Data Encoding
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The document discusses different methods of encoding and modulating digital and analog signals for transmission. It covers digital-to-digital encoding techniques like unipolar, polar, Manchester and differential Manchester encoding. It also discusses analog-to-digital conversion techniques like PAM and PCM. Finally, it discusses analog-to-analog modulation techniques like AM, FM and PM and how they modulate parameters of a carrier signal to transmit an analog signal.
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The document discusses different types of line coding schemes used to convert digital data to digital signals, including unipolar, polar, and bipolar schemes. It also covers techniques for digital to analog conversion, including amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, and phase shift keying. The key differences between these schemes involve the number of signal levels used (unipolar uses one, polar uses two, bipolar uses three) and whether the signal crosses or remains on one side of the reference axis. Common modulation techniques for digital to analog conversion are amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, and phase shift keying, which vary the amplitude, frequency, or phase of an analog carrier signal to represent digital data.
24071 digitalcommunication
This document contains a summary of key concepts in digital communication. It discusses digital communication, quantizing, encoding, advantages and disadvantages of digital communication, basic signal processing operations, common channels used, telephone channel specifications, adaptive equalization, waveform coding techniques including pulse modulation, analog pulse modulation types, digital pulse modulation types like PCM and DM, sampling, quantizing, uniform and non-uniform quantization, companding, applications of PCM, advantages and disadvantages of delta modulation and DPCM, and an introduction to digital modulation techniques.
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Digital signals can be encoded in various ways for transmission. An analog signal requires repeaters every 40-50 km but digital transmission allows longer distances without repeaters. Line coding converts binary data to digital signals for transmission. Common line coding methods include unipolar, polar, and bipolar encoding. Polar NRZ-L and NRZ-I are examples that use two voltage levels to reduce DC components compared to unipolar. Manchester encoding inverts the signal mid-bit for synchronization.
lec5_13.pptx
This document discusses digital line coding techniques. It begins with an introduction to digital-to-digital conversion, which involves line coding, block coding, and scrambling. Line coding converts digital data to digital signals, while block coding adds redundancy to improve line coding performance. Several common line coding schemes are described, including unipolar, polar, return-to-zero, Manchester, and bipolar coding. Block coding techniques like 4B/5B coding are also summarized, which divide data into blocks, substitute code values, and recombine the data with added redundancy. Key properties of line codes like voltage levels, transitions, bandwidth, synchronization and error detection are covered.
TeleCom Lecture 07.ppt
PCM consists of 3 main steps: sampling, quantization, and binary encoding. Sampling converts an analog signal to digital pulses by taking amplitude measurements at regular time intervals. Quantization maps the infinite amplitude values between limits to a finite set of values. Binary encoding assigns binary code values to each quantization level. The sampling rate must be at least twice the highest frequency in the signal according to Nyquist's theorem. Quantization introduces error and noise that can be reduced by using more quantization levels, though this increases the bit rate. PCM is widely used in digital communications and its variants like ADPCM and DPCM aim to further compress signals.
ANALOG DIGITAL HYBRID MODULATION
This document discusses various analog and digital modulation techniques. It begins by explaining the differences between bit rate and baud rate. It then covers modulation schemes like ASK, FSK, PSK and QAM. It provides examples of how these techniques work and their bandwidth requirements. The document also discusses topics like phone modems, analog-to-analog modulation techniques like AM and FM, and how these radio bands are allocated.
Unit 3.pptx
This document provides an overview of digital signal processing concepts including sampling, quantization, pulse code modulation (PCM), delta modulation, and multiplexing techniques. It discusses the Nyquist sampling theorem and how analog signals are converted to digital through sampling, quantization, and encoding. PCM is described as converting analog signals to digital codes. Delta modulation and its use of oversampling and simple quantization is also covered. Finally, the document discusses digital multiplexing methods like time-division multiplexing (TDM) where multiple digital signals are allocated unique time slots within a common signal frame.
analog communication system for undergraduate .pdf
This document provides an outline and introduction to the concepts of analog and digital communication systems. It discusses key topics such as modulation techniques, signal systems, bandwidth, and noise. Modulation techniques covered include amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, phase modulation, amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, and phase shift keying. It also discusses pulse code modulation, differential pulse code modulation, delta modulation, and adaptive delta modulation. Production of amplitude modulated signals using a block diagram approach is described.
Line Coding.pptx
Line coding refers to converting digital data into digital signals for transmission. There are several characteristics line coding schemes should have, such as low complexity, noise tolerance, no DC component, error detection capability, and self-synchronization. Common line coding techniques include unipolar, polar, and bipolar coding. Specific techniques discussed include non-return to zero (NRZ), return to zero (RZ), Manchester, and differential Manchester coding. These techniques vary in their voltage levels, presence of a DC component, synchronization capabilities, and bandwidth requirements.
Lecture 08
This document provides an overview of a lecture on data communications and networking. It discusses various topics related to line coding, including conversion methods, characteristics of line coding, and different line coding schemes. Specifically, it defines line coding as the process of converting binary data to a digital signal, and discusses signal level, data rate, pulse rate, DC component, and self-synchronization in the context of line coding. It also explains different line coding schemes such as unipolar, polar, NRZ, RZ, Manchester, and bipolar encoding.
Analog Transmission
Modulation is the process of varying one or more characteristics of a high-frequency carrier signal based on an information signal that contains the message to be transmitted. Some key points:
1. Modulation is necessary to transmit digital data over analog mediums like phone lines or wireless signals. It converts the digital data into an analog format suitable for transmission.
2. Common analog modulation techniques vary the amplitude, frequency, or phase of the carrier signal, while digital modulation techniques include amplitude-shift keying, frequency-shift keying, and phase-shift keying.
3. More advanced techniques like quadrature amplitude modulation vary both the amplitude and phase of the carrier simultaneously to transmit more data using a given bandwidth
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Digital Data, Digital Signal | Scrambling Techniques
Digital Data, Digital Signal | Scrambling Techniques
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Data Encoding
- 1. ENCODING AND MODULATING -Digital-to-digital conversion (encoding digital data into digital signal) -Analog-to-digital conversion (digitizing analog signal) -Digital-to-analog conversion (modulating a digital signal) -Analog-to-analog conversion (modulating analog signal) Chapter 4
- 5. UNIPOLAR ENCODING Unipolar encoding uses only one voltage level.
- 9. POLAR ENCODING Polar encoding uses two voltage levels (positive and negative).
- 12. NRZ-L and NRZ-I encoding
- 16. Manchester Encoding In Manchester encoding, the transition at the middle of the bit is used for both synchronization and bit representation.
- 18. Differential Manchester encoding In differential Manchester encoding, the transition at the middle of the bit is used only for synchronization. The bit representation is defined by the inversion or noninversion at the beginning of the bit.
- 23. Example 1 An analog signal carries 4 bits in each signal unit. If 1000 signal units are sent per second, find the baud rate and the bit rate Solution Baud rate = 1000 bauds per second (baud/s) Bit rate = 1000 x 4 = 4000 bps
- 24. Example 2 The bit rate of a signal is 3000. If each signal unit carries 6 bits, what is the baud rate? Solution Baud rate = 3000 / 6 = 500 baud/s
- 26. Relationship between baud rate and bandwidth in ASK
- 27. Example 3 Find the minimum bandwidth for an ASK signal transmitting at 2000 bps. The transmission mode is half-duplex. Solution In ASK the baud rate and bit rate are the same. The baud rate is therefore 2000. An ASK signal requires a minimum bandwidth equal to its baud rate. Therefore, the minimum bandwidth is 2000 Hz.
- 28. Example 4 Given a bandwidth of 5000 Hz for an ASK signal, what are the baud rate and bit rate? Solution In ASK the baud rate is the same as the bandwidth, which means the baud rate is 5000. But because the baud rate and the bit rate are also the same for ASK, the bit rate is 5000 bps.
- 33. Bit and baud
- 34. Time domain for an 8-QAM signal
- 37. Figure 5-40 WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 Analog to Analog Encoding
- 38. Types of analog-to-analog modulation
- 40. AM Bandwidth
- 42. Example We have an audio signal with a bandwidth of 4 KHz. What is the bandwidth needed if we modulate the signal using AM? Ignore FCC regulations. Solution An AM signal requires twice the bandwidth of the original signal: BW = 2 x 4 KHz = 8 KHz
- 43. Figure 5-45 WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 Frequency Modulation
- 44. Figure 5-46 WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 FM Bandwidth
- 45. The bandwidth of a stereo audio signal is usually 15 KHz. Therefore, an FM station needs at least a bandwidth of 150 KHz. The FCC requires the minimum bandwidth to be at least 200 KHz (0.2 MHz). Note:
- 47. Example We have an audio signal with a bandwidth of 4 MHz. What is the bandwidth needed if we modulate the signal using FM? Ignore FCC regulations. Solution An FM signal requires 10 times the bandwidth of the original signal: BW = 10 x 4 MHz = 40 MHz
Editor's Notes
- Key Points: Like IBM, Digital’s architecture DNA (Digital Network Architecture), is closely associated with its product offerings. VAX is a CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) that is at the heart of many of DEC’s products. It is a proprietary hardware architecture platform unique to Digital. DEC also has a RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) developed by MIPS Computer Systems. Again, this is similar to product offerings in the IBM architecture. Rounding out their product line is the DEC ALPHA. This is a PC desktop product that performs similar to Intel-based products. It is important to stress that, regardless of the various products hardware characteristics, many standard applications such as client/server resource sharing, centralized printing services and database services are all supported in the DEC computing world.