4. Human biology
The simplest form of response in the nervous system is
reflex action. This is a rapid, automatic response to a
stimulus which is not under the voluntary control of the
brain. It is described as an involuntary action. Thus, a
reflex action is one which we perform automatically. It is
a comparatively simple form of behavior in which the
same stimulus produces the same response every time
6. Wisdom
teeth
Evolution
keeping the eye clean and
moist or concealing the iris
from predators. In some
species, the membrane is
sufficiently transparent so as
to enable vision when
underground or underwater.
Change in human diet
where they used to eat a
lot of raw food that was
hard to bite into
In many mammals, ear
movements produced by
the auricular muscles
play a role in sound
localization and the
expression of emotion
Auricular Muscles
The muscle presumably
functioned in grip, with
some speculation that it
was of particular
importance for hanging
Palmaris Longus
Muscle
8. “by the time the built actually gets manifested in the
environment , the needs of the people are likely to
have undergone some degree of change. Hence, the
buildings need to be adaptable to evolving needs at all
times. Irrespective of the building typology or its
expected lifespan, creating something that can adapt
to changing times should be the priority for architects
and engineers”
Karan Grover
9. and so adaptive architecture refers to the adaption
of building to the change in the external
environment with the help of technology, which is
a Greece word ‘techne’ which means art and skill ,
the world surrounding us is characterized as a
dynamic , evolving framework in continuous flow ,
the artificial surroundings such as buildings
remained stable
What does all of that have to do with architecture?
10. • people used local materials such as stone , timber and bricks
• materials were not standardized, so builders and architects were forced
to rely on an extrinsic understanding of their properties and performance
• no legalization and building codes were stated
• human lives were so cheap
Back in the 19th century
11. Beginning in the 19th century with the widespread introduction of steel,
leading to the emergence of long-span and high-rise building forms,
materials transitioned from their pre-modern role of being subordinate to
architectural needs into a means to expand functional performance and
open up new formal responses.
The Eiffel tower
Gustav Eiffel
First steel monument
12. The crystal palace
Joseph Paxton
First curtain wall system
The broad proliferation of curtain wall systems allowed the disconnection
of the facade material from the building’s structure and infrastructure,
freeing the material choice from utilitarian functions so that the facade
could become a purely formal element.
13. Through advancements in CAD/CAM
(Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided
Manufacturing) technologies, engineering
materials such as aluminium and titanium was
able to be used in todays buildings .
As a result, today’s architects often think of
materials as part of a design palette from which
materials can be chosen and applied as
compositional and visual surfaces.
It is in this spirit that many have approached
the use of smart materials until the new
revolution in architecture took place leaving us
with transformable structure and dynamic
facades
14. Smart materials allow even a further specificity , their properties are
changeable ( a change in one property of smart materials may often be
accompanied by changes in their properties)
Smart architecture is fast becoming a buzzword in architecture and related
fields
MIND BLOWING
15. Technical systems of the digital revolution of
building and implementation technology
Executive
processes
Construction
Systems
Building
materials
•Steel Iron
•Reinforced concrete
•Glass
•Materials developed and
manufactured
•Re-industrialization
•Dealing with complex
configurations
•Calculating all factors affecting
and loads
•Proposal of the construction
system
•Computer software
•Change the thought of
implementation
•Remote control
•Fourth Dimension applications
•Automation of mass production and
metrology processes
•Development and innovation of
implementation software
16. What does it mean for
architecture to be smart?
How smart is
too smart?
How is
smartness
measured?
How does it differ from the previous attempts at making architecture
mechanically and/or computationally intelligent?
How does it relate to or embrace design
computing, computer aided
architectural design and sustainable
design?
Is there a possible architectural
framework that can be used to
provide the necessary direction
to the myriad academic and
professional pursuits currently
underway?
17. •Smart architecture maybe comprehensively defined as a blend of passive and active technological and architectural
strategies that harness computationally networked, globally connected, complex-adaptive and real-time responsiveness
so as to form a co evolutionary whole with the inhabitants
•smart environment as one that is able to acquire and apply knowledge about an environment and also to adapt to its
inhabitants in order to improve their experience in that environment.” Within the discipline of architecture, smart
architecture is a notion that is currently popular in the sustainable design and smart home circles, where smartness often
refers to the ability to passively or actively regulate a variety of environmental parameters including energy efficiency
•Other terms have been used by various people to mean more or less the same set of architectural attributes and
functionality as smart architecture.
•The term responsive architecture puts emphasis on increasing the interactive nature of building elements in response to
environmental or social or commercial needs in real-time
•Responsive architecture may involve any form of computationally-mediated responsiveness. Kinetic architecture, a term
once popular in the 1960s,is preferred by those who see architecture as a literally more mechanical, kinetic and moving
organism where spatial, mechanical movements are essential to its definition
•However, all the terms represent directions in architecture that involve active, instantaneous response to internal or
external conditions through computational agency.
before answering these question we better know the
definition and synonymous of smart architecture
18. Definitions according to famous companies:
• IBM says “Smarter buildings are well managed, integrated physical and digital infrastructures that provide optimal
occupancy services in a reliable, cost effective, and sustainable manner. Smarter buildings help their owners,
operators and facility managers improve asset reliability and performance that in turn reduces energy use, optimizes
how space is used and minimizes the environmental impact of their buildings.”
• LLC (a US-based engineering and design firm) offers this definition: “A smart building is the integration of
building, technology, and energy systems. These systems may include building automation, life safety,
telecommunications, user systems and facility management systems. Smart buildings recognize and reflect the
technological advancements and convergence of building systems, the common elements of the systems and the
additional functionality that integrated systems provide. Smart buildings provide actionable information about a
building or space within a building to allow the building owner or occupant to manage the building or space.
• Cisco says “Identifying responsible practices in site location and materials selection for new construction; Defining
and incorporating smart information infrastructure into the building architecture; Developing simple, flexible, and
scalable network systems for buildings; Incorporating power-management for network systems.”
• Finally, an elegant vision. In terms of building structures that will work well for us in the future, Siemens says in its
sharp YouTube video that, “only solutions which create the greatest synergies between energy efficiency, comfort
and safety and security will be sustainable over the long term … solutions that turn buildings into living organisms:
networked, smart, sensitive and adaptable.”
19. Buildings can respond to the
changes in nature on their own ,
without having to demolish the
building and come up with new
forms of structure to be designed in
order to serve their purpose
37. Pros and cons of passive
building systems:
Pros
• one time cost
•Costs fixed and known – high cost certainity
•Predictable stream of benefits
•Typically requires no little or no maintenance
•No moving parts & works 24 hours per day
cons
•High first cost
•Essentially fixed
•Cannot upgraded easily
38. Active technology
Transformable structures , are those that can adapt their shape or
function according to changing circumstances
Smart facades
Facades are the building interface
between indoors and outdoors,
mediating:
• Moisture
• Wind
• Heat
• Views
• Daylight
• solar gain
• Privacy
• Noise
These are time-based phenomena.
Kinetic facades can respond to them
in real-time.
39. As the environment changes during daily or seasonal cycles,
façade functions are often in conflict, e.g.
• Preserve views, but limit solar gain
• Retain heat, but let in fresh air
• Provide daylight but minimize glare
• Allow air flow but block sound waves
Dynamic facades allow us to balance these conflicts in innovative
ways.
40. Standardized solutions for dynamic facades
• Standardized solutions are based on ‘off the shelf’ technology louvers
venetian + roller blinds shutters
• Primary focus is on shading to control (light, glare, solar gain)
• customized according to project needs
41. New factors in dynamic facades
Technology has advanced significantly since 1987, with improved:
• Actuators
• Control systems
• Parametric design tools
• New ability by industry to handle automated solutions Reliabilit
addressed on several levels
• Simple design
• Experienced suppliers
• Developed technology technical systems are established prior to project cycle
• Testing timeline allows for cycle testing prior to installation
• Maintenance budget Based on these factors, a new generation of dynamic facades are
now being created.
42. in order to meet the demanding Zero Energy Building (ZEB) performance goals
windows must change their role from that of a static element to a dynamic element
since performance requirements change by hour, season, and weather conditions”.
When a person touches a hot object , receptors in his hand detects the heat stimulus and triggers the nerve impulse , message moves to the spinal cord and a response is generated through motor nerve , then this response travels down to the muscle of the arm , causing the arm muscles to contract moving the hand away from the heat
Eye reflex action , in bright light the circular muscles of the eye contract making the pupil smaller protecting the retina from damage of too much light , while in dim light the circular muscles relax while the radial muscle contract , allowing more of the available light into the eye which causes us to see clearly
Also the word of adaptive came from the adaptation in nature , the theory of natural selection stated by Charles Darwin which states that evolutionary change comes through the production of variation in each generation and differential survival of individuals with different combinations of these variable characters , accounting the adaption of organisms which equips them to survive , just like us humans we rapidly adapt to varying environmental conditions which made it possible for us to survive
And so men adapted shelters to changing conditions and environment, as we learned in history of architecture 1 , that the earliest men took trees as shelter and caves , when they learnt the art of cultivation they decided to settle down and adapting accordingly
1-In colder regions walls were made out of thick mud
2-In tropical regions shelter had thinner walls with large openings … etc
in cases of floods shelters were made out of slits and so on …
as for nowadays the adaptation can be with respect to the climate , user , function , activities …. Etc
Smart home technology, also known as home automation, provides homeowners security, comfort, convenience and energy efficiency by allowing them to control smart devices, often by a smart home app on their smartphone or other networked device. A part of the internet of things (IoT), smart home systems and devices often operate together, sharing consumer usage data among themselves and automating actions based on the homeowners' preferences.
Smart TVs connect to the internet to access content through applications, such as on-demand video and music. Some smart TVs also include voice or gesture recognition.
Ventilation is the most energy efficient and healthy solution , it affects thermal comfort along with other factors like air temperature and relative humidity , ventilation that can supply adequate fresh air for occupants health and comfort
Natural ventilation is movement of outdoor air into a space without mechanical assistance 1-controlled by intentionally providing openings 2-controllable phenomenon whereby effiecnt rate can be achieved by proper design of openings and orientation 3-single window can ventilate a space up to 6-7m depth 4-with cross-ventialtion up to 15m can be naturally ventialted stack effect can be used for deeper plan spaces 5-louvers can be used for providing control 7-turrents can be building intergrated ventilation features 8-chimneys and wind towers work on positive and negative air pressure concept
Building form can affect solar and wind access as well as heat loss or heat gain through the external envelope and so 1-compact building envelopes to limit exposure 2-sheltering and buffering of building mass for shading
The amount of solar radiation falling on surfaces of different orientation varies considerbly depending on the view or exposure to sun in tropical climate
1-northward orientation has brief period of solar radiation early morning and late afternoons on summer days 2-east and west receive maximum radiation during summer days 3-southward orienation has radiation during winters which can be potentially used during cold periods 4-sheltering and buffering of building mass for shading and so
1-opague surfaces 2-thermal insulation 3-transparent surfaces 4-shading devices
The sound incident ray , the reflected and the normal to the surfaceat the point of incidence all lie in the same plane , the angle of incidenceis equal to the angle of reflection , therefor sound rays incident on a curved surface will either be focused or dispersed depending on whether the surface is concave or convex
The south elevation features innovative arrangements to reduce solar gain yet alow increased light transmission at the same time , although standard ceiling heights in the development are 2,800mm on office floors , inclined ceilings rise as they reach the windows which gain extra height as a result outside the windows , aluminum sunshading fins serve reflectors bouncing light up onto the angled ceiling to transmit more natural light inside while at the same time limiting the entry of direct sun , at nigh the same fins are lit from below as architectural features
It’s the headquarterss for IBM in subang jaya near kuala lampur , an urban enviroment integrated with and by its landscape , an aesthetic model responding to the tropical climate
, by introducing planting upwards and diagonally across the face of the built forms
2- breaking surfaces from the straight plane to planes in context for the site
3- linkage to the ground and surrounding base
4- the roof is inhabitable , having a pool which acts as the capping social space of the building as we as an additional buffer between exterior and interior space
5-the sun screen structure is made of steel and hold aluminum panels , the structure is capable of holding solar panel . The screen shade the pool as well as the roof of the building
6-rain water collection system is on the roof
This professional engineer and architect designed his own perfect dream to live in:Römerstrasse 128.Not only is it designed according to traditional modernist architectural standards in steel and glass,it boasts zero emission and the ability to produce its own heating energy.It has no inside walls,consists of modular elements and functions through the ample application of home electronics with touch screens, voice control and the like,reminiscent of Jacques Tati’s ‘Mon Oncle’.It can be taken apart and recycled and is lightweight (just under 40 tonnes).On site it leaves a size zero environmental footprint because of triple glazing,heat accumulation in the ground underneath and a solar cell rooftop to keep the heat pump and ventilation system running.It is an intriguing project because of its stubborn combination of environmental awareness and a supposedly correct architectural style.
Designed by ORAMBRA, The Office for Robotic Architectural Media & The Bureau for Responsive Architecture in Chicago
the Prairie House in Illinois (2011) implements new tensegrity systems and cladding technologies. Through the use of thermo or photo-chromatic inks, the colour of the interior membrane of the building becomes lighter on warmer days and darker on colder days. The result is a piece of responsive architecture that both radically cuts carbon emissions and presents an elegant new aesthetic.
Doris Sung, principle of DO|SU Studio Architecture and faculty member at the University of Southern California,
is experimenting with the use of thermobimetals for creating self-supporting building skins that are able to open their pores to self-ventilate without the use of external energy sources (Figure 1.3.2).8 Laminated metals with differential thermal coefficients deform unevenly when exposed to temperature set points, inducing tension and causing movement in the thermobimetal. When the heat source is removed, the bimetal returns to its original shape
During the various phases of the lens, a shifting geometric
pattern is formed and showcased as both light and void.
Squares, circles, and octagonal shapes are produced in a fluid
motion as light is modulated in parallel. Interior spaces are
dramatically modified, along with the exterior appearance. prepared by Architect Nama'a Qudah 2017
In 2002, Ned Kahn worked with
the staff of Technorama,
the major science center in
Switzerlandto create a
facade for the building
which is composed of
thousands of aluminum
panels that move in the air
currents and reveal the
complex patterns of
turbulence in the wind. The
facade is visible from the
large urban plaza in front of
the museum
Smart Cities PRO
The main applications for this Waspmote Plug & Sense! model are noise maps (monitor in real time the acoustic levels in the streets of a city [LeqA in dBA]), air quality, waste management, smart lighting, etc.
Sensors:
Noise / Sound Level Sensor (dBA / LeqA) + Calibration Tests
Particle Matter (PM1 / PM2.5 / PM10) - Dust Sensor
Carbon Monoxide (CO) [Calibrated] (low and high concentrations)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) [Calibrated]
Molecular Oxygen (O2) [Calibrated]
Ozone (O3) [Calibrated]
Nitric Oxide (NO) [Calibrated] (low concentrations)
Nitric Dioxide (NO2) [Calibrated] (high accuracy)
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) [Calibrated] (high accuracy)
Ammonia (NH3) [Calibrated] (low and high concentrations)
Methane (CH4) [Calibrated] – and other combustible gases
Molecular Hydrogen (H2) [Calibrated]
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) [Calibrated]
Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) [Calibrated]
Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) [Calibrated]
Phosphine (PH3) [Calibrated]
Ethylene Oxide (ETO) [Calibrated]
Chlorine (Cl2) [Calibrated]
Temperature
Humidity
Atmospheric pressure
Luminosity (Luxes Accuracy) for Smart Lighting
Ultrasound (distance measurement)