Postmodern architecture is a reaction and evolution to the modern architecture that came before it. Not only did designers begin to make use of new innovations, but at the same time they appropriated design elements from the past. Buildings became an eclectic mix of old and new as the old "Form follows function" mantra was forgotten. One of the iconic postmodern examples is the Sony Building in New York City. As with many cultural movements, some of postmodernism's most pronounced and visible ideas can be seen in architecture. The functional and formalized shapes and spaces of the modernist movement are replaced by aesthetics: form is adopted for its own sake, and new ways of viewing familiar styles and space abound. Classic examples of modern architecture are the Lever House and the Seagram Building in commercial space, and the architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright or the Bauhaus movement in private or communal spaces. Transitional examples of postmodern architecture are the Portland Building in Portland, Oregon and the Sony Building in New York City, which borrows elements and references from the past and reintroduces color and symbolism to architecture.

1. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE-VI
Post modernism/Neo Modernism:
I.M Pei, Frank O Gehry,Richard Neutra
Submitted By-
Garima (1304011)
Monika (1304019)
Rohan (1304030)
Suchar (1304040)

2. Introduction
• Postmodern architecture is a reaction and evolution to the modern architecture that
came before it. Not only did designers begin to make use of new innovations, but at
the same time they appropriated design elements from the past. Buildings became an
eclectic mix of old and new as the old "Form follows function" mantra was forgotten.
One of the iconic postmodern examples is the Sony Building in New York City.
• As with many cultural movements, some of postmodernism's most pronounced and
visible ideas can be seen in architecture. The functional and formalized shapes and
spaces of the modernist movement are replaced by aesthetics: form is adopted for its
own sake, and new ways of viewing familiar styles and space abound.
• Classic examples of modern architecture are the Lever House and the Seagram
Building in commercial space, and the architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright or the
Bauhaus movement in private or communal spaces.
• Transitional examples of postmodern architecture are the Portland Building in
Portland, Oregon and the Sony Building in New York City, which borrows elements and
references from the past and reintroduces color and symbolism to architecture.
Post modernism

3. Examples of modern Architecture
Lever house, New York Seagram building, New York

4. Examples of Post-modern Architecture
Portland Building, Portland Sony Building,New York

5. Ieoh Ming Pei
(A Master Of Modern Architecture)
• I.M Pei was born in 1917 in Guangzhou
(Canton), China
• He was a chinese American Architect.
• Pei has remained a modernist throughout
his career.
• He received a Bachelor of Architecture degree
from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in
1940 .
• In 1955 he formed the partnership of I. M. Pei
& Associates, which became I. M. Pei &
Partners in 1966 and Pei Cobb Freed &
Partners in 1989.
• He received the 1968 Architectural Firm Award of the American Institute of
Architects, the highest honor bestowed on an architectural practice by the
Institute.
• In late 1990, after more than four decades of practice, Mr. Pei retired from the
firm in order to pursue smaller projects of personal interest.

6. • Pei’s style is described as throughly modernist , with significant cubist themes.
• He is known for combining traditional architectural elements with progressive
designs based on simple geometric patterns.
• Pei’s work is celebrated throughout the world of architecture.
• His concepts, moreover, are too individualized .
Style

7. • The Louvre Pyramid (1989).
• Bank of china tower (1982-1990)
• John Hancock Tower, in Boston (1976)
• East Building, National Gallery of Art (1979)
• Miho museum.
• Luce Memorial Chapel (1963)
• Dallas, Texas City Hall (1972)
Famous Projects

8. The Louvre Pyramid
• The Louvre Pyramid (Pyramide du Louvre) is a large glass and metal pyramid
designed by Chinese American architect I.M. Pei.
• The Louvre Pyramid was built as part of a project known as the Grand Louvre to
expand and modernize The Louvre Museum.
• The large pyramid serves as the main entrance to the Louvre Museum Completed
in 1989,it has become a landmark of the city of Paris.
• It was one of the most controversial of President Mitterrands´ Grand Projets in
Paris.

9. Design
• The pyramid is rather modest in size compared to the surrounding palace wings of
the Louvre.
• It has a height of about 22 meters (72ft) and at its base measures just over 35 meters
(116ft).
• It surrounded by three smaller pyramids, and reflecting pools with modern fountains
in the main courtyard (Cour Napoléon) of the Louvre Palace (Palais du Louvre) in
Paris.
• Much effort was made to make the pyramid as transparent as possible.
• The 675 diamond – shaped and 118 triangular panes were specifically fabricated to
make them completely clear.
• Attention was also paid to the 128 steel girders and 16 steel cables that hold the
panes together.

10. • The pyramid and the underground lobby beneath it were created because of series of
problems with the Louvre’s original main entrance, which could no longer handle an
enormous number of visitors on an everyday basis.
• Visitors entering through the pyramid descend into the spacious lobby then re-ascend
into the main Louvre building.
• Several other museums have duplicated this concept, most notably the Museum of
Science and Industry in Chicago.

11. The Inverted Pyramid
• In 1993 the underground area expanded with the opening of a modern shopping
mall, the Carrousel du Louvre.
• It is anchored by an inverted glass pyramid, known as the pyramide Inversee
(Inverted Pyramid), which nicely complements the Louvre Pyramid.
• The pyramid was designed by the american architecture firm of Pei Cobb Freed &
Partners, who created a smaller version of Pei’s pyramid, turned it upside down right
and suspended it right above a small stone pyramid
• It functions as a skylight in an underground mall in front of the museum.
PLAN

12. PLAN
SECTION

13. • The Bank of China Tower is one of the most recognisable skyscrapers in Hongkong ,China.
• Designed by Pritzker Prize- winning architect I.M. Pei.
• The building; highest point is at 288 meters, the last terrace at 305 meters and then has
two masts that reach the maximum height of 367.4 meters.
• The 72-story building is located near Central MTR station.
• This was the tallest building in Hong Kong and Asia from 1990 to 1992.
• It is now the fourth tallest skyscraper in Hong Kong, after International Commerce
Centre, Two International Finance Centre and Central Plaza.
• The building consists of four triangular towers of glass and aluminum, all of varying
heights, emerging from a triumphal podium of beautiful granite.
Bank of China Tower

14. Concept
• Its triangular structure of glass and aluminum evokes shoots of bamboo leaves, which
represent prosperity in China and the sustenance of life.
Spaces
• The sloping terraces allow a more natural lighting and therefore require less energy for
artificial lighting.
• The interior has provisions for flexible spaces and offices of the Bank.
Structure
• The Tower is composed of four towers of triangular shape that evoke the bamboo
leaves, Chinese symbol of prosperity and livelihood.
• The whole structure is supported by five steel columns, four in the corners of the
building and one in the center, which together bear the weight and forces.
• The towers are lifted to different heights and the loads of the central column are
directed to those found in the corners, forming a triangular frame. This allows the
architect to design a lighter structure, because the diagonal elements required are less
important, while the three-dimensional internal structure provides a clear floor that
allows for future changes in the disposition of their use, thus saving energy and
resources.

15. Materials
• The main structural elements are the vertical and horizontal steel members. Reinforced
concrete also plays a role.
• The entire building is covered with silver-blue reflective glass framed in aluminum. Such
a skin not only reflects the changing images of the sky and the city, but it also absorbs
sunlight so that energy consumption for lighting and heating costs are reduced.
Typical Floor Plan, Floors 51-66 Typical Floor Plan, Floors 38-50 Typical Floor Plan, Floors 20-37

16. Assumed First Floor Structural Plan
Assumed Cross Section of
Building
(Outer thick lines and
central line represent
major structural support
columns. Horizontal lines
represent each floor
approximately.)

17. Northwest Elevation Southeast Elevation
Massing model showing the shape of the Bank of China Tower

18. • The National Gallery of Art's East Building designed by an architect ‘I.M.Pei and his design
team and a representation of the three-dimensional model for the project.
• It is rigorously geometrical, dividing the trapezoidal shape of the site into two triangles:
one isosceles and the other a smaller right triangle.
• The isosceles triangle houses the museum’s public functions.
• The right triangle works as a study center.
• The building's most dramatic feature is its high atrium designed as an open interior court,
it is enclosed by a sculptural space frame spanning 16,000 square feet (1,500 m2).
• This is made in pink tennesee marble which gives a pleasing visual effect at night.
National Gallery Of Art’s East Builading

19. • To emphase the sharp angles, though, lighter stone was used for the vertical corners.
• The atrium is centered on the same axis that forms the circulation spine for the west
building .
• The atrium has pyramidal skylights.
Interior view
Detail of a corner

20. Satellite image of National Gallery of Art grounds and surrounding streets
East building Plan

21. • The Miho Museum stands deep in the forested hill west of central Koka.
• It was designed by the renowned architect, I. M. Pei.
• It is named after Koyama Mihoko, one of the richest women in Japan and the founder of
the museum.
• The most interesting aspect of the museum is the design of its structures and how they
are integrated into their natural surroundings.
• This is highlighted in the museum's approach which leads through a mixture of man-
made and natural environments.
• The inside of the museum continues this theme by contrasting steel and glass with
warm stone and panoramic views of the surrounding valleys.
Miho Museum

22. • He was born on 28 february, 1929 in Toronto,
Ontario, Canada.
• At the age of 17, he moved with his family to
Los Angeles, California and studied architecture
at the University of Southern California.
• Later, he studied city Planning at Harvard University.
• He established his own firm in 1962 in Los Angeles.
• Since that time, he has designed public and private buildings in America, Japan and
Europe.
• Gehry’s work has earned him several of the most significant awards in the architectural
field. Including the Pritzker Architectural Prize.
Frank Owen Goldberg
(Frank O Gehry)

23. • Gehry’s architecture has undergone a marked evolution from the plywood and
corrugated-metal vernacular of his early works to the distorted but pristine
concrete of his later works. However, the works retain a deconstructed aesthetic
that fits well with the increasingly disjointed culture to which they belong.
• Most recently, Gehry has combined sensuous curving forms with complex
deconstructive massing, achieving significant new results.
• In spite of changes in Gehry’s design over the years, his approach to a building as
a sculpture retains.
Design Style

24. • Gehry House, 1978
• Guggenheim Museum Bilbao,1997
• IAC Building, New York City, 2007
• Maggies Centre, Dundee, Scotland, 1999
• Walt Disney Concert hall, Los Angeles CA,1989-2004
• Weisman Art Museum, University Of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1993
• Merriweather Post Pavilion Columbia, Maryland, 1967.
Famous Projects

25. • The Gehry House is architect Frank Gehry's own house.
• The Gehry Residence is located in Santa Monica, California.
• It was originally an extension, designed by Gehry and built around an existing Dutch
colonial style house.
• It makes use of unconventional materials, such as chain-link fences and corrugated steel.
• It is sometimes considered one of the earliest deconstructivist buildings.
• Gehry wanted to explore with the materials he was already using — metal, plywood,
chain link fencing, and wood framing.
• He hardly touched the rear and south facades and to the other sides of the house he
wedged in tilted glass cubes.
Gehry House (Gehry’s Private Home)

26. • The original structure is the convention two-storey bungalow with framing.
• Some interior finishes have been stripped to reveal the support of the structure inside
the residence.
• The bearing wall is raised inner and outer structural frames wooden support beams,
girders and joists.
Materials
• It makes use of unconventional materials such as fences with trellis, glass inner wire
and corrugated metal sheets, wood framing, corrugated steel, plywood and light wood
frames.

27. Bywrappingtheperimeter ofthe lot withconstruction
materialsandleaving theoriginal houseas itwas,Gehry
createdanew spacebetween thelotslinesandthe oldhouse.
THE ORIGINAL
BUNGLOW
THE ORIGINALHOUSE WASA SMALL,TWOSTORYCOTTAGE

28. THE CONCRETE
LAYER
Low aqua concrete walls were used to mark the
boundary

29. THE CORRUGATED
METAL LAYER
CORRUGATED METAL walls were used TO build NEW
SPACES AS KITCHEN AND DINING

30. THE WOODEN LAYER
Wooden plank walls were build in the
back yard

31. LAYER OF FLOOR
A new roofwas added to the additional spaces
created

32. LAYER OF CHAIN
LINK FENCING
Chain link fencing was used to enclose the floor
added.

33. LAYER OF GLASS
Glass cubes were placed overthe kitchen and
dining to throw in light

34. • The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao is a museum of modern and contemporary art,
designed by Canadian-American architect Frank Gehry, and located
in Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain.
• It is situated on a plot of 32,500 square meters, of which 24,000 square meters are
occupied by building . 9,066 square meters are devoted to exhibition spaces.
Guggenheim Museum ,Bilbao, Spain

35. Concept
• The design of the building follows the style of Frank Gehry.
• Inspired by the shapes and textures of a fish, it can be considered a sculpture, a work
of art in itself.
• The museum is essentially a shell that evokes the past industrial life and port of bilbao.
• The museum is intergrated into the city both by it height and the materials used.

36. Structure
• The building is built with load-bearing walls and ceilings, which have an internal
structure of metal rods that form grids with triangles.
Material
• Built of limestone, glass and titanium, the museum used 33,000 pieces of titanium half
a millimeter thick, each with a unique form suited to its location.
• As these pieces are so thin, a perfect fit to the curves is necessary.
• The glass has a special treatment to let in the sun’s light, but not its heat.

37. Entrance to the building Skylight over the Atrium
Galleries

38. The service areas

39. Plan
Elevation

40. • The Walt Disney Concert Hall, designed by the architect Frank Gehry, opened in 2003
after many years of gestation.
• The history of the building began in 1987 when Lillian Walt Disney, window of
businessman donates $50 million to start building a philharmonic hall. The idea was to
create a reference point for music, art and architecture, which position the city of Los
Angeles in the cultural level.
Walt Disney Concert hall, Los Angeles CA

41. Concept
• The design represents the style of their creator, architect Frank Gehry, could be
considered a work of art in itself.
• The forms are external inspired by a boat with sails drenched.
• The building is essentially a shell which consists of a series of interconnected volumes,
some form of orthogonal coated stone and other forms of organic and surfaces covered
with a corrugated metal skin of steel. As a bridge between the different volumes are
used glazed surfaces.
• The centerpiece of the interior of the building was designed to represent the hull of a
boat.
• The idea of the architect was to design a room with an evocative sculptural forms of
music, achieving an intimate connection between the archestra and audience
• The building also fulfills an important role in urban areas.
Structure
• To calculate the complex shapes of the curves Walt Disney Concert Hall was used to
Catia software. This allowed us to determine the structure and shape of each piece of
steel that covers them.

42. Materials
• To coat the outer surfaces were used corrugated 12,500 pieces of steel together on the
outside. No two equal parts,as each piece takes a unique form of agreement to their
location.
• In areas outside of regular forms, the stone was used.
• Glass surfaces function as a liaison between the various volumes.
• The interior of the auditorium and rooms, is lined with fir wood. This is the same type of
wood that is used in the back of violonces and violas. Here was used in floors, walls and
ceilings.

43. Gallery Level Plan
Plan Elevation

44. • The Maggie’s Centre is very much on a domestic scale, with a floor area of 250m2
and around the size of a large bungalow.
• It includes an information library, a kitchen, sitting room, large relaxation common
room , and two small consultation rooms.
• Stability for the remainder of the single-storey structure was achieved by tying the
square hollow sections to the walls.
• Structure is fully constructed in brickwork.This was for two reasons: firstly, some of
the walls are too small radii which was not easily achievable in blockwork, and
secondly there was a need to minimize control joints.
• To maintain uniformity of beam sizes, raking kickers were provided to minimize
overhang deflections.
Maggies Centre, Dundee, Scotland

45. ElevationPlan
Section

46. Richard Joseph Neutra
• He was born in Leopoldstadt in Vienna , Austria
in 1892.
• He was the pioneer architect of International
style and was graduated in 1917 from the
university of Zurish and influenced by Ar. Otto
Wagner.
• The works of Frank Lloyd Wright and America
attracted Neutra.
• In 1923, he moved to US and worked for F.L
Wright for few months in 1924.
• Neutra and Rudolph schinder have worked on
several projects. He also worked with Joseph
Allen Stein.
• He was closely related with International style
and he established himself as a leading figure
of modernism.
• He designed more than 300 houses in california.
Early Life

47. Design Philosophy
• His design approach is very simple.
• His designs are pure, clean and straight line
organized without any curve or arc and mixed
with landscape of the site without any
confusion in deign.
• His ability to incorporate technology, aesthetics,
science and nature in his designs brought him to
the forefront of “MODERNISM ARCHITECTURE”.
• Plate glass walls, ceilings and deep over
hangings connecting indoors and outdoors had
become the trade mark of his architecture.
• He introduced green design concept in
connection with building and nature.
• He termed “BIOREALISM” to describe the
inherent and inseperable relationship between
man and nature. He used natural elements like
water, light and concrete throughout his
designs.
• He adopted international style to the region by
using desert natural elements like rugged stone
and desert plants in landscaping which leds to
the “DESERT MODERNISM”.

48. Famous Buildings
Lovell House, Los Angeles
Grace Millar House, CaliforniaKaufmann Desert House, california
James D.Moore House

49. Lovell House, Los Angeles
• The Lovell House or Lovell Health House is an International style modernist residence
designed and built by Richard Neutra and Joseph Allen Stein between 1927 and 1929.
• Area of the house is 2.5 acres.
• It is often described as the first steel frame house in the United States, and also an
early example of the use of gunite (sprayed-on concrete).
• Externally , it is simple having sprayed concrete surfaces.
• The building appears as a series of
floating white trays, abstract and
machine-crafted designed in
modernist international style.
• The house is called health house
because it is deeply set in close
relationship with health factors of
nature having outdoor play and
recreational areas.

50. PLAN
• The house is located on a
landscaped, steeply terraced
hills and has views of Santa
Monica mountains, pacific
oceans and the city of Los
angeles illuminated in night in
the foreground.

51. The building was built in three levels:
• Swimming pool, Gymnasium, Playground at base level.
• Living room, kitchen and maid’s quarter at mid level.
• Bedrooms and study at the entrance level ( top level).
• It has sun decks, outdoor exercise areas, outside sleeping porches, water pools and
body massage etc.
• Interior reflects neutra’s interest in cubism, transparency and hygeine.

53. Kaufmann Desert House, California
• This house is a landmark house built
on the edge of a desert town palm
springs.
• This building is virtually a
glorification of modernist’s
International style with its skeletal
steel frames and open plan.
• The surrounding land of the house is
landscaped with stones and cactus
plants.
• It is "one of the most important
examples of International style
architecture in the United States and
the only one still in private hands“.
• This five-bedroom, five-bathroom
vacation house in Palm Springs, was
designed to emphasize connection
to the desert landscape while
offering shelter from harsh climatic
conditions.

54. • Large sliding-glass walls open the living spaces
and master bedroom to adjacent patios.
•A combined living and dining space, roughly
square, lies at the center of the house. While the
house favors an east-west axis, four long,
perpendicular wings extend in each cardinal
direction from the living areas.
•Thoughtful placement of larger rooms at the end
of each wing helps define adjacent outdoor rooms,
with circulation occurring both indoors and out.
•The south wing connects to the public area and
includes the two long, covered walkways. These
walkways are separated by a massive stone wall
and lead to public and service entries, respectively.
•The east wing of the house is connected to the
living space by a north-facing internal gallery and
houses a master bedroom suite.
•To the west, a kitchen, service spaces, and staff
quarters are reached by a covered breezeway.
• In the northern wing, another open walkway
passes along an exterior patio, leading to two guest
rooms.

56. Grace miller House in palm springs , California
• He worked with Miller and listened her needs and wants and finally designed a house
perfect for miller’s lifestyle.
• Throughout the design, the building lines are clean, simple and straight in modernist
international style.
• Natural elements like water, light and concrete were used.
• The building shows floor to ceiling glass screens in one corner and stucco finish walls
on other side.
• The pool in the corner with a canopy over it has been linking outside and inside
spaces visually by casting dancing light on the white ceiling and acted as a reflector
bringing bright light inside.

57. Concept
•He sought functions in the same way that
transitions space. As once said, more
optimistic than realistic, "our rooms are not
called living room, dining room, bedroom .
•The rooms are large portions of the space in
which we live and are pragmatically elastic. “
•Miller's house is close to the Japanese
concept of zashiki, or master bedroom flexible
depending on the circumstances which plays
the roles of the various placements of the
traditional house and being able to transform
into living room, bedroom and place of
entertainment.
•Being designed for a single woman this unit
does not affect the privacy inside the house
that in any case could differentiate their most
intimate parts mendiante curtains guided by
profiles anchored to the roof giving a total
visual privacy.

58. Spaces
•The northeast corner is the side that reflects the "house of tribal people", with white
stucco walls going backwards, as in the traditional native architecture.
•The southeast corner will also be away, but here in clear glass, sliding his protective
shell to reveal a swimming pool next to the screened porch.
•In the north face, a large translucent glass with light zenith for ventilation was used to
illuminate the gym.
•The bedroom contains a pair of French doors, 1 m each. An outdoor display of the
same size was located at the same distance from the wall.
•To create a tiny porch, the doors were fastened with bolts at its base so that,
sustained and at right angles to the wall, completed a rectangle.
•The sense of smell was not
confined to the bedroom: the right
to the kitchen sink there was a
small door of aluminum, which
could be eliminated by the garbage
discreetly.
•Next to the toilet designed a
bedroom, but with tiny light from
the sun's north with translucent
glass for her morning toilet.

59. James D.Moore House
• This is an award winning house from American Institute in 1954.
• The house situates on a mountain slope in lush green vegetation.
• It is a minimum pavilion elegantly crafted with thin planes and glass, which enables
connection between interior and exterior spaces.
• Lush green vegetation and water pool surrounds the house.
P l a n

60. Front view of house
Landscaping around the house

61. THANKYOU