APUSH powerpoint

1. Segregation vs.
Integration
Claire Eubanks and Patrick
Truesdell

2. Thesis:
The period from Jim Crow through the Civil Rights
Movement saw great social upheaval in America. The
centuries-oppressed blacks, in a new state of mind
brought about by the Second World War, would finally
demand that the manacles of segregation and the chains
of discrimination be cast off and replaced by the spirit of
brotherhood. This challenge to the white pillars of
society would not go without opposition, especially from
the racist South. Thus, the stage was set for conflict
between those clinging to a by-gone way of life and
those demonstrating for freedom and equality.

3. The Beginnings of Segregation
Conflict
 1896 – Plessy v. Ferguson
-Established “separate but equal” – Races can be
segregated as long as the facilities and services
provided are equal
 1909 – W.E.B. Du Bois co-founds NAACP
-Argues for complete equality of the races
 1914 – Woodrow Wilson orders the re-segregation
of federal workplaces after nearly 50 years of
integrated facilities
 1916 – 1940 – The Great Migration of Blacks from
the South to the North

4. Howard University and the NAACP
Challenge Segregation
 Early 1930s – Howard University faculty begins effective
legal challenges to segregation, partly because they were
refused positions at White universities.
 Charles Hamilton Houston – head of Howard Law School and one of
the most important civil rights attorneys in American history
 1934 - Charles Houston leaves the Howard University
School of Law to head the Legal Defense Committee of the
NAACP in NYC
 Recruits Thurgood Marshall as
part of the interracial staff
 1936 (August) – Jesse Owens
wins four gold medals at the
Summer Olympics in Berlin

5. NAACP Legal Strategy
 1938 – Thurgood Marshall becomes leader of
NAACP legal committee
The legal strategy developed by the NAACP in the
1930s was to get the Supreme Court to make a
series of judgments in favor of racial integration.
These precedents would be used to strengthen
their case against segregation in schools:
 1938 Missouri ex. rel. Gaines v. Canada
 1948 Sipuel v. Oklahoma State Regents
 1950 McLaurin v. Oklahoma
 1950 Sweatt v. Painter

6. Segregation and Integration in the ’40s.
 1939 (Easter Sunday) – Marian Anderson sings on the steps
of the Lincoln Memorial after being
denied permission to sing for an
integrated audience in Constitution Hall
 1941 (June) – A March on Washington
threatened by A. Philip Randolph pressures
FDR into issuing the Fair Employment
Practices Commission to end discrimination
of Blacks in defense industries
 1946 (June 3) - In Morgan v. Virginia, the Supreme
Court invalidates provisions of the Virginia Code which require
segregation where applied to interstate bus transport.
 1947 – Jackie Robinson becomes part of the Brooklyn
Dodgers, integrating Major League baseball
 1948 (July 28) - Harry S. Truman orders the end of
segregation in the military.

7. Sparks in the 50’s
 1954 (May 17) – Brown v. Board of Education overturns Plessy v.
Ferguson in the Supreme Court, ending the “separate but equal”
doctrine
 1955 (August) – Fourteen year-old
Emmett Till is brutally beaten and
murdered for whistling at a white
woman in Money, Mississippi. The
media attention largely sparks the
Civil Rights Movement.
 1955-1956 - Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat on a bus to
make room for a white passenger. She was arrested, tried, and
convicted for disorderly conduct and violating a local ordinance.
When word reached the black community, the Montgomery Bus
Boycott was organized and lasted 381 days.

8. White Opposition to Integration
 1954 (July 11) White Citizens’ Council (WCC), an
American white supremacist organization, was formed.
By 1955, there was over 60,000 members.
 1956 (February – March) – The Southern Manifesto, a
document written in the United States Congress opposed
to racial integration in public places, was signed by 99
politicians.
 During the 50’s, members of individual KKK groups
began to bomb houses of civil rights activists. There
were so many bombings in Birmingham, Alabama, that it
earned the name “Bombingham.”

9. MLK, Protests, and
Civil Rights Acts
 1957 (January 10) - The Southern Christian Leadership
Conference, an African-American civil rights organization, is
formed when MLK invites 60 some black ministers to a
conference.
 1957 (September 9) – The Civil Rights Act of 1957 is enacted.
Primarily a voting rights bill, it was the first civil rights
legislation by Congress since Reconstruction.
 1960 – The Greensboro sit-ins,
a series of nonviolent protests,
led to the Woolworth’s department
store chain to reverse its policy of
racial segregation.
 1960 (May) – The Civil Rights Act of
1960 was a law that penalized anyone
who obstructed anyone’s attempts at
voting or registering to vote.

10. Integration and Segregation in
the 60’s
 1961 (May 4) – The first group of Freedom Riders, organized
by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), leave Washington
D.C. intending to integrate interstate buses.
 1963 (January 18) – Incoming Alabama governor George
Wallace calls for "segregation now, segregation
tomorrow, segregation forever" in his inaugural address.
 Civil Rights Act of 1964 – Outlawed segregation and unfair
voter application requirements; supported by President
Lyndon B. Johnson
 1967 (June 13) – Thurgood Marshall becomes first Black
Supreme Court Justice
 Fair Housing Act of 1968 - prohibited discrimination in the
sale and rental of housing based on of
race, color, nationality, religion, sex, and disability.