A presentation by IIED consultant Arnela Mausse at a workshop held in Paris from Thursday, 3 December to Friday, 4 December during the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21). The event organised by the International Institute for Environment and Development aimed to share the findings of its research to inform a wider debate on how REDD+ is contributing to addressing the drivers of land use and land use change. The presentation presented the methodology and findings from socioeconomic baseline study on land use and land use change in Manica, Sofala and Zambezia, Mozambique More details: http://www.iied.org/redd-paris-what-could-be-it-for-people-forests

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Socioeconomic Baseline
and Areas for Measuring
REDD+ Impacts
By Arnela Maússe

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03-12-2015

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Methodology
Criteria used for site selection included:
- Existence of conservation area;
- Size of population or density of households;
- Existing land use and management regimes;
- Frequency of burning; and
- Existence or not of DUATS.

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Methodology – 16 districts
selected

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Methodology
• The methodology adopted combined both
quantitative and qualitative methods.
• A sample of 1,196 households (Manica – 399,
Sofala – 398 and Zambezia-400) was defined for
data collection through a Household questionnaire
survey.
• Qualitative data collection was done through:
- Semi-structured interviews with key informants
(government, community leaders, private sector,
NGOs) totalling 30 in Manica, 26 in Zambezia and
15 in Sofala; and
- 36 Focal Group discussions involving 388
respondents from the three provinces.

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Methodology – Data Analysis
Quantitative data analysis was performed using the
SPSS statistical package and qualitative data based
on the triangulation method.

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Study Results

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Household structure
• The studied households have a mean of 7 people
(Manica -6, Sofala -7, Zambezia -7);
• The households are predominantly headed by men at
81.6% and only 18.4% represent those headed by
women;
• 48.4% of household heads can read and write and the
majority (52%) didn’t complete primary school level
(70.3% - men and 29.7% women);

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Main Economic Activities

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Main Economic Activities
with effects on deforestation
- Agriculture (shifting cultivation by smallholders,
cash crop cultivation by smallholder);
- Charcoal production;
- Timber harvesting;
- Beekeeping; and
- Mining.

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Agriculture (Shifting
cultivation)

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Agriculture (Shifting cultivation)
Number of Years using the same farm Reasons for shifting cultivation
0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0%
<5 years
5-10 Years
10-15 Years
15-20 Years
>20 Years
Use the same
Zambébia Sofala Manica

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Involvement of households on
cash crops cultivation
Expansion of farms extension for cash crop cultivation

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Fuelwood (firewood and charcoal)

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Fuelwood (firewood and charcoal)

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Fuelwood (charcoal and firewood)
None efficient traditional kilns Unsustainable practices (cutting trees
and burning)
Firewood is mostly used in rural areas. Production of charcoal is currently
an important economic activity; huge quantities are being produced to
suppy urban areas, which are the main charcoal consumers.

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Timber harvesting
• Simple licence regime;
• Forest concession regime;

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Timber harvesting
Each simple exploration licence covers up to 10.000 hectares
while concession licences cover up to 100.000 hectares
12 12 14 12 16
18
23 21 19
40
69
121
53
58
70
75
61
8 10 14
14 19
33
50 49
41
159
144
104
91
99 98
85
131
147
0 0 3 4 4 4 8 10 9
29
38
47 46 44 45
74
102
95
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
NumberofForestExploretion
Years
Number of Forest Exploretion over Time
(2005-2013)
Sofala (Forest
Concession)
Sofala (Simple Licence)
Zambezia (Forest
Concession)
Zambezia (Simple
Licence)
Manica (Forest
Concession)
Manica (Simple Licence)

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Timber harvesting
The potential within each exploration area varies
according to several factors: area acessibility; use of
forestry management plan; pressure from other land uses
such as commercial agriculture; and presence of
communities within the forestry exploration area.

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Mining
• Mining activities involve about 9% of the population in
the study area;
• Although mining has been understood to be a male-
dominated activity due to nomadism associated with it;
few women are involved mainly in Sofala Province
where lime is extracted and used to paint walls of
houses (Table 1: Women involvement in mining)

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Mining

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Community perceptions about
their role in deforestation
• The struggle for survival and sustenance in a
context that there is low access to sustainable
production technologies, is the main reason for
practices that lead to D&D.
• Therefore, there are many activities that are
being implemented to minimize deforestation
and forestry degradation, but the way that these
are being promoted are not strong enough to
motivate people to abandon the
traditional/unsustainable practices.

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Community perceptions about
what needs to be done to
minimize D&D

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Potential areas and models for
REDD+ investments
• Shifting cultivation, unsustainable timber harvesting,
unsustainable charcoal production, unsustainable
exploration of NTFPs and mining are the important
drivers of D&D that need to be looked at;
• Technological solutions and institutional arrangements
to promote the sustainability of these economic
activities, enough to ensure sustainable livelihoods as
well as the conservation of biodiversity (Is important to
look to value and marketing chain);

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Potential areas and models for
REDD+ investments
• Due to the multiple causes of D&D, it is fundamental to
have models that accommodate all technological
solutions for each deforestation driver, it means
integrated solutions; and
• The temporal and spatial scale of implementation of the
technological solutions for emissions reductions should
be robust enough to reduce leakages, facilitate
measurement of impacts in different agro ecological
zones and promote adoption of both adaptation and
mitigation technologies.

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Indicators for measuring
impacts of REDD+
• Frequency of fires and area burnt reduces;
• Land is cultivated for longer;
• Yields rise as a result of conservation agriculture
and agroforestry;
• Soil fertility improves; and
• CA and Agroforestry systems are storing more
carbon (in the soil and above ground biomass)
than shifting cultivation areas;

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Indicators for measuring
impacts of REDD+
• Wood is converted to charcoal more
efficiently, resulting in more carbon being kept
in standing trees;
The number of short term logging operators
who transform to taking on long term forest
concessions rises;
• Employment rises and tax revenues (from
exported timber, from VAT on domestic
consumed products, and from income)
increase.

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