1. Communities Combatting
Illegal Wildlife Trade
Online Learning Event Series
Event 7 of 7
©
Philip
J.
Briggs

2. Key Messages & Highlights
from the Series
©
Philip
J.
Briggs

3. IMPLEMENTER /
DESIGNER TOC
A. B. C. D.
COMMUNITY TOC
A. B. C. D.
3b. CONSTRUCT
IMPLEMENTER /
DESIGNER TOC
4a. COMMUNITY FIELDWORK
5. FEEDBACK WORKSHOP
KEY STAKEHOLDER
INTERVIEWS
4b. CONSTRUCT
COMMUNITY TOC
A. B. C. D.
BASELINE TOC
3a. IMPLEMENTER / DESIGNER
INTERVIEW
1. SCREENING /
SCOPING
2. INCEPTION
WORKSHOP
6. COMMUNICATE
LESSONS LEARNED
7. MONITOR &
ADAPT

4. What is the FLoD approach?
• A structured and iterative approach to articulate and
test assumptions of communities and implementers on
ways to combat IWT;
• A methodology to improve project outcomes and
interventions;
• An open-source methodology for practitioners;
• A tool to understand and articulate project logic and
underlying assumptions;
• A tool to identify what is working in a project; and
• A tool to identify potential flaws in logic and project
design

5. ….and what it isn’t
• For every place and every situation
• A blueprint for intervention or project design;
• An audit, assessment or evaluation of project
performance or achievement;
• A project intervention checklist; nor
• A methodology for beginner practitioners.

6. It can also effectively:
• Explore some of the site-specific drivers of IWT and
shed light on which community-based strategies for
addressing it are likely to be most effective;
• Enhance the achievement of outcomes or impacts;
• Help donors improve the effectiveness of investments
in combatting IWT;
• Provide lessons for other existing and new projects
currently being designed; and
• Provide lessons to help enhance the response to IWT
at local, national, regional and international levels.

7. The Basic Equation
BENEFITS
FROM
CONSERVING
WILDLIFE
COSTS OF
CONSERVING
WILDLIFE
BENEFITS
FROM
ENGAGING IN
IWT
COSTS OF
ENGAGING IN
IWT
>
Photo credits:H. Dublin
from Cooney et al 2016 Conservation Letters
NET BENEFITS OF CONSERVING NET BENEFITS OF POACHING
>

9. Highlights from Session 3
©
Philip
J.
Briggs

10. IMPLEMENTER /
DESIGNER TOC
A. B. C. D.
COMMUNITY TOC
A. B. C. D.
3b. CONSTRUCT
IMPLEMENTER /
DESIGNER TOC
4a. COMMUNITY FIELDWORK
5. FEEDBACK WORKSHOP
KEY STAKEHOLDER
INTERVIEWS
4b. CONSTRUCT
COMMUNITY TOC
A. B. C. D.
BASELINE TOC
3a. IMPLEMENTER / DESIGNER
INTERVIEW
1. SCREENING /
SCOPING
2. INCEPTION
WORKSHOP
6. COMMUNICATE
LESSONS LEARNED
7. MONITOR &
ADAPT

11. Define the
locality
Identify and gather context
⎼ Geographical / topographical
⎼ Administrative
⎼ Institutional
⎼ Cultural
⎼ Social
Define Community
- Existing management unit, e.g. conservancy
- Set of villages with shared characteristics
- Local community for a project being designed
- More complex communities may require
sampling approaches to achieve
representation

12. Assess feasibility
Site based criteria
Site is clearly defined (area, community, implementer /
designer)
The community has a role in facilitating or combatting
IWT
The site is secure enough to undertake fieldwork
It is logistically possible for the core team to move
around and for key stakeholder group representatives to
come together
The resources and infrastructure are present for
fieldwork, including access to electricity, a room that can
be made dark for projection, accommodation and other
working conditions for the team
Conditions allow the introduction of an impartial individual, team or
institution to implement the FLoD methodology
Implementers / designers, key stakeholders, and community members
are willing to engage with the core team to participate in the FLoD
methodology
Implementers / designers and communities are willing to articulate
ToCs
Implementers / designers are willing to adapt interventions based on
lessons emerging from the process
There is not a potentially unmanageable risk that by implementing the
methodology, you will create conflict with and between stakeholders
A skilled local language interpreter is available, independent from the
community, local partners or project designers
A long-term partner is in place that is willing and able to implement any
findings and recommendations from the full FLoD process.
There are adequate financial resources to implement the full
methodology
Process based criteria

13. Group listing of species/by-products in use

14. A.
Increase
costs of
participating
in IWT
C.
Decrease
costs of
living with
wildlife
D.
Increase
non-wildlife-
based
livelihoods
B.
Increase
incentives
for
stewardship

15. DECREASED PRESSURE ON SPECIES FROM
ILLEGAL WILDLIFE TRADE
.

16. FOR EACH
PATHWAY
ENABLING ACTIONS
INTERVENTIONS
OUTPUTS
PRIMARY OUTCOMES
ASSUMPTIONS
ASSUMPTIONS
ASSUMPTIONS
INTERIM OUTCOMES
ASSUMPTIONS

17. Stronger and more effective collaboration betweenwell-
capacitated community scoutsand well-trained formal
enforcement agencies
Reduced activeor tacit community supportfor poaching / trafficking for IWT
Strengthened community action against internal orexternal poachers/
traffickersengaged in IWT
Reduced poaching / trafficking for IWT by community
A-I
A-R
A-P
E
F
Formal and traditional disincentive mechanismsare
strengthened, socially acceptable, and applied
Social norms effectively imposed on individuals
engaged in poaching / trafficking for IWT
Reduced recruitmentofcommunity membersby poachers/ traffickers
engaged in IWT
e.g. Strengthentraditional sanctions
protecting wild plants &animals
e.g. Train & equipcommunity
members toact as effectivelaw
enforcementpartners
Reduced poaching / trafficking for IWT by outsiders

18. Step 1: Screening & Scoping

19. Highlights from Session 4
©
Philip
J.
Briggs

20. IMPLEMENTER /
DESIGNER TOC
A. B. C. D.
COMMUNITY TOC
A. B. C. D.
3b. CONSTRUCT
IMPLEMENTER /
DESIGNER TOC
4a. COMMUNITY FIELDWORK
5. FEEDBACK WORKSHOP
KEY STAKEHOLDER
INTERVIEWS
4b. CONSTRUCT
COMMUNITY TOC
A. B. C. D.
BASELINE TOC
3a. IMPLEMENTER / DESIGNER
INTERVIEW
1. SCREENING /
SCOPING
2. INCEPTION
WORKSHOP
6. COMMUNICATE
LESSONS LEARNED
7. MONITOR &
ADAPT

22. Reduced activeor tacit community supportfor poaching / trafficking for IWT
Strengthened community action against internal orexternal poachers/
traffickersengaged in IWT
Reduced poaching / trafficking for IWT by community
E
F
Reduced recruitmentofcommunity membersby poachers/ traffickers
engaged in IWT
Reduced poaching / trafficking for IWT by outsiders
PATHWAY C - DECREASE
COSTS OF LIVING WITH
WILDLIFE
e.g. Supportpractical approaches to deterringproblem animals
at thesitelevel
Costs to communities imposed by presence of
wildlife are reduced
Communities can mitigate conflict better
Decreased antagonismtoward wildlife
C-P
C-R
e.g. Supportinsurance,
compensationor offset
schemes thatreducethecost
of living with wildlife
e.g. Supportland useplanning
thatreduces thehuman-wildlife
interface
C-I
e.g. The full costs of living with wildlife are known and
can be quantified
e.g. Resources and tools are available to mitigate HWC
e.g. Communities with decreased antagonism towards
wildlife have a decreased incentive to directly or
indirectly support IWT.
e.g. Communities with greater ability to mitigate HWC
(resources, tools, policies) feel less antagonism towards
wildlife.
e.g. The relative risk of being apprehended, arrested or
prosecuted is not so low that it undermines community
action against IWT.

23. IMPLEMENTER /
DESIGNER TOC
A. B. C. D.
Decreased pressure on species
from illegal wildlife trade
COMMUNITYTOC
A. B. D.
C.
BASELINE TOC
A. B. C. D.
Decreased pressure on species
from illegal wildlife trade
PROCESS

24. Interviewing the implementer /
designer
Implementer /
Designer
FLoD Team

25. SERIES OF STATEMENTS

26. Developing the Implementer /
Designer ToC
IMPLEMENTER /
DESIGNER TOC
A. B. C. D.
Decreased pressure on species
from illegal wildlife trade
FLoD Team

27. Validating the Implementer /
Designer ToC
IMPLEMENTER /
DESIGNER TOC
A. B. C. D.
Decreased pressure on species
from illegal wildlife trade
Implementer /
Designer
FLoD Team

28. Key stakeholder interviews
Stakeholder information
For each stakeholder, mark whether they have knowledge (K), authority
(A) or influence (I) on each category
Scale Notes
Contact
name
Email/phone
Interview
location
Background,
context, data
Pathway A Pathway B Pathway C Pathway D
National
Regional
Local
Step 2: Inception Workshop
Practical information Information on area of ToC
National
Regional
Local
• Knowledge?
• Authority?
• Influence?

29. Highlights from Session 5
©
Philip
J.
Briggs

30. IMPLEMENTER /
DESIGNER TOC
A. B. C. D.
COMMUNITY TOC
A. B. C. D.
3b. CONSTRUCT
IMPLEMENTER /
DESIGNER TOC
4a. COMMUNITY FIELDWORK
5. FEEDBACK WORKSHOP
KEY STAKEHOLDER
INTERVIEWS
4b. CONSTRUCT
COMMUNITY TOC
A. B. C. D.
BASELINE TOC
3a. IMPLEMENTER / DESIGNER
INTERVIEW
1. SCREENING /
SCOPING
2. INCEPTION
WORKSHOP
6. COMMUNICATE
LESSONS LEARNED
7. MONITOR &
ADAPT

31. IMPLEMENTER /
DESIGNER TOC
A. B. C. D.
Decreased pressure on species
from illegal wildlife trade
COMMUNITYTOC
A. B. D.
C.
BASELINE TOC
A. B. C. D.
Decreased pressure on species
from illegal wildlife trade
PROCESS

32. Exploration of pathways and their
assumptions by focus group

33. YOUTH
Tangible:
• Employment (scouts)
• Tourism
• Scholarships / bursaries
• selling of beadwork
Intangible
• Conserve for future
generations
• Wildlife supports a
healthy environment
• elephants shake the
tree and share the pods
with the other animals
• lions manage the
population of
ungulates, allowing
grass to be used by
livestock
• seed dispersal

34. Iterative validation
Step 4: Community ToC

35. Pathway ranking by focus group

36. Whole community meeting
Step 4: Community ToC

37. There are legal markets for wildlife and wildlife
products (e.g. including tourism)
WOMEN MEN YOUTH
Disagree:
• There is demand for
some products, but we,
as a community, do not
wish to engage in it
because it will destroy
the habitat.
Strongly disagree:
• Viewing tourism is
possible, but not much
else.
• People can use some
resources (medicinal
plants) for themselves
but not sell to others.
• There is no legal
domestic market for
wildlife - if # of wildlife in
conservancy grows, we
can give to others but
not sell.
Strongly agree:
• Research and tourism
markets

38. Women
PathwayB – Wildlife-basedbenefits
Men
Youth
Legal markets
exist

39. Group discussions
(within and among
focus groups)

40. Pathway Ranking across Focus
Groups
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Pathway A Pathway B Pathway C Pathway D
Women
Men
Youth

41. Whole community pathway ranking

42. Key Messages from the Series
& Highlights from Sessions 6
©
Philip
J.
Briggs

43. IMPLEMENTER /
DESIGNER TOC
A. B. C. D.
COMMUNITY TOC
A. B. C. D.
3b. CONSTRUCT
IMPLEMENTER /
DESIGNER TOC
4a. COMMUNITY FIELDWORK
5. FEEDBACK WORKSHOP
KEY STAKEHOLDER
INTERVIEWS
4b. CONSTRUCT
COMMUNITY TOC
A. B. C. D.
BASELINE TOC
3a. IMPLEMENTER / DESIGNER
INTERVIEW
1. SCREENING /
SCOPING
2. INCEPTION
WORKSHOP
6. COMMUNICATE
LESSONS LEARNED
7. MONITOR &
ADAPT

44. Validating the Community ToC
• Have we got the story right?
• Has anything changed since our visit?
COMMUNITYTOC
A. B. D.
C.
FLoD Team
Community
+

45. Identification and discussion on
key differences and similarities
IMPLEMENTER /
DESIGNER TOC
A. B. C. D.
Decreased pressure on species from illegal wildlife
trade
COMMUNITYTOC
A. B. D.
C.

46. Explore and recommend the ways
forward
FLoD Team
Community
+ +
Implementer
/ Designer
+
Other stakeholders:
policy influencers, tourism operators Current / potential donors

47. Communicating lessons
learned – possible outputs
Outputs of the process could include:
• A resource for the community and implementers / designers
as they move forward with activities on the ground
• Fact sheets
• Case studies
• Policy briefs
• Case study on People not Poaching
• Journal articles
• Revised project implementation plans
It depends on the objectives of your implementation of
FLoD

48. Submitting a case study is
easy!
Download this template
from the People not
Poaching website or
email
olivia.wilsonholt@iied.org

49. 2.2 Implement
Actions
2.1 Plan
Actions
Transition
Zone
Ownership
transfer
2.3 Evaluate
Actions 3.2
Implement
Actions
3.4 Re-
contextualize
& Reconstruct
3.3 Evaluate
Actions
And on…
3.1 Re-contextualize
& Plan New Actions
Contextualize
&
Re-construct
Source: Modified from Rowe (2016)
A. B. C. D.
Decreased pressure on species from illegal
wildlife trade
Baseline ToC Adaptive process
FLoD Team Collective ownership
Adaptive management arising
from FLoD

50. Questions & Comments
©
Micah
Conw
ay

51. Using FLoD
to design IWT
projects from
scratch

52. IMPLEMENTER /
DESIGNER TOC
A. B. C. D.
Decreased pressure on species
from illegal wildlife trade
COMMUNITYTOC
A. B. D.
C.
BASELINE TOC
A. B. C. D.
Decreased pressure on species
from illegal wildlife trade

53. PARTNER TOC
A. B. D.
C.
BASELINE TOC
A. B. C. D.
JOINT TOC
A. B. C. D.
COMMUNITY TOC

54. Using FLoD
for different
challenges

55. Use of ToC for other types of
interventions….

56. Another example
• Make all use of Natural Resources (legal or
illegal / subsistence or commercial) sustainable

57. The Basic Equation still holds
BENEFITS
FROM
MANAGING
NATURAL
RESOURCES
COSTS OF
MANAGING
NATURAL
RESOURCES
BENEFITS FROM
UNSUSTAINABLE
NATURAL
RESROUCE USE
COSTS OF
ENGAGING IN
UNSUSTAINABLE
NATURAL
RESOURCE USE
>
Photo credits:H. Dublin
NET BENEFITS OF MANAGINGNR NET BENEFITS OF UNSUSTAINABLE USE
>

58. HOLLY TOC
DIANE TOC
JOINT TOC
A. B. C. D.
A. B. C. D.
A. B. C. D.

59. Pr ovide informationto
l ocal communities
r egarding species in legal
v s illegal tradeand
a ssociated penalties
Reg ulated collection of
t hatching grass inPark
“X”
M a kemicrofinance availableto
w omenin the community for self-
ow ned and run businesses
Incomes of community women cover
basic household food needs
Decreased antagonism toward wildlife
Reduced activeor tacit community participation in unsustainableuse ofNR
Strengthened community action against internal orexternal NR use that isunsustainable
Reduced unsustainable use by community
B-I
A-I C-I D-I
B-R
A-R
B-P C-P
C-R
E
INDICATIVE
ACTIONS
(EXAMPLES)
RESULTS
OVERALL
OUTCOMES
LONG-TERM
IMPACT
Viable non-wildlife-based livelihood
strategies in place and generating
enough income to substitute for income
from unsustainable use of NR
D-R
F
ENABLING
ACTIONS
PATHWAY
OUTCOMES
Formal and traditional knowledge &
disincentive mechanisms are
strengthened, accepted and applied
Communities make the link between
sustainable use and long-term benefits
Compileinformation on
a ny social sanctionsor
t aboos on key speciesin
use
Col laboratively set
sustainable quotas for
l egal offtakeof key
species
A l low communities to eat
t he meat of animals killed
on problem animal control
CROSS-CUTTING
OUTCOMES
Reduced unsustainable use by outsiders
Support development and implementation of policy and institutional frameworks for the equitable devolution ofuser rights over NR
Build community capacity andinstitutions
Fight corruptionand strengthengovernance
Analyseto better understand thedifferences in accrualof costs andbenefits at theindividualvs community level
Perception of losses to wildlife not
entirely negative
Communities gain tangible benefits from
sustainable NR use
Communities gain understanding of
formal penalties and traditional
sanctions around the illegal use of some
species
Pathway A. Increase
costs of
unsustainable use of
natural resources
Pathway B. Increase
incentives for
stewardship
Pathway C. Decrease
costs of living with
wildlife
Pathway D. Increase
non-wildlife-based
livelihoods

60. Pathway A. Increase costs of
unsustainable or illegal use of
wildlife
Pathway B. Increase
incentives for stewardship
Pathway C. Decrease costs of
living with wildlife
Pathway D. Increase non-
wildlife-based livelihoods
S t rengthen partnerships
between community
scouts and formal LE
a g encies
S upport other activities
t o generatelivelihoods
a nd other benefitsfrom
w i ld plants and animals
S upport practical approaches to
deterring problem animals at the site
l evel
S upport interventions to generate livelihood
options from non-wildlife-based activities
Stronger and more effective collaboration
between well-capacitated community scouts
and well-trained formal enforcement
agencies
Communities recognise and access
tangible and intangible benefits from
sustainable use of wild plants and
animals
Communities are more empowered
to manage and benefit from
sustainable use of wild plants and
animals
Costs to communities imposed by
presence of wildlife are reduced
Communities have a greater diversity of
non-wildlife-based livelihood options
Communities can mitigate conflict
better
Decreased antagonism toward wildlife
Reduced activeor tacit community supportfor illegal or unsustainableuse
Strengthened community action against illegal or unsustainableuse
Reduced unsustainable use by insiders or outsiders
B-I
A-I C-I D-I
B-R
A-R
B-P C-P
C-R
E
INDICATIVE
ACTIONS
(EXAMPLES)
RESULTS
OVERALL
OUTCOMES
LONG-TERM
IMPACT
Viable non-wildlife-based livelihood
strategies in place and generating
enough income to substitute for illegal or
unsustainable use of wildlife
D-R
F
ENABLING
ACTIONS
PATHWAY
OUTCOMES
Formal and traditional disincentive
mechanisms are strengthened, socially
acceptable and applied
Social norms effectively imposed on
individuals engaged in
poaching/trafficking for IWT
Communities value wild plants and
animals more as a result of increased
benefits
S t rengthen traditional
sanctions protecting wild
pl ants and animals
Recogniseand profile
effective community
approaches against
poa ching/trafficking for
IWT
S upport insurance,
compensation or offset
schemes that reduce the
cost of living with wildlife
CROSS-CUTTING
OUTCOMES
Tr ain and equip
community members to
a ct as effective law
enforcement (LE)
partners
Put in place community
monitoring systems to
t r ack illegal or
unsustainable use
S upport/reinvigorate
t r aditional valuesaround
w i ld plants and animals
Reduced illegal use by insiders or outsiders
S upport land use
pl anning that reduces
t he human-wildlife
i nterface
Generate/support paid
jobs for local peopleas
community scouts
Support development and implementation of legal and institutional frameworks for effective andfair wildlife protection, benefits and management
Build community capacity andinstitutions
Fight corruptionand strengthengovernance
Analyseto better understand thedifferences in accrualof costs andbenefits at theindividualvs community level

61. COMMUNITYTOC
PARTNER TOC
JOINT TOC
A. B. C. D.
A. B. C. D.
&
+ + +
A. B. C. D.

62. Questions & Comments
©
Micah
Conw
ay

63. What next
for FLoD?

64. Local Communities: First Line
of Defence (FLoD) against
illegal wildlife trade
An Implementation Guide
Local Communities: First Line
of Defence (FLoD) against
illegal wildlife trade
Training – Facilitation Guide
Guidance

65. Potential future activities
• Training of trainers
• Engaging regional
(national?) training
institutions
• Supporting roll out of
FLoD at site level

66. Don’t hesitate to be in touch!
holly.dublin@gmail.com
leo.niskanen@iucn.org
skinner.diane@gmail.com
dilys.roe@iied.org
olivia.wilsonHolt@iied.org
Learn more at:
• www.peoplenotpoaching.org
• www.iucn.org/flod

67. Thanks to our donors and
Thanks to all of you for joining us!
©
Philip
J.
Briggs