1.
Drivers of D&D, Gender and
REDD+:
A case of Nepal
Rahul Karki
Naya S Paudel
Dil B Khatri
Paris, 3 December 2015

2.
Outline of the presentation
• Objective of the study
• Methodology
• Study findings
• Conclusion and implications

3.
Objective of the study
• Analyse the responses to policies that affect
forest cover and land use
• Identify, quantify and explain the differential
roles of men and women along the value chain
of the forest based commodities
• Identify the preferences of men and women to
different REDD+ benefits and incentives
• Draw implications to REDD+ policy process

4.
Forest product use scenario
• Forest areas decreased from 45.5% (1964)-
38.1% (1978) – 29% (1994)
• Deforestation rate 1.7% (between 1978-
1994)(DFRS/FRISP 1999); 1.63 (1990-2005)
(FAO 2005:10); Forest area decreased at 2.7
percent and shrub lands increased with
12.7% (1991-2001) (CBS, 2008). Terai 0.06%
during (1990- 2000) (DoF 2005); Terai 1.3%
(1978-1990) (DOF 2005)
Year 2011 2020
Ecological
region
Deman
d
Suppl
y
Demand Supply
Terai 1.46 1.15 1.67 1.53
Hills 1.72 1.81 1.87 2.32
Year 2011 2020
Ecological
regions
Demand Supply Demand Supply
Terai 5.3 2.58 5.48 3.72
Hills 4.4 5.44 4.27 6.96
Timber (million m3 )
Fuelwood (million tons/yr)
Source: Kanel et al. 2012

5.
Nepal REDD+ Readiness
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
2014
-
2015
R-PIN R-PP
Establishme
nt of REDD
Cell, MoFSC
National
REDD+
Strategy
ER-PIN
MTRNational
REDD+
Strategy
outline
framework
REDD Readiness Phase
ER-PD
ERPA
…
Source: REDD IC
Women and marginalized groups still express dissatisfaction over their representation
in the overall process

6.
Methodology

7.
Methodology
Document and literature review
Key informant interview (N=21)
Meetings with District level SHs
Focus group discussion
(N=6)
Household survey (N=150)
Local and National Validation
workshops

8.
Findings

9.
Major source of household income in
research sites

10.
GMF a major source of timber and
fuelwood

11.
A. Responses to policies affecting land
use/forest cover

12.
Responses to policies affecting land use change
Active participation of men and
women in forest management;
D&D controlled to some extent
Introduction of community based
forest management (Forest Act 1993;
MPFS 1989)
Conservative measures to control
D&D (CF guideline)
Discourage encroachment of forest
land (eviction, court cases)
More protective measure adopted;
Lengthy government decision process
on forest product supply (Public
Procurement Act 2007)

13.
“The local community including my family has
been protecting and managing our
community forest. They have assigned a local
forest guard to take care of CF. So, everybody
will know if we go to the CF to collect fuel
wood and timber illegally, So, we prefer to go
to the government forest where it is
comparatively easy to escape”
A local participant during FGD in Kapilvastu
“Women have a huge responsibility – cook
food, take care of children, fetch fuelwood
from forest and they have no time to take
part in the CFUG meetings that make
decisions on the rules regarding resource use
in their forest. And how can one blame a
women on breaking forest rules”
A woman member, Janakalyan CFUG,
Nawalparasi

14.
B. Value Chain Analysis

15.
Average
investment: 4
hr/cft
(equivalent to
NRs 242/cft)
Average
selling price:
NRs 3,000/cft
Benefit:
858%
Men dominate the timber value chain
•Timber trade involves several steps in value chain
•Role of men is dominant in timber trade value chain
•Timber trading is lucrative in terms of benefit but traders generally are considered as the smugglers
•Timber value chain especially from collection to transportation node demands group work
•Timber is transported using vehicles mainly motor bikes and bicycles and there is risk associated during
transportation
Value chain
attitude
• Ineffective forest product supply mechanism
• Lack of sustainable forest management practices
• Poor law enforcement
• Processing/sawing of logs without considering market needs
• High market price of timber and continuous increase in demand
• Mostly selling in the local market
• Lack of proper legal channel for timber trade
Value chain
enabling/disabling
factors

16.
• Mostly, women are involved in overall value chain of fuel wood residing near the forests
and road-head towns.
• Women transport fuelwood on their headback while men use bicycles.
• Women travel long distances and take a risk of fuelwood collection illegally from
government forest.
• Money obtained from sales of fuelwood is largely spent on household activites.
Value chain
attitude
• Open access of government forest and weak law enforcement.
• Increased demand of fuelwood as source of energy in highway tea shops /hotel.
• Settlements are located close to forest and market.
• Some of the settlers are member of CF.
• High financial incentives with no cash investments.
• Inefficient and ineffective fuelwood supply system of the government.
Value chain
enabling/disabling factors
Collection
Average days of
involvement: 189
days/year
Average time
investment:NRs 55
equivalent
time/bhari
Average volume of
collection: 230
bhari/year
Transportation
Average days of
involvement:189
days/year
Average time
investment: NRs 58
equivalent time/bhari
Average volume of
transportation: 230
bhari/year
Sale/end
consumers
Average days of
involvement: 189 days/year
Average time investment:
NRs 17 equivalent time
Average volume of selling:
230 bhari/year
Total
Average investment: NRs
130 equivalent time/ bhari
Average selling price: NRs
200/bhari
Benefit: 53%
Collection
Average days of involvement:
177days/year
Average time investment:NRs
54 equivalent time/bhari
Average volume of collection:
214 bhari/year
Transportation
Average days of
involvement:177
days/year
Average time
investment: NRs 60
equivalent
time/bhari
Average volume of
transportation:
214 bhari/year
Sale/endconsumers
Average days of
involvement:
177days/year
Average time
investment: NRs 15
equivalent time
Average volume of
selling: 214
bhari/year
Total
Average investment:
NRs 130 equivalent
time/ bhari
Average selling price:
NRs 200/bhari
Benefit: 53%
Women
Men
Women and men derive same benefit from fuelwood

17.
C. Preferences to REDD+ benefits

18.
Preferences to REDD+ payment

19.
Preferences on in-kind payment
28%
53%
17%
2%
43%
42%
65%
33%
57% 58% 35% 67%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Inkind payment preference from REDD+
Female
Male
Total

20.
Preferences on mode of REDD+ payment

21.
Conclusion and implications
• Huge pressure on forest for timber and fuelwood
Recognize and compensate forest-based livelihoods
Scale up investment in non-forestry sector employment programme
Increase investment and promote gender friendly fuelwood efficient and
alternative energy technologies (ICS, biogas)
• Women mostly involved in fuelwood while timber activities are dominated by
men and derive more benefit from both products
• Hardships among women in forest product value chain is high
Promote and support women's access and control over productive resources
Promote vocational education and skill-based training opportunities for
enterprise development
• Men and women have differential preferences on REDD+ benefits
Recognize the multiple preferences on alternative land use and benefits
from REDD+

22.
Thank You!
This research was funded by UK aid from the UK Government,
however the views expressed do not necessarily reflect the
views of the UK Government.