A presentation on the building services of Smart buildings. Sustainability, technology, building services all in harmony to achieve an intelligent, sustainable and smart future.

1. PRESENTATION BY
GROUP VI
EVOLUTION OF SMART
BUILDINGS

2. WHAT IS A SMART BUILDING
• Intelligent buildings. These are buildings that have
integrated functionality and have all their sub-systems
intertwined into one ‘central spine’ to make them as
efficient as possible.
• At basic level, incorporate the most advanced and
cutting edge technology of its time to deliver useful
building services.
• Aim at least costs and environmental impact over its
life cycle

3. HOW IT ACHIEVES ITS
GOALS:
Connecting building systems
Connecting people to technology
Connecting to an intelligent
future
Connecting to the bottom line

4. SMART
LIGHTING
BY STEPHANIE K.

5. WHAT IS SMART LIGHTING
•Lighting technology designed for energy efficiency
•Lighting is the deliberate application of light to
achieve some aesthetic or practical effect. It
includes task lighting, accent lighting, and general
lighting.
•High efficiency fixtures and automated controls
that make adjustments based on conditions such
as occupancy or daylight availability.

6. DIGITAL ADDRESSABLE LIGHTING INTERFACE
(DALI).
•DALI is technical standard that control lighting in
buildings for a network based system.
•Allows electronic ballast, dimmers, light sensor,
transformers relay, controllers to be mixed and
matched into a single control system
•DALI network is able to control each light by
means of a bi-directional data exchange
permitting devices to individually address or
simultaneously address multiple devices.

8. ADVANTAGES OF DALI
•DALI able to become the master module of all the
lights whereby it gives each of the slaves an
individual unique address.
•DALI are also able to install with sensors such as
LDR
•DALI master module is able to receive signal
from the other communication and control each
slaves with the pre-set program or the
command

9. LIGHT DIMMER.
•Basic principle of this voltage control method is
the power distribution through the resistance.
•Incandescent light bulb dimmers, intensity of the
bulb is controlled using power switching method
•TRIAC (or bidirectional triode thermistor) is a
bidirectional switch for AC circuits that control the
percentage of the current flow through the TRIAC
to the load.
•Ballast is used as voltage regulator for the
fluorescent light

10. Energy efficiency is well improved. At the same
time, it is small and inexpensive
ADAVANTAGES

11. LIGHT EMITTING DIODE.
• LED has high efficiency
• Their intensity are not high
enough to be use as lighting
system in a building.
• High power LED has advantages
in high power efficiency, low and
simple operating cost and small
in size
• One of the main disadvantages of

12. SENSORS
•Passive Infrared Sensors (PIR) are widely used in
detecting presence of humans by detecting the
motion.
•An occupancy sensor improves the function of PIR
sensors are give more accurate feedback based on
human occupancy
•PIR sensors can detect the human motion with
directional detection and are placed in narrow
paths.
•Ambient light sensors relays the current ambient

13. APPLICATIONS
•Hygienic switches – hospitals
•Restaurant lighting systems – Japanese restaurant
using wireless control lighting system to create
different moods
• Lecture rooms - Use of motion sensor and
occupancy sensor bulbs help save energy.
E.g. :- University of Surrey
energy efficient LED bulbs
simulating ambience by day zone LED luminaires

14. SECURITY
SYSTEMS
BY WEMALI C.

15. •Security plays a fundamental role in the smooth
running of normal building activities.
•Located throughout the entire building including
entrances, corridors and inside elevators and
include:
•Fire alarms
•Intrusion alarms
•Access control systems
•Video surveillance systems

16. EVOLUTION OF VIDEO SURVEILLANCE
SYSTEMS
•Transitioned from cassette media to digital media.
•They were later fitted with on-board video servers
which allows a viewer to remotely log in through a
PC or a smartphone
•IP (internet protocol) megapixel cameras were later
developed giving 5x better resolution

17. EVOLUTION OF ACCESS CONTROL
•Evolved from the normal lock and keys to
sophisticated electronic equipment that ‘filter’ out
people accessing a space Some of these systems
include:
•Simple key pads – requires an entry of a PIN

18. •Card readers - incorporates technology that can
read a magnetic strip affixed to a plastic card
Biometric access control – these systems allow
access based on physical human attributes

19. •Biometric control systems include:
•Fingerprint scanner
•Retinal scanner
•Iris scanner

20. FIRE ALARM EVOLUTION
•Evolved from the normal rotary bell which required
manual operation in case of a fire emergency to
intelligent addressable fire alarm systems
Multiple fire detectors are wired to one single
network to easily identify afflicted areas.
•Gas suppressors - system where, in case of fire, a
space is flooded with gases that are inert in nature so
as to starve substances of oxygen

21. •INTRUDER ALARMS - Use of interactive remote
control which has the ability of sensing when everyone
has left the building and in case the intruder alarm
has not been switched on, it has the capability of
alerting the building owner to switch it on.
•INTERGRATED SECURITY SYSTEMS – multi-layered
security systems are integrated into a single solution.
This include: video surveillance, access control, intruder
alarms, PA system and uniform guard system

22. BENEFITS
• Efficiency- improved information conveyance to the
control unit.
• Centralization - organized work flow for the business.
• Theft prevention
• Real time monitoring – Up-to- date information on
what is happening in the facility in real time at the
click of a button.
• Boost productivity- When employees are monitored,
their performance improves.
• Business savings - Allows the business to be

23. Other forms of security evolution in smart building
include:
• First order threat verification before dispatching
emergency services to help curb the problem of false
alarm.
• Shifting from wired to wireless interfacing for the
entire system deployment to its remote monitoring
station.
• User interface - from simple push button and dial
interfaces to the use of smartphones and tablets,
voice controls and streaming video feeds.

24. OPERATIONAL &
PLUMBING SYSTEMS
BY COLLINS B.

25. ELEVATORS
Among the elevator requirements for smart buildings
include;
• Audible signals that sound once for the up direction
and twice for the down direction. Alternatively, verbal
announcement by the elevator indicating the direction
of the lift.
• Floor designation on both jambs of the hoist way
entrance, provided in tactile characters and as well as
braille.
• Elevator must have handrails at specific heights.

26. Smart elevators operate by the user pushing a button
setting their destination and then an indicator directing
them to the elevator that will take them there in the
shortest amount of time.
Smart elevators and also smart escalators may also
include monitoring technology to help schedule
maintenance and repairs.

27. AUTOMATIC DOORS
• These doors welcome visitors, guide traffic, and help
preserve indoor climate zones.
• Offer many ways to provide convenience, secure
entrances and meet accessibility standards in any
building.
• Can be of different operational types:
• Sliding doors
• Swing doors
• Revolving doors
• Folding doors

28. PLUMBING SYSTEMS.
BRAIN PIPES
•Smart home automation plumbing systems that
allow you to conserve natural resources while
reducing your water footprint
•Able to prevent potential damage from leaks that
could cost you a fortune to replace and repair.
•They monitor your entire plumbing system and are
set up to detect the location of a breakage or leak
and send an exact location for easy repair and

29. ECO-FRIENDLY COMPONENTS
•Use of green (sustainable) plumbing components
to champion for sustainability.
•This is in part due to the rising cost of water and
electricity, but people are also simply becoming
more aware of their carbon footprint. They are
seeking more efficient faucets, shower heads and
toilets with low flow flush capacity.

30. SMART
APPLIANCES
•Appliances now come with computer chips
installed in them to control everything from wash
settings, to water temperature, to water
conservation modes, to automated cycles.
•Some sync with smart devices so that one can
control them on the go and track exactly what’s
cycling through the water systems.

31. LED TEMPERATURE MONITOR
•Some faucets and appliances come with attached
LED lighting and screens that allow you to monitor
temperature control
Bathroom faucets can give you the exact temperature
readings of the water coming out and use LED lights to
visually guide you. For example, if the water plate or
water flow turns blue, the water is cold. If it turns red,
the water is hot. These fixtures use a built-in magnet
that generates power via water flow when the valve is

32. ETWATER
•Smart home irrigation
Through cloud technology, one can track the exact
amount of water needed to keep the landscape healthy
and green through a smart device. It even adapts to
changes in weather, knowing the precise amounts of
rainfall the lawn has already received so that no water is
wasted.

33. GREYWATER RECYCLING
•Greywater is water generally from the bathroom
sinks, showers, tubs and washing machines that
has been gently used containing traces of dirt,
food or cleaning products
•If not collected for re-use, it drains into water
sources where it becomes a pollutant. However, in
smart buildings, it is passed through purification
systems and can be used as a resource for
landscape features, or reused in the building as
drinking water once treated.

34. HVAC SYSTEMS
BY BARBARA K.

35. These systems use automated controls and
advanced equipment that improve performance and
efficiency giving inhabitants of spaces more control
over their indoor comfort
They are used to reduce energy consumption in
unoccupied zones of a building. They continuously
adapt the operation to fit the demand and detect
needs for maintenance.

36. EARLY CIVILIZATIONS
Ancient Rome
• Rome was one of the first cities to influence the air
within buildings. Rome’s hypocaust system was
primarily used to heat the public bathhouses and
saunas. A hypocaust would push heated air through a
system of air ducts and under raised floors to heat a
room.
Ancient China
•The Han Dynasty introduced the mechanized
rotary fan. A single person could manually cool an
entire room using large wheels which engaged a

37. Early America
• Wood burning stoves helped warm early American
homes until 1744, when Benjamin Franklin created his
own version of the cast iron stove
•In the1980s, the American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers
(ASHRAE) set new standards for the minimum
energy efficiency of building designs (Standards
90.1 and 90.2)
EARLY CIVILIZATIONS

38. Major components of a smart HVAC
system are:
•Optimized compressor and air handler.
•Sensor driven ventilation and air
supply.
•Smart thermostat

40. OPTIMIZED CONTROLLER AND AIR HANDLER.
• The compressor (electric pump) compresses refrigerant, and
the air handler, which blows air over the heating or cooling
coils, both take a major energy load on the system. It’s
important that these components are optimized so they don’t
increase costs and energy inefficiency. Efficiency can be
achieved both in the equipment itself, as well as when these
two components run only when they’re needed.
• Many utilities also offer “demand response” programs, where
utility companies incentivize the customer to allow them to
shut off big energy loads at peak demand times. The
emergence of more distributed energy generation (like solar,
wind, and battery storage) is only possible as more and more

41. SENSOR-DRIVEN VENTILATION & AIR SUPPLY
• The ventilation system directs air where and when it’s
needed in a building. Complex ventilation systems are
usually modelled beforehand with BIM technology
• Smart systems use sensor-driven technology allows
the building manager (or a computer, if the system is
smart enough) to monitor when something is blocked
or tampered with so that problem can get fixed right
away.
• These system reads and interprets human comfort and
adjust to optimal conditions automatically without

42. SMART THERMOSTAT
• Smart thermostats typically measure temperature,
but really smart thermostats can read temperature,
humidity, occupancy, and other variables allow the
thermostat to make better decisions about how to
adjust room temperature and setbacks.
• Right positioning of a thermostat adds to its value as
a smart system.
• The system is based on sensors and use control
strategies whose technology modulates temperature,
flow rates of air and capacity giving savings of 8-10%

43. • Smart HVAC systems use indoor air quality sensors
(IAQs) that are designed to inform about indoor
pollutant concentrations and control ventilation air
flow rates.
• use of smart vents in the system is important in
allowing one to turn on/off vents in unoccupied
rooms.
• Smart meters for intelligent electricity can be used as
additional sensors to monitor and control HVAC
systems as well humidity sensors.

44. BENEFITS OF DIGITAL SENSORS
• They reduce wiring costs by communicating data
wirelessly. Plug and play installation, hot-swap
capability and automatic reconfiguration are benefits
of the reduced wiring.
• They also eliminate the need for recalibration.
• Eased remote management and control.
• Self healing capabilities (They assess their own
performance and report anomalies)

45. BENEFITS OF SMART HVAC SYSTEMS.
• Allow demand control by improving response of
systems to heating, cooling and ventilation needs.
• Ability to communicate information about operation,
energy consumption and efficiency used by various
users such as the maintenance staff and occupants to
allow human/ automatic actions to the system for
example; timing, temperature, length of preheating
and precooling.

46. FIRE SAFETY AND
ALARM
BY EDWARD A.

47. SMOKE DETECTORS
• These detectors can be mounted on the wall or ceiling
whereby it provides early detection of fire before the
fire spreads and can be seamlessly integrated with a
variety of other security systems.

48. NATURAL GAS/CARBON MONOXIDE
DETECTORS
• These kind of detectors are basically used to
maximize safety by detecting gas and a well-equipped
audible alarm well before it reaches dangerous
conditions within the premises of the buildings either
commercial or residential housing units.

49. WATER-FLOW
DETECTORS
• They are installed in fire alarm sprinkler systems,
which are used monitor the flow of water to sprinkler
heads with a specially designed paddle for detection
in case there is sprinkler malfunctions. Mostly
applicable water features found within or inside the
premises.

50. VOICE
EVACUATION
• This form of alarming system can serve as cheapest
alternative especially where a simple manual operated
device is adequate and the number and position of
exits and the travel distance to them is sufficient, then
a clear, yet compelling commands that quickly guide
people to safety can be used. It can be integrated with
fire alarm systems. When a fire alarm sounds, an
emergency announcement is made simultaneously to
create awareness of need to vacate the premises
immediately.

51. MANUAL ACTIVATION
• Employees who discover smoke or fire can pull the
station handle to activate an alarm. Alarm is triggered
both locally and in the Building Service System alarm-
monitoring center, and can be integrated with other
security systems, such as CCTV, so the event can be
recorded for further investigation of fire breakout.

52. REMOTELY MONITORED FIRE ALARMS
• These are a common feature in smart buildings which
still ensure a building is fire proof even when
unoccupied. Alarms can be triggered from remote
locations and containment measures can be activated
with immediate effect.
• These systems do not require live ware (humans) to
operate them but rather operate based on pre-set
commands (intelligence)

53. ELECTRICAL
SYSTEMS
BY NGOTHO P.

54. • Electrical systems constitute of the channels that
transmit the various forms of energy and signals
within a building.
In conventional buildings, this is mainly through
electrical cabling that run through conduits and
sleeves.
• Electrical systems include channels for electricity
transfer, system control machines and panels and the
different wirings within a building’s structure and also
power machinery

55. SMART ELECTRICAL
SYSTEMS
Integrated systems
Wireless parameter sensors and controls
Renewable energy sources.

56. INTEGRATED SYSTEMS
• Smart building on the other hand have an integrated
system where all its subsystems converge to one main
unit, which form the Gigabit Passive Optical Network
(GPON).
• GPON is a data analytical service centre that is able to
monitor flow of data and bandwidth within the
electrical circuits of the building- fitted with a user
interface which allows for human - machine
interaction. This would ordinarily be found in the
control or command centers of the building.

57. • GPON is often linked to the Internet of Things – a
physical inter-networking of devices (smart devices)
that are fitted with software, sensors, actuators and
connectivity to the internet to exchange data with one
another.
• Handy in maintenance, where it becomes easier to
identify faults in electrical lines thus reducing
maintenance costs.
• There is also efficient data conveyance from one point
of a building to another.

58. WIRELESS PARAMETER SENSORS AND
CONTROLS
• Rely on Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, fire wire or infrared enabled
devices for system control.
• Accentuate the need to control the building using
remote - control devices such phones, tablets,
computers or special hand monitor panels.

59. • Through the core unit (GPON), commands can be
issued remotely to alter the parameters in a building
such as supply of electrical power to a specific room.
• The electrical systems are also fitted with voice
enabled devices that capture human voice, interpret it
as command and relay it to the central system for
processing and thereafter effect changes.
• Infrared enabled devices are commonly applied in
areas where electrical systems depend on motion to
effect change
• Bluetooth operates on the principle of microwaves of

60. ADVANTAGES
• They reduce the need for extra unnecessary cabling
that would otherwise be expensive.
• They also make maintenance and servicing easy and
fast.
• They enable easy remote monitoring and
management.
• They enable dynamic environmental response.
• They reduce energy costs in the long run.

61. RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
• Smart buildings seek to actualize the need for
sustainable buildings by using green energy
• Conceptual building at this point in time having wind
turbines or solar fitted windows panes and roofs
covered with solar panels

62. POWER GRID
• These connection systems are suited with automatic
circuit breakers and automatic voltage detectors that
are able to predict lapses in electricity flow
• These circuit breakers and automatic voltage
detectors can be controlled via the GPON to
appropriate the necessary amount of electricity
needed in a particular space in a building at a
particular time depending on need.

63. CONCLUSION