This is a presentation of the report 'Case study on approaches for supporting pastoralists groups facing climate change effects in Tanzania'. Published June 2015 Further information: https://www.iied.org/climate-learning-partnership

1. Irish Aid Climate Change and
Development Learning Platform
Case study on approaches for supporting
pastoralists groups facing climate change
effects in Tanzania

2. Time Activity Responsible Person
8:30-9:00 Arrival and Registration All
9.00-09.30 Introduction and Official opening TNRF Executive Director
9.30-9.45 Overview of Climate Change and Development
Learning Platform
Irish Aid(Kain/Tom)
9.45- 10:30 Climate Change study
“How climate change is being integrated into
development planning either by governments
or development agencies in Tanzania”
IIED-Sam Greene
and
TNRF -Zakaria Faustin
10:30-11:00 Discussion All
11.00-11:30 Tea All
11:30- 12:30 Group Works All
12:30- 1:00 Group work presentations All
1:00-2:00 Lunch
2:00-2.30 The Way Forward Sam and Zakaria
2.30 Closing and Departure All

3. Presentation Overview
• Introduction
• Aims of the inquiry
• Methodology – appreciative inquiry
• Introduction to case studies
• IIED – Establishing a devolved level climate finance
mechanism
• Care – Pastoralist Program
• Oxfam –
• Benefits – Climate Risk Management, Community benefits
• Learning from each project
• Bringing learning together from the three projects
• Further questions

4. • Identify, generate and share
the learning drawn from 3
case approaches to supporting
pastoralist groups in Tanzania.
• Identify strengths of
approaches and support to
local adaptation in the
drylands.
Study Team
• Sam Greene – Consultant, IIED
• Zakaria Faustin – TNRF PP
manager
• Marcely Madubi – Care
Pastoralist Program Coordinator
Coordinator
• Julian Dalika – Care Pastoralist
Program M+E Officer
Aims of the study
Guiding Questions
1) How far did benefits achieved match
the planned Theories of Change?
2) What were the most effective ways of
achieving benefits?
3) How well was climate change
integrated into planning?
4) What was most effective at driving this
change?
5) To what extent could adaptations and
changes be considered “radical” or
transformational.

5. Methodology
Appreciative Inquiry
– “AI involves, in a central way, the art and
practice of asking questions that
strengthen a system’s capacity to
apprehend, anticipate and heighten
positive potential”
https://appreciativeinquiry.case.edu/intr
o/whatisai.cfm)
– Works through sharing of experiences
and understanding the conditions, skills
and resources that create them
• Documentary Review
• Inception Meetings w/ Irish Aid, Oxfam, Care,
TNRF - Developing theories of change and
identifying “high points”.
• Case Studies - Developing Theories of Change
with CBO’s. Surveying benefits through
“resilience spectrum lines”
• Use of learning from previous IIED study with
similar ToR to contribute to understanding
• Synthesis and data processing with study
team, using adaptation frameworks
List of Interviewees / Case Study Visits
National Environmental Management Council (NEMC)
(Director)
Human Development Strategies Association (HUDESA)
NAADUTARO (Pastoralist Survival Options)
Extension Officer – Kiteto District Council
KINAAPA Development Programme
Community Economic Development And Social
Transformation (CEDESOTA)
Pastoralists Indigenous Non-Governmental
Organisations
Tanzanian Natural Resource Forum
Trainers (NEMC)
Ujamaa Community Resource Team
Community Research and Development Services
Livestock Officer, Arumeru District Council
International Institute for Environment and
Development
Oxfam (Laurant Wambura)
Monduli Pastoralists Women’s Council

6. Resilience Spectrum Lines
• Identifying climate hazards
• Identifying the nature of resilience in a particular context. Is
resilience the same across the community?
• Understanding the level of perceived changed over time
• Explaining drivers of change

9. Caveats and Conditions
• No focus on constraints, challenges and
threats
• Many of the findings are short term, based on
recent experience. Long term consequences
are not analysed
• Some key issues not addressed – i.e. political
interference on land certification.
• Qualitative study only

10. Case Studies
IIED - Supporting
Planning for Pastoralism
• Establish a devolved
level climate finance
mechanism
• Develop plans for
“public good
investments” for
climate resilient
growth
• Climate information
Systems and
monitoring
frameworks
• Informing national
actors
Care/TNRF – Pastoralist
Program
• Evidence based advocacy to
influence policy and
implementation
• Pastoralist representation to
provide better services
• Increased capacity of
government to provide
better services
• Increased capacity of
pastoralists CSO’s to manage
projects and support
pastoralist needs
Oxfam – Pastoralism
Programme
• Developing Land
use plans and
securing
communal tenure
over grazing land
• Participatory
drought
management
planning with
district
government
• National/Internati
onal level
advocacy

11. IIED – Devolved level Climate Finance Mechanism
Entry Point Who? How? Purpose Expected CRM changes Community Benefit
National +
District Plans,
Strategy, Policy
Pastoralism training –
district/national staff.
Use of multi-stakeholder learning
groups
Awareness raising /
engaging stakeholders
Institutional Capacity
(through understanding of
pastoralism). Climate
change awareness.
Enabling environment for
pastoralism. Knowledge
“trickles down” to
communities -
District Project
Cycle (planning
and
implementatio
n)
District Staff, DAPCs – Resource
Mapping, Resilience Assessment.
Enhancing O+OD.
Engaging stakeholders +
partnerships, assessing
climate risks, prioritizing
adaptation actions
Institutional capacity
building and integration,
CC awareness raising,
support budgeting
process, participation
-Divisional land use
planning, securing
resource access “pro-
pastoralist” investments. -
Maximize the use of
traditional and forma
knowledge along the
project cycle
District Staff – Research into
formal/customary planning
Identify climate
vulnerability (caused by
gaps in planning),
Recommend adaptations
(at govt)
Awareness among
stakeholders, institutional
integration
Altered perceptions on
planning to address
pastoralism and climate
change issues through use
of formal and traditional
knowledge
Community
Project/engage
ment
TMA – reviewing CIS access and
quality
Identify adaptation
measures. Assess hazards
Climate information,
awareness
Improved decision making
and access to climate info.
 adaptive capacity
Institutional
Decision
making
Communities – elections of Division
Adaptation Planning Committees
. Participation, institutional
capacity building
Particpation in planning..
District TAMD training and
development
Monitoring and evaluation Coordination,
participation and
institutional capacity
Improved plans and
intergration through
learning
Portfolio
Screening
TMA Climate proof Study w/district Assessing current and
future vulnerabiilties /
Climate information
incorporation
CIS used in community
decision making

12. Output 1: Establishing devolved
district level climate finance
mechanism
Legal assessment potential
fund status
Financial capacity
assessment of districts to
manage funds
Output 2: Development of plans for
public good investments promoting
climate-resilient growth
Interdistrict workshops
reviewing and refining
O&OD, creating resilience
assessments
Resilience assessments and
resource mapping
Election and training of
DAPCs
Total economic valuation
study
Meetings of traditional
leaders
Output 3: Information systems and
monitoring frameworks
M&E capacity study
Training on TAMD
TMA visits to districts
Climate risk mapping study
Output 4: Informing national actors
Meetings with govt, civil
society, parliamentarians
and other stakeholders

14. IIED Outcomes and Learning
Climate Risk Management
• Climate Change Awareness through
pastoralism training, resource
mapping, resilience assessments
• Improved institutional capacity –
Divisional as the spatial unit of
planning. Understanding of local
livelihood strategies.
• Planning under uncertainty through
support for customary planning
• Use of Climate Information Services –
Climate proofing, improved access
and quality of service
• Increased participation through
Divisional Adaptation Planning
Committees
• Improved participation
• Improved M&E processes
Community Resilience
• Recommendations from
Resilience Assessments
incorporated into planning
(improved participation)
• “Trickle down” of knowledge
from district to village level
• Support for customary
planning institutions to
arrange resource use and
reciprocal access
“The training has been a gift. The art and science of
developing the training and implementing it has
influenced the thinking and minds in a positive way.
It has made a big difference for advocacy. The most
significant impact has been at the local government
authorities as it has brought local and district
authorities together to work hand and hand. It has
changed the landscape once and for all”

15. “You can’t believe how much is has changed planning
at the lower level. Local councils are addressing
concrete needs of communities. Councils agreed to
incorporate RA plans into budgets where possible.” –
Programme Coordinator

16. Care – Pastoralist Program, Implemented by TNRF
Entry Point Who, How? Purpose / Objective Expected CRM Change Community benefit
National/District
Level Plans /
Frameworks/Stra
tegies
Legal framework
Pastoralism and climate change
training – HKC, TNRF – LGAs, MP’s
extension workers.
CSO’s, Traditional Leaders (learning
how to frame debate) – Training
and capacity building on project
work.
Awareness and
Partnership building,
identifying risks and
adaptation actions. Create
enabling environment
Climate change
awareness, Institutional
integration, Participation,
Coordination (through
learning groups)
Pro-pastoralis strategy –
mobility for resource
access as a concept. Land
Use PLannig
Katiba Initiative
Influence Pastoralist Parliamentary
Group
Evidence generation.
Dialogue
Institutional Integration
(through constitution),
Budgeting/Finance,
Improved awareness,
Coordination. Created
enabling environment
Support for resource
access and “pro-
pastoralist” investment
Community Level
Projects
Community Level climate change,
gender, land rights awareness, by
CSOs and districts
Awareness raising,
partnership building,
Identifying Adaptation
actions and supporting
implementation
Raised awareness,
institutional capacity.
Reduced environmental
degradation. Adaptation
actions – diversification.
Improved adaptive
capacity.
Changing gender relations
 Equity
Land Use planning (communities,
councils, village leaders)
Adaptation
implementation,
awareness raising, risk
management
Institutional integration
(capacity), Enables
uncertainty planning
through mobility.
Participation
Improved resource access.
Reduced land loss
Land Use Titling (legal support) -
CSOs
Legal support for
adaptation -
implementation
Institutional integration Land protected from
encroachment – secured
resources. Reduced
conflict

18. CARE / TNRF Pastoralist Program – Benefits experienced by
communities
• Improved Resource Access
– Increased accessibility of grazing
land + water sources
– Legal tenure and ownership
– District backed land use planning
• Increased financial security
– Increased productivity+ Income
generating activities
– Support for ability to manage
drought
– Diversification of livelihood
activities (cross breeding, IGAs)
• Movement towards gender parity
– Equality in household and public
decision making processes
– Ability to own means of production
and keep proceeds
• Activities to reduce environmental
degradation in place
• Increased capacity of village
institutions (land tribunals, village
councils, village environmental
committees)
• Reduced conflict
– Awareness of rights
– Legal tenure and land demarcation
• District councils more open to
pastoralist livelihoods
– Some improvement in extension
services

19. Case Study – KINNAPA and HUDESA
KINNAPA
• Clearing of grazing land for farms by
investors, immigration and farm
expansion, population growth,
Routes to resources blocked, loss of
grazing lands
• Gender inequality
• Rapid environmental degradation
• Resilience understood in terms of
livestock ownership, resource access
HUDESA
• Climate change making farming
unsustainable
• Undermining of grazing areas and
resources
• Gender inequality
• High level of conflict
Improvement through independence of
women, land ownership, support for
resource access. Support from districts
in mapping land.
Improvement through securing and
demarcation of livestock routes, inter-
village negotiation, diversification.
Dialogue day.

20. KINNAPA Theory of Change

21. HUDESA Theory of
Change

22. “As a result of NAADUTARO and KINNAPA, the
district government is learning about the
pastoral management system. We are placing
signposts to support this”
“We are restricted by the national government
but extension officer now include a lot more
work on land use as well as just animal
husbandry” – KITETO extension officer

23. National Level Advocacy
• Formation of a pastoralist networks across districts and
one at national level – pooling funds for awareness
creation and CSO training. Addressing the district
directly
• Training on Pastoralism and climate change
• Part of “Katiba Initiative” – contributing to
constitutional review committee
• Contributed to increased budget allocations for
ministry of livestock
• Ongoing dialogue with MP’s, ministers
• Use of media at key moments

24. Outcomes and Learning
Integration into planning
(improved climate risk
management)
• Climate change awareness at village
and district institutions
• Institutional capacity building on
pastoralist management (HUDESA)
• Improved participation
• Movement toward institutional
integration at national level through
advocacy
– Use of a dialogue based
approach
– Using allies beyond pastoralism
– Focusing on issues that matter
to government - climate
change, governance, gender,
resources
– Enhanced communication
among Civil Society and with
government
Community Resilience
• Improved productivity of livelihoods
through resource access and conflict
reduction
• Land Use and ownership as
central to livelihoods
• More productive households through
growing independence of women
• Notable power of gender rights
awareness
• The role of communal land use
planning, individual land tenure in
securing resource access for income
generation and adaptive capacity
• Diversification of income generation –
Secure houses, vegetable growth, non
climate related business
• The role of the village assembly

25. Oxfam
Oxfam – Pastoralism Programme
Entry Point Who, How? Purpose / Objective Expected CRM Change Community benefit
National/District
Level Plans /
Frameworks/Stra
tegies
Legal framework
Advocacy at international and
national level. Appealing to the UN
(Human Rights), Hosting Katiba
Initiative (PINGOS),
Awareness and
Partnership building,
identifying risks and
adaptation actions. Create
enabling environment
Climate change
awareness, Institutional
integration, Participation,
Coordination (through
learning groups)
Pro-pastoralis strategy –
mobility for resource
access as a concept. Land
Use Planning. Defense of
human rights and
preventing evictions.
Katiba Initiative
Influence Pastoralist Parliamentary
Group
Evidence generation and briefings
Continual Dialogue
Institutional Integration
(through constitution),
Budgeting/Finance,
Improved awareness,
Coordination. Created
enabling environment
Support for resource
access and “pro-
pastoralist” investments
and policy. Enabling
environment creation.
Community Level
Projects /
district planning
cycles
Drought Management Planning
Village Level (CORDS)
District Level (UCRT)
Awareness raising,
partnership building,
Identifying Adaptation
actions and supporting
implementation, DRR
Raised awareness,
institutional capacity for
planning. Participation.
through planning. Ability
to cope with uncertainty.
Reduced environmental
degradation. Improved
adaptive capacity.
Preparedness for drought
Securing process of land
certification, planning and
communal / individual ownership
Communities, Districts
Adaptation
implementation,
awareness raising, risk
management
Institutional integration
(capacity), Enables
uncertainty planning
through mobility.
Participation
Improved resource access.
Reduced land loss.
Restored ability for
customary planning
Land Use Titling (legal support) -
CSOs
Legal support for
adaptation -
implementation
Institutional integration Land protected from
encroachment – secured
resources. Reduced
conflict

26. Oxfam Pastoralist Programme – Benefits experienced
by communities
• Communal grazing secured with land titles
– Combination of land use planning and communal
ownership titles to grazing land, complete with land use
plans
– Engagement with other villages with Land Use plans –
support for customary negotiations for resource access
• Rangeland management plans
– 32 million for the whole process of certification to tenure
• Drought management plans agree and integrated into
village / district councils
• Reduced Conflict

27. Case Study – CORDS

28. Advocacy - PINGOS
• Katiba Initiative Secretariat
• Human Rights reports
• Appeal to international organisations to
maintain pressure on the national (i.e.
Tokomeza)
• Evidence Generation

29. Oxfam – Outcomes and Learning
Climate Risk Management
• Participation through Land Use
Planning with district council
• Institutional Integration
through access to communal
land tenure
– Note that this is the only case
study with use of Communal
ownership of land)
• Drought management
documents “owned” by the
district of village. Increased
preparedness for uncertainty
Community Resilience
• Improved resource access to secure
livelihoods through higher
productivity
• Disaster Preparedness increased
• CORDS - planning based on use
of clan resources
Resilience Driven by drought
management plans. Support for
organised mobility (customary)

30. Summary of Approaches
• IIED: District Level Capacity Building  Enhancing understanding of pastoralism
• Enhancing O&OD with resilience assessments and Resource Mapping
• Supporting increased community participation in the planning process
• Working at wider planning scales
• Disseminating Research
CARE/TNRF Pastoralism Programme:
• Capacity Building of CSO’s to working with communities on climate change, gender,
land rights, land use. CSO’s work with district to train village leaders  Joint Land
use planning, demarcations,
• National level advocacy through media, publications, parliamentary engagement,
evidence generation
Oxfam:
• CSO’s work on land rights, titling and tenure. Seeking communal ownership and
legal security. Joint Land Use planning.
• Drought management plans
• Advocacy at national and international level on key issues

31. Land
Training on Land rights
can reduce conflict before
it begins
Land Use Planning with
demarcations / mapping
secures resource access
Planning over wider
areas suits pastoralist
strategies better
Legal titling for
individuals (particularly
women)
Communal Land
Ownership of Grazing
land for security
Gender
Potential for
Transformative
impact through
awareness and
engagement
with existing
legal rights
Empowerment
through
independence,
income,
confidence,
representation
Advocacy
Build Networks across
groups of stakeholders –
Pastoralism Training
through “learning
groups” / Resource
mapping / Dialogue Days
/ Open Forums
Perception Change of
government officials is
possible. The issue is
knowledge
Use strategic moments
(constitutional reform,
budget decisions etc)
Focus on the
government’s interests
Climate Risk
Management
The District Level
provides most
opportunities for
integration – but
progress is slow –
Ownership is Key
Community level
work tends to be
more incremental
in approach, and
reaches fewer
people.

32. • CSO’s can bridge the gap between district and village government.
Common approaches have been to use district staff to train village
govt – supporting partnership building and knowledge (Kiteto)
• Resource Mapping is a powerful tool to both explain the rational of
pastoralist planning and resource use and support Land use
planning (see Longido)
• The Village Assembly is a key community decision making body -
Has the power to change the role of women in the community,
implement by-laws etc.
• A balance of customary and formal aspects can be very effective –
Joint Land Use Plans / divisional planning
• Use what already exists to project advantage – Village Land Act
1999 and exists women’s rights enshrined in law. Awareness raising
has legal backing.
Tools and Strategies that have been particularly
effective

33. Further investigations…
• What are the long term consequences of
successes gained?
• What threats exist that may undermine the
benefits gained from different projects.
• What challenges were overcome during the
implementation process and how were they
overcome?

34. Discussion
• How far do you agree with the findings from
this inquiry?
• In your experience, are there specific cases
which contradict these findings?
• In your experience, are there specific cases
which support the findings?
• What recommendations or contributions
could you make to the study outcomes based
on your experience?

35. Further Discussion
• How have different approaches to communal and
individual land use and tenure most benefit
communities.
– Consider: CCRO’s
– Land Use Planning and demarcation
– Village council ownership
• What is the best way to ensure climate risk
management is integrated into development planning?
– What are the advantages / disadvantages of the different
approaches?
• To what extent to these approaches support systemic
or “transformational” change that supports resilience
building?

36. What can we learn from these
approaches to support pastoralism
• Land Use and land titles
– Powerful combination - but what risks?
– Planning over larger spatial scales
– Conflict reduction
• Gender
– Transformational role of gender rights awareness
• Resource mapping as a tool for explaining pastoralist management systems as sustainable, as well
as LUPs
• Strategic Advocacy – using key moments by appealing to government interests
• Improved Climate Risk Management comes through the district level – but it is slower
– Faster resilience building can happen from the community level, but is more likely to be “incremental”.
– Benefits fewer people (40%)
• The Village Assembly as key decision making forum, and the village councils as training targets
• Advocacy through dialogue, ownership and not adversarialism. District Learning Groups, Dialogue
Days, the use of “the forum” – seek opportunities to build networks across groups of stakeholders
• Use of what exists can save effort – the Village Land Act etc.
• The role of CSO’s
• Engaging ownership of planning within districts = Ras and RMs

37. IIED:
• Pastoralism training through “district learning groups”.
– Created common ground and built relationships across stakeholders from all
levels.
– Govt Openness to pastoralist needs
– Open, participatory learning approach, no more than 2 weeks.
– “The structure of governance is being panel beaten”
“The training has been a gift. The art and science of developing the training and
implementing it has influenced the thinking and minds in a positive way. It has
made a big difference for advocacy. The most significant impact has been at the
local government authorities as it has brought local and district authorities
together to work hand and hand. It has changed the landscape once and for all”
• Use of a more appropriate spatial unit of planning - the division
– Planning at divisional level to enable customary planning processes
– Too much power in the village authority leads to sales of land
Effective Principles

38. • Work on the planning process (O+OD).
– Ownership of the process of change through district led
project design, research and audits of planning
– “You can’t believe how much is has changed planning at
the lower level. Local councils are addressing concrete
needs of communities”. Councils agreed to incorporate RA
plans into budgets where possible.
– Empowerment through closing knowledge gaps
• Resilience Assessments explain the rationale of pastoralist
planning
• Resource Mapping busts myth of destructive, unplanned resource
use
“The [livelihood dynamics] tools are very good because they directly
address climate change issues, while O&OD is very general and does
not necessarily identify adaptation needs. This project is strong
because it has involved all stakeholders. If strong accountability
guidelines can be implemented then an adaptation fund could really
do something good at the local level” – Participant, 2nd interdistrict
workshop on planning tools

39. Working paper (forthcoming)
• Broad participation – Dialogue and meaningful
participation
• Targeting Key influencers – DEDs, DC’s, Council
chairmen and convincing them helps to place
climate change on all the main agendas.

40. Synthesised Learning from 3 projects
• Land Use planning should go beyond the village. It is more powerful
backed by legal titling.
• However, Legal titling works, but is at risk to the village council. There is
a risk that these agreements can be nullified by political pressure .
Bringing the legal and the traditional together, but it has to be across
wider areas. The territorial spaces matter. Only the TL’s can secure this.
• Dialogue from the beginning (either advocacy and project design, is a
powerful apporach)
• Communities are very ready to adapt – are aware of the problems and
very willing to change – speed of change in village assemblies and decision
making demonstrates this
• Legal titling protects you from big investors and the government. But at
community level, all you seem to need is a land use plan backed by
demarcation, a willingness to prosecute migrants. So how do we know
which is more appropriate?
• Resource mapping as a very powerful tool

41. Synthesised Learning
• Use of Key decision points – UCT, Constitutional
Review Process, Budget
• To lobby about pastoralism, don’t talk about
pastoralism (in public). Focus on current issues –
climate change, gender, governance and resource
access. Constitutional changes focused on
indigenous rights and access to resources for all
groups
• The role of CSO’s at community level as trusted
bodies for training with access to the district

42. • Perception Change is highly valued as a route towards
creating an enabling enviornmen
– Training and advocacy backed by science and evidence does
lead to change
– Training is an opportunity to network groups together
– The combination of customary and formal, legal processes. Key
is finding the right balance. The law can be undermined
– Seek ownership – local district staff are generally keen to help, if
training makes their job easier. This can improve extension
services indirectly.
– Adaptation preferred actions = vegetables, house building
(settling and faeminf), cross breeding