contemporary architect Norman Foster

1. AR. NORMAN FOSTER
NAME – DIPANNITA SAHA.
SIXTH SEM., B.ARCH.
USN – 2MB12AT006.
CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE.
M.S.I.A.A, VIJAYAPURA.
GUIDED BY : AR. CHAHAT SHEIKH

2. INTRODUCTION
• Norman Foster was born in Manchester, England in 1935.
• He went to private school and grammar school but left early to earn a living.
• After leaving school he worked for two years in the city treasurer’s office, studied
• commercial law.
• He entered Manchester University School of Architecture and City Planning when he
was 21 (1956) and graduated in 1961.
• Later he got a fellowship at Yale School of Architecture, and completed his masters
under Richard Rogers, also his future business partner.
• In 1953 he served the Royal Air Force, driven by his passion for Aircrafts
• In 1963 he set up practice in United Kingdom, under the name of Team 4,which later
became Foster+ Partners.
• He is one of the most High Tech architects of present time.
• Foster Associates (now known as Foster and Partners) was founded in 1967 and now
has offices in London, Berlin, and Singapore, with over 500 employees worldwide.
• Foster and Partners has received over 190 awards and haswon over 50 national and
international competitions.
• In 1999 he was was awarded the 21st Pritzker Architecture Prize Laureate.
• Worked at treasurer’s office at Town hall.

3. AWARDS AND RECOGNITION
• Foster was Knighted in 1990. Also he was made life peer in 1999-as Lord Baron Foster of
Thames Bank.
• In 1994- awarded the AIA Gold Medal
• Second British architect to have won Sterling Prize twice.
• Awarded the Pritzker Prize in 1999
• In 2009 – Prince of Asturias Award, for Arts
• Received Aga Khan Award for Architecture
And is a fellow of the Chartered Society of Designers
He has received numerous more awards and recognition for his works over his lifetime.

4. 1969–1971, Fred. Olsen Lines terminal, London Docklands, UK
1970–1971, IBM Pilot Head Office, Cosham, Portsmouth, UK
1971–1975, Willis Faber and Dumas Headquarters, Ipswich, UK
1974–1978, Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts at the University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
1979–1986, HSBC Main Building, Hong Kong
1992, Torre de Collserola, Barcelona, Spain
1984–1993, Carré d'Art, Nîmes, France1994, Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
1988–1995, Metro of Bilbao, Spain
1995, Faculty of Law, Cambridge
1995–1997, The Clyde Auditorium, part of the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre in Glasgow, Scotland
1996, National Sea Life Centre, Birmingham, UK
1991–1997, Commerzbank Tower, Frankfurt, Germany
1992–1998, Hong Kong International Airport, Chek Lap Kok, Hong Kong
1999, Redevelopment of the Great Court of the British Museum, London, UK
2000, Greater London Authority Building (London City Hall), London, UK
1996–2000, Millennium Bridge, London, UK
2001, Expo MRT Station, Singapore
2001, Al Faisaliyah Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
2001, J Sainsbury headquarters, Holborn Circus, London, UK
1999–2001, Lionel Robbins Building renovation, British Library of Political and Economic Science, London School
of Economics, London, UK
2002, 8 Canada Square (HSBC Group Head Office), London, UK
2003, Universiti Teknologi Petronas main campus, Malaysia
1997–2004, 30 St Mary Axe, Swiss Re London headquarters, London, UK
2004, The Sage Gateshead, Gateshead, UK
2004, Moor House, London, UK
2004, McLaren Technology Centre, Woking, UK
2004, Tanaka Business School, Imperial College London, UK
2004, The Millau Viaduct, near Millau, France
LIST OF PROJECTS DONE BY NORMAN FOSTER

5. 2005, Supreme Court Building, Singapore
2005, Western Årsta Bridge, Stockholm, Sweden
2005, National Police Memorial, The Mall, London, UK
2005, The Philological Library at the Free University of Berlin, Germany
2005, Deutsche Bank Place, Sydney, Australia (the first Sir Norman Foster building in the Southern Hemisphere)
2002–2006, Dresden Hauptbahnhof reconstruction, Dresden, Germany
2006, Hearst Tower,[2] New York City, United States
2006, Leslie L. Dan Pharmacy Building[3] at the University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
2006, Palace of Peace and Reconciliation,[4] Astana, Kazakhstan
2002–2007, Wembley Stadium, London, UK
2004–2007, The Willis Building, City of London, UK
2005–2007, Thomas Deacon Academy
2007, International Terminal, Beijing Capital International Airport, Beijing, China
2006–2008, John Spoor Broome Library, California State University Channel Islands, United States.
2004–2008, Torre Caja Madrid, Madrid, Spain
2010, Art of the Americas Wing at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
2003–2010 Florence TAV Station, Florence, Italy
2006-2010 Khan Shatyr Entertainment Center in Astana, Kazakhstan.
2004-2011 The Troika [2], Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (2004–2009)
2007–2011 The Bow, Calgary, Canada
2002–2013 Lenbachhaus, Munich, Germany
2013, Ombrelle, Old Port, Marseille, France.[6]
2014, Edward P. Evans Hall, School of Management, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
2014, Apple Store, Zorlu Center, Istanbul [7]
2014, Yacht Club de Monaco, Monte Carlo, Monaco
LIST OF PROJECTS DONE BY NORMAN FOSTER

6. PHILOSOPHY
“THE BEST ARCHITECTURE COMES FROM A
SYNTHESIS OF ALL THE
ELEMENTS THAT SEPARATELY COMPRISE A
BUILDING…” - FOSTER
•The structure that holds it up;
•The services that allow it to work;
• The ecology of the building –
-Naturally ventilated, whether you can open the windows,
the quality of light;
•The materials used, their mass or their lightness;
•The character of the spaces;
•The relationship of the buildings to the skyline or streetscape;
•The way in which the building signals its presence in the city or the countryside.
•“The quality of our surroundings has a direct influence on the quality of our lives”.
•He believes that “Architecture is generated by the needs of people, both material and
spiritual”.
•The process of ‘reinvention’ distinguishes all of his work – past and present – and rests
on a duty to design well and to design responsibly – whether that is at the scale of an
airport or a door handle.
•He anticipated trends like energy conservation and ecological impacts, pioneering
design solutions that use totally renewable sources of energy and offer dramatic
reductions in CO2 emissions. Environmental awareness is an integral part of his design
as it evolves to meet the challenges of the next forty years

7. •Sir Norman Foster’s buildings have dynamic appearance and
yet very environmentally aware.
•Designs are environmentally friendly.
His design process includes ways to reduce elements that are
harmful to the environment such as carbon dioxide emissions,
greenhouse gases and fuel consumption.
• Each detail is carefully planned ,space is always taken into
consideration.
• Foster’s designs have many bold shapes and uses colour to
enhance and emphasize his work includes
- everything from door handles and tables to airports,
bridges, and office buildings.
•He doesn’t limit himself in the design world to just one field,
• Works on small as well as big projects and the big projects
become famous .
• Foster’s advances in the design has allowed him to alter many
architectural rules.
DESIGN ELEMENTS…
High-tech:
using high-tech equipment and
pushing the edge of structural engineering, he is able to push
the edge of architectural designing. High-tech buildings are
more flexible, and thus more distinctive.
A high-tech building, is also energy efficient

8. Light :
•Through harnessing and collection of light, individuals feel close
to nature.
•Consideration of light and its effects on the
structure.
•His commercial buildings have a central
atrium that draws light to the core of the building.
•Believes light has a healing function,
-one that keeps individuals sane in a busy modern world.
•In Reichstag, Foster uses light to remind German citizens
that building serves as their democratic center.
•The Willis-Faber & Dumas building’s walls of glass
become transparent at night, allowing outsiders to see inside.
Layers:
• Foster likes to play with different layers sending
message.
•The Reichstag has public viewing areas
above political buildings to send the message
that- politics should work to support the citizen.
•Reichstag also layers the idea of old and new,
DESIGN ELEMENTS…

9. LANDMARK DESIGNS
The Gherkin (Skyscrapers can be eco-friendly)
• Iconic symbol of London at 180 meters. and is one of the city's most widely recognised examples of modern
architecture.
• “Gherkin” meaning a cucumber denotes the unusual shape of the building.
• Gaps in each floor create six air shafts that serve as a natural ventilation system for the entire building.
• Diamond shaped scaly façade is another in genuine design, which gives a shimmering crystal image, very elegant
design.
• The triangulated perimeter also provides enough stiffness to the building to resist high wind turbulence at greater
height, also the slender shape provides minimum resistance to winds.
• The narrower base is in line with the narrow London roads, which does not make the building massive or imposing,
even after its huge scale
H
I
S
W
O
R
K
S

10. Tower's topmost panoramic dome, known as
the "lens“ offers a magnificent view of the
city. The only curved piece of glass in the
building.
Bar for tenants and guests at 40th floor. Was
achieved by stopping the main lift at 34th
floor. And connecting a push-from-below lift
till 39th floor, so as to maintain a hindrance
free flat surface at the topmost floor.
•Giant double glazed structure lets
natural light in, enhancing the
work environment and reducing
lighting costs.
•Energy-saving methods which
allow it to use half the power a
similar tower would typically
consume
• External skeleton of the building is
made of cross-linked steel pieces,
which are then clad by the diamond-
shaped double glazing.
• Masterpiece in skyscraper architecture.
• Voted as the most admired new
building in the world.
H
I
S
W
O
R
K
S

11. H
I
S
W
O
R
K
S
PLANS

12. HONG KONG AND SHANGHAI BANK
•He wanted to create a building that was not solely a bank
• Wanted change in current trend of building skyscrapers.
• Hated the idea of a central service core, pushing service
areas to the edge of the building in his design.
•Structural steel frames supported the floors.
• Positioning of elevators, banking halls and atrium done in
accordance with feng-shui .
• The atrium pulls light into the heart of the building and
pushes it through the building, penetrating all spaces.
•Foster pushed the elevators to the very edge of the
building, thus opening interior space and allowing more
flexibility.
•Glass and steel appearance from interior and exterior.
KANAWA HOUSE
•Installation of series of louvers in the ceiling
• The louvers have the capability to track the sun’s
movement
•This quality of light and shadow is found in the adjustable
ceiling, allowing for wide variations in the appearance of
the interior.
•The louvers can be fully opened, and the ceiling becomes
a window,
• The result is a house that mixes Japanese spirit with
Western technology.
•For this design Foster studied traditional Japanese house
designs and synthesized traditional and high-tech
elements.
H
I
S
W
O
R
K
S

13. • It was opened in 1894 and housed the Reichstag until 1933
when it was severely damaged in a fire.
•After World War II, It was rendered useless.
The ruined building was made safe against the elements and
partially refurbished in the 1960s, but no attempt at full
restoration was made until after German reunification on
October 3, 1990.
THE RIECHSTAG
• The building was then renovated by Norman Foster.
• This time his architecture was about power.
• Norman foster creates a landmark of cultures of very
different times to express who or what they are through
his architecture.
• The dome that he created above the Reichstag building
was a symbol of the reunified Germany.
• It stood for the democracy and unity of the new nation.
• The futuristic and transparent design of the
Reichstag dome makes it a unique landmark, and
symbolizes Berlin's attempt to move away from a
past of Nazism and instead towards a future with a
heavier emphasis on a united, democratic Germany
H
I
S
W
O
R
K
S

14. • He proposed something that would work
with the ecology of the building
• It would work with the winds, would draw
sun in, would have shade.
• It would also celebrate, a processional
route to the summit, for the visitors who
come to the cupola.
• The Dome symbolizes that the people are
above the government.
The challenges met by Foster were
• To restore damage
• To take what was left of the old building and
make it look new again.
• To show what once happened to the building,
to show it’s history
• He handles this very sensitively.
• He kept the Russian soldiers, sometimes
obscene messages, written on the stone walls.
• Since it was a part of the German history, a part
of that building, which should not be wiped
out.
H
I
S
W
O
R
K
S

15. ROOF -
• it is having the symbolic import of unification,
ecological function by collecting and conserving solar
energy and also handling natural ventilation
• Obsession with light
• This dome funnels light into the building during the
daytime.
• Dome is completely transparent ,suggesting that
democracy should be transparent and
inviting.
H
I
S
W
O
R
K
S
USE OF HIGH-TECHNOLOGY
• All of the elements in the building were computer tested and even the dome was
subjected to computer wind simulations in order to maximize space and minimize
excess.
• Its power station also burns a special linseed fuel mixture, based on corn oil, not
fossil fuels, minimizing energy consumption.
•At night the mirrors, which bring daylight into the chamber work in reverse by acting
as a signal on the skyline to show that Parliament was in session.

16. H
I
S
W
O
R
K
S
VIEWS

17. The tallest building in Europe, demonstrates that sustainable energy
conscious design is possible at the scale of the skyscraper.
Development of plan -
•The plan of the tower is triangular, giving the form of three “petals” with a central “stem.”
•central atrium space.
•layout includes a core area for circulation, mechanical, and other basic building needs.
•core functions were pushed to the outer corners of the building to make way for the atrium space.
•brings light directly to the interior offices and the heart of the structure.
COMMERZ BANK , FRANKFURT ,GERMANY
H
I
S
W
O
R
K
S
PLAN

18. Winter Gardens
•The winter gardens in this building provide
a great number of functions.
•The stacked gardens allow ventilation through the atrium
•Natural light is brought directly to the center of the building
•Offices facing the center of the building are provided light and
exterior views through the gardens.
•And finally, the garden spaces provide a much more green, natural
space .
•Foster wanted to emphasize the difference between the office levels
and the garden levels, so the exterior walls surrounding the gardens
have a different window cladding system.
•Venetian blinds, the windows act as a passive cooling device, saving
on air-conditioning costs.
H
I
S
W
O
R
K
S

19. H
I
S
W
O
R
K
S
ELEVATIONSECTION

20. •The distinctive outer shell and unique framework.
•10 storey building.
•Oval form enables the building to perform consuming
only the minimum amount of energy necessary.
•Use of steel
formwork for the
slab results in a
reduction of costs
in construction
waste.
•The inclined steel column system
-cost effectiveness,
-simplicity,
-easily constructed
•Circular steel columns 508 mm in diameter are lined up on top
of each other connection from floor to floor and are angled to
line up with the floor plate
LONDON CITY HALL
H
I
S
W
O
R
K
S

21. •The roof of City Hall is provided with a completed
installation of photovoltaic solar panels.
• Running along the interior atrium is a stepped ramp
which continues spiraling up above the debating
chamber.
H
I
S
W
O
R
K
S

22. H
I
S
W
O
R
K
S
PLANS

23. H
I
S
W
O
R
K
S
SECTION

24. Masdar City is more than a concept – it is
happening. Phase One of Masdar City has now
begun – The Masdar Institute of Science and
Technology is underway and reaching
completion.
MASDAR CITY
is a ground breaking new design by Foster in Abu
Dhabi, the capital of the United Arab Emirates (UAE),
With city planning focused on providing all of the
modern conveniences, services and benefits of living in
one of the great cities of the world, but in a 100%
carbon-neutral environment.

25. WILLIS FABER AND DUMAS BUILDING, IPSWICH
AMERICAN AIR MUSEUM
CLYDE AUDITORIUM

26. STATUS COMPLETE
TYPE COMMERCIAL OFFICES
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE STRUCTURAL EXPRESSIONISM
LOCATION
1 QUEEN'S ROAD CENTRAL
CENTRAL, HONG KONG
COORDINATES
22°16′48″N 114°9′34″E
/ 22.28000°N
114.15944°ECOORDINATES
22°16′48″N 114°9′34″E
/ 22.28000°N 114.15944°E
CONSTRUCTION STARTED 1983
COMPLETED 1985
COST US$780 MILLION
HEIGHT
ROOF 178.8 M (586.6 FT)
TECHNICAL DETAILS
FLOOR COUNT 44
FLOOR AREA 99,000 M2 (1,065,627 SQ FT)
LIFTS/ELEVATORS 28
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
ARCHITECT FOSTER AND PARTNERS
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER
OVE ARUP & PARTNERS
CLEVELAND BRIDGE LTD.
QUANTITY SURVEYOR WT PARTNERSHIP
MAIN CONTRACTOR WIMPEY INTERNATIONAL
HONG KONG SHANGHAI BANK
INTRODUCTION
THE FIRST HSBC (THEN KNOWN AS THE HONG KONG AND SHANGHAI BANKING
COMPANY LIMITED) BUILDING WAS WARDLEY HOUSE, USED AS HSBC OFFICE BETWEEN
1865 TO 1882 ON THE PRESENT SITE. IN 1864 THE LEASE COST HKD 500 A MONTH. AFTER
RAISING A CAPITAL OF HKD 5 MILLION, THE BANK OPENED ITS DOOR IN 1865. IT WAS
DEMOLISHED IN 1886 AND REBUILT IN THE SAME YEAR.

27. DESIGN
• THE NEW BUILDING WAS DESIGNED BY THE BRITISH ARCHITECT LORD NORMAN FOSTER
AND CIVIL & STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS OVE ARUP & PARTNERS WITH SERVICE DESIGN BY J.
ROGER PRESTON & PARTNERS, AND WAS CONSTRUCTED BY WIMPEY INTERNATIONAL.
• FROM THE CONCEPT TO COMPLETION, IT TOOK SEVEN YEARS (1978–1985).
• THE BUILDING IS 180 METRES HIGH WITH 47 STOREYS AND FOUR BASEMENT LEVELS.
• THE BUILDING HAS A MODULAR DESIGN CONSISTING OF FIVE STEEL MODULES
PREFABRICATED IN THE UK BY SCOTT LITHGOW SHIPBUILDERS NEAR GLASGOW, AND
SHIPPED TO HONG KONG. ABOUT 30,000 TONS OF STEEL AND 4,500 TONS OF
ALUMINIUM WERE USED.
• THE ORIGINAL DESIGN WAS HEAVILY INSPIRED BY THE DOUGLAS GILLING DESIGNED
QANTAS INTERNATIONAL CENTRE IN SYDNEY (CURRENTLY KNOWN AS SUNCORP PLACE)
CHARACTERISTICS
• THE MAIN CHARACTERISTIC OF HSBC HONG KONG HEADQUARTERS IS ITS ABSENCE OF INTERNAL
SUPPORTING STRUCTURE.
• ANOTHER NOTABLE FEATURE IS THAT NATURAL SUNLIGHT IS THE MAJOR SOURCE OF LIGHTING INSIDE THE
BUILDING. THERE IS A BANK OF GIANT MIRRORS AT THE TOP OF THE ATRIUM, WHICH CAN REFLECT
NATURAL SUNLIGHT INTO THE ATRIUM AND HENCE DOWN INTO THE PLAZA.
• THROUGH THE USE OF NATURAL SUNLIGHT, THIS DESIGN HELPS TO CONSERVE ENERGY.
• ADDITIONALLY, SUN SHADES ARE PROVIDED ON THE EXTERNAL FACADES TO BLOCK DIRECT SUNLIGHT
GOING INTO THE BUILDING AND TO REDUCE HEAT GAIN. INSTEAD OF FRESH WATER, SEA WATER IS USED AS
COOLANT FOR THE AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM.
•ALL FLOORING IS MADE FROM LIGHTWEIGHT MOVABLE PANELS, UNDER WHICH LIES A COMPREHENSIVE
NETWORK OF POWER, TELECOMMUNICATION, AND AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS. THIS DESIGN WAS TO
ALLOW EQUIPMENT SUCH AS COMPUTER TERMINALS TO BE INSTALLED QUICKLY AND EASILY.
INTELLIGENT LIGHTING IS DISTRIBUTED ACROSS SIX SECTIONS OF THE BUILDING:
• VERTICAL LADDER TRUSSES
• EXOSKELETON: INNER + OUTER
• REFUGE FLOORS
• NORTHWEST STAIRWELL
• EASTERN STAIRWELLS
• ROOF BUILDING MAINTENANCE UNITS
• HSBC HAS ALWAYS AIMED TO ADOPT A NEW LIGHTING SCHEME BECAUSE
FOSTER DID NOT PAY MUCH ATTENTION TO THE ILLUMINATION OF THE
BUILDING AT NIGHTTIME

28. PLANS

29. PLANS

30. SECTION
SKETCHES
ELEVATION

31. C
O
N
S
T
R
U
C
T
I
O
N

32. C
O
N
S
T
R
U
C
T
I
O
N

33. V
I
E
W
S

34. PROJECT DESCRIPTIONS :
APPOINTMENT: 1980
COMPLETION: 1982
AREA: 25 000M²
HEIGHT: 10 M
CAPACITY: 250
CLIENT: RENAULT UK LTD
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER: OVE ARUP & PARTNERS
QUANTITY SURVEYOR: DAVIS BELFIELD & EVEREST
M+E ENGINEER: FOSTER ASSOCIATES
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT: TECHNICAL LANDSCAPES LTD
AWARDS
EUROPEAN AWARD FOR INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE,
HANOVER – FIRST PRIZE,
'FINANCIAL TIMES' ‘ARCHITECTURE AT WORK’ AWARD
DESCRIPTION
• THE RENAULT CENTRE HAS BEEN DESCRIBED AS THE PRACTICES MOST
PLAYFUL STRUCTURE.
• THE CENTRE WAS COMMISSIONED AS THE FRENCH CAR
MANUFACTURERS MAIN UK DISTRIBUTION FACILITY.
• IN ADDITION TO WAREHOUSING, IT INCLUDES A SHOWROOM,
TRAINING SCHOOL, WORKSHOPS, OFFICES AND A STAFF RESTAURANT.
• THE NOTION THAT GOOD DESIGN PAYS HAS ALMOST BECOME A
CLICH, BUT IN THIS CASE IT IS QUANTIFIABLE: ON THE STRENGTH OF
THE DESIGN, SUPPORTIVE LOCAL PLANNERS INCREASED THEIR SITE
DEVELOPMENT LIMIT FROM 50 TO 67 PER CENT, ALLOWING A FLOOR
AREA OF 25,000 SQUARE METRES.
• THIS IS HOUSED WITHIN A SINGLE ENCLOSURE SUPPORTED BY
BRIGHTLY COLOURED TUBULAR MASTS AND ARCHED STEEL BEAMS,
FORMING A STRIKING SILHOUETTE WITHIN ITS SURROUNDING
LANDSCAPE.
• THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM THAT REPEATS ITSELF TO FORM THIS
EXTERNAL OUTLINE IS BASED AROUND A 24 BY 24 METRE BAY A MUCH
LARGER THAN USUAL PLANNING MODULE DEVELOPED SO AS TO
MAXIMISE THE PLANNING FLEXIBILITY OF THE INTERNAL SPACES.
• THIS EXPANSIVE HORIZONTAL SPAN IS COMBINED WITH AN
INTERNAL CLEAR HEIGHT OF 7.5 METRES, ALLOWING THE CENTRE TO
ACCOMMODATE A RANGE OF USES FROM INDUSTRIAL WAREHOUSE
RACKING TO ITS SUBDIVISION INTO OFFICE FLOORS.
• ENVELOPED BY A CONTINUOUS PVC MEMBRANE ROOF, PIERCED BY
GLASS PANELS AT EACH MAST, THE BUILDING IS ALSO STEPPED AT ONE
END, NARROWING TO A SINGLE, OPEN BAY THAT FORMS A PORTE-
COCHRE ALONGSIDE A DOUBLE-HEIGHT GALLERY.
RENAULT DISTRIBUTION CENTRE

35. C
O
N
S
T
R
U
C
T
I
O
N

36. S
K
E
T
C
H
E
S

37. S
K
E
T
C
H
E
S

38. “THE BEST ARCHITECTURE COMES FROM A
SYNTHESIS OF ALL THE
ELEMENTS THAT SEPARATELY COMPRISE A
BUILDING…” - FOSTER
QUOTES…

39. •ENVIRONMENTALLY AWARE IN DESIGNS AND CREATES ECOLOGICALLY
SENSITIVE BUILDINGS.
•HE USES LINES TO FORM ORGANIC SHAPES.
SKELETON OF THE OUTSIDE OF THE BUILDING IS VISIBLE TO THE EYE
RATHER THAN HIDING IT .
• MANY SPACES INSIDE ARE ENCLOSED IN GLASS AND ALMOST CAUSE
YOU TO FEEL AS THOUGH YOU ARE OUTSIDE.
•PUTS A LOT OF THOUGHT INTO-
HOW HIS DESIGNS WILL MAKE US FEEL ONCE YOU’RE INTERACTING
WITH THEM THROUGH THE USE OF DIFFERENT MATERIALS AND THE
SPACE OF AN AREA
•MANY OF HIS DESIGNS HAVE BEEN NAMED AS A“LANDMARK”
CONCLUSION