieved, but as an ideal it exists within the collective
unconscious of everyone. To actualize or fully
experience the self, people must overcome their fear of
the unconscious; prevent their persona from
dominating their personality; recognized the dark side
of themselves (their shadow); and then muster even
greater courage to face their anima or animus.
41. Dynamics of Personality
Causality and Teleology
• Causality holds that present events have their origin in previous experiences.
• Teleology holds that present events are motivated by goals and aspirations for the
future that direct a person’s destiny.
• Freud relied heavily on a causal viewpoint in his explanations of adult behavior in
terms of early childhood experiences. Jung criticized Freud for being one-sided in his
emphasis on causality and insisted that a causal view could not explain all motivation.
• Jung also insisted that human behavior is shaped by both causal and teleological
forces and that causal explanations must be balanced with teleological ones.
42. Dynamics of Personality
Causality and Teleology
• Jung’s insistence on balance is seen in his conception of dreams. He agreed with
Freud that many dreams spring from the past events; that is, they are caused by
earlier experiences. On the other hand, Jung claimed that some dreams can help a
person make decisions about the future, just as dreams of making important
discoveries in the natural sciences eventually led to his own career choice.
43. Dynamics of Personality
Progression and Regression
• To achieve self-realization, people must adapt not only to their outside environment
but their inner world as well. Adaptation to the outside world involves the forward
flow of psychic energy and is called progression, whereas adaptation to the inner
world relies on a backward flow of psychic energy and is called regression.
• Both progression and regression are essential if people are to achieve individual
growth of self-realization.
44. Dynamics of Personality
Progression and Regression
• Progression inclines a person to react consistently to a given set of environmental
conditions, whereas regression is necessary backward step in the successful
attainment of a goal.
• Regression activates the unconscious psyche, an essential aid in the solution of most
problems. Alone, neither progression nor regression leads to development. Either
can bring about too much one-sidedness and failure in adaptation; but the two,
working together, can activate the process of healthy personality development (Jung,
1928/1960).