This lecture teaches direct to indirect speech methods in detail along with examples and exercises for each type.

1. Narration/ Direct and Indirect
Lecture No. 16, 17, 18
Zafar Ullah, zafarullah76@gmail.com

2. Why should I Learn Narration?
• Top to bottom, bottom to top, parallel
communication in all job places.
• For effective business communication
• To convey accurate messages
• To give reference to others words/ quotes
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3. Pre-requisites to Learn Narration
• Parts of Speech
• Pronoun table
• Tenses
• Forms of verbs
• Sentence types
• 3 main rules of narration
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4. Read Direct and Indirect Statements
• “You see a beautiful girl in a party, you smile at
her and tell her, “ I am a rich guy. Marry me.”
That’s direct marketing.
• Your close friend goes to a pretty girl and points
at you, “He is a rich guy. Marry him.” That’s
advertising.
• You say to a pretty girl, “I am a very rich man.
Why don’t you marry me.” She slaps you and it
is customer’s feedback.
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5. Cont…
• You tell a gorgeous lady that “I am a rich
man, marry me.” She introduces you to
her husband. That’s demand and supply
gap.
• You say to a gorgeous lady “Hi, I am rich
and so marry me.” Your wife arrives there.
That’s the restriction from entering a new
market.
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6. Direct VS Indirect Speech
• He says to me, “You work in my company.”
Reporting speech Reported speech
‫باہر‬ ‫کے‬ ‫کاماز‬ ‫اندر‬ ‫کے‬ ‫ماز‬ ‫کا‬
(Direct)
He says to me that I work in his company.
(Indirect)
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7. 1. Change of Certain Words (Applicable
everywhere except universal truth)
This………….that
These……… those
Here………… there
Ago………….. Before
Now…………. Then
Today………… that day
Tonight………… that night
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8. Cont….
• Yesterday…….. The previous day
• Tomorrow…….. The next day
• Sir/ madam …… respectfully
• Good morning…….greeted
• Good noon………..greeted
• Good afternoon……greeted
• Good evening ……..greeted
• Good night…………greeted
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9. Cont…
• Hello, hi, yes, no, well, ok……. x
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10. Shall: (I, we)
Will: (remaining;
you, he, she , it,
they); Modern
grammarians use
“will” with all.
Shall be: (I, we)
Will be: (remaining;
you, he, she , it,
they); Modern
grammarians use
“will be” with all.
Shall have:(I, we)
Will have:
(remaining; you, he,
she , it, they);
Modern
grammarians use
“will have” with all.
Shall have been: (I,
we)
Will have been:
(remaining; you, he,
she , it, they);
Modern grammarians
use “will have been”
Did: with all Was: (S set: he,
she, it, singular
noun)+I
Were:2nd set; we,
you, they, plural
nouns)
Had: (with all) Had been: (with all)
Does: (S set: he,
she, it, singular
noun)
Do: (2nd set; I, we,
you, they, plural
nouns)
Is: (S set: he, she, it,
singular noun)
Am: I
Are:(2nd set; we,
you, they, plural
nouns)
Has: (S set: he, she,
it, singular noun)
Have: 2nd set; I, we,
you, they, plural
nouns)
Has been: (S set:
he, she, it, singular
noun)
Have been: 2nd set;
I, we, you, they,
plural nouns)
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11. 2. Change of Personal Pronouns (Applicable
everywhere except universal truth)
Narration Persons Subjective Objective Possessive Strong Possessive
1st person
changes
into subject
1st Person
(speaker)
I me my mine
we us our ours
2nd Person
changes
into object.
2nd Person
(listener)
you you your yours
No Change 3rd Person
(about
whom we
discuss)
he him his his
3rd Person she her her hers
3rd Person it it its its
3rd Person they them their theirs
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12. A. “Say” Type Sentences
• “ ……. that
• He says to me, “You are my bosom friend now.”
• He says to me that I am his bosom friend then.
• She says to us, “I am your new boss from today.”
• She says to me that she is our new boss from that
day.
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13. B. Universal Truth
• Universal truth is the accepted truth/ reality by
most of the people.
• “……. that
• He says to me, “God is one.”
• He says to me that God is one.
• They said to us, “The sun rises in the east.”
• They said to us that the sun rises in the east.”
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14. Simple Future Future Progressive Future Perfect Future Perfect
Progressive
Simple Past Past Progressive Past Perfect Past Perfect
Progressive
Simple Present Present Progressive Present Perfect Present Perfect
Progressive
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15. Forms of Tenses
Simple Future
A.V: shall, will
V: 1st
Future Progressive
A.V: shall be, will be
V: I+ing
Future Perfect
A.V: shall have,
will have
V: 3rd form
Future Perfect
Progressive
A.V: shall have
been, will have
been
V: I+ing
Simple Past
A.V: did
V: 2nd (positive
sentence)
V: 1st (negative,
interrogative sentences)
Past Progressive
A.V: was, were
V: I+ing
Past Perfect
A.V: had
V: 3rd form
Past Perfect
Progressive
A.V: had been
V: I+ing
Simple Present
A.V: does, do
V: 1st
Present Progressive
A.V: is, am, are
V: I+ing
Present Perfect
A.V: has, have
V: 3rd form
Present Perfect
Progressive
A.V: has been,
have been
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16. 3. Change of Tenses (if “said” is used)
• Change in Auxiliary Verb
• Change in Verb Form
i. All present will change into their respective
past.
ii.All past tenses will jump, if possible.
iii.All will, shall will change into “would”.
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17. Forms of Tensesi. All present will change into their respective past.
Simple Past
A.V: did
V: 2nd (positive
sentence)
V: 1st (negative,
interrogative sentences)
Past Progressive
A.V: was, were
V: I+ing
Past Perfect
A.V: had
V: 3rd form
Past Perfect
Progressive
A.V: had been
V: I+ing
Simple Present
A.V: does, do
V: 1st
Present Progressive
A.V: is, am, are
V: I+ing
Present Perfect
A.V: has, have
V: 3rd form
Present Perfect
Progressive
A.V: has been,
have been
V: I+ing 17

18. ii. All past tenses will jump, if
possible.
Simple Past
A.V: did
V: 2nd (positive
sentence)
V: 1st (negative,
interrogative sentences)
Past Progressive
A.V: was, were
V: I+ing
Past Perfect
A.V: had
V: 3rd form
Past Perfect
Progressive
A.V: had been
V: I+ing
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19. iii. All will, shall will change into “would”.
Simple Future
Will,
shall…would
Future
Progressive
Will be, shall be…
would be
Future Perfect
Will have, shall
have….
Would have
Future Perfect
Progressive
Will have been,
shall have been…
would have been
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20. C. “said” Examples
• Said to… told
1.He said to me, “I did not take your cell phone
yesterday.”
He told me that he had not taken my cell phone
the previous day.
2. You said to me, “I was buying new shoes from
your shop.”
You told me that you had been buying new shoes
from my shop.
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21. Exercise
1. They said to us, “We have bought a new
house for you.”
2. We said to her, “You will get admission in
Canada through my letter.”
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22. Cont…
3. They said to him, “We had counted these
mangoes in front of you.”
4. We said to them, “You were constructing
a bridge in your town.”
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23. D. Exclamatory Sentences
Happiness Hurrah Said to… exclaimed with
joy that
Sadness Alas Said to… exclaimed with
sorrow that
Surprise What a, How
high (adj)
Said to… exclaimed with
wonder that
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24. Examples
1. He said to me, “ Hurrah! I got US visa yesterday.”
• He exclaimed with joy that he had got US visa a
day before yesterday.
2. They said to us, “Alas! Our uncle was injured by
falling from your bus.”
They exclaimed with sorrow that their uncle had
been injured by falling from our bus.
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25. Cont…
How…… very (before adjective)
What…… very (before adjective)
Arrange sentence Structure: Subjective+ Auxiliary Verb+Verb
3. He said to me, “ What a tasty food it is!”
He exclaimed with wonder that it was a very tasty food.
4. She said to him, “How beautiful this horse is!”
She exclaimed with wonder that this horse was very
beautiful.
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26. Exercise
1. He said to me, “Bravo! I won 1 billion
dollars lottery yesterday.”
2. They said to us, “Alack! My cousin’s
family drowned when we were rowing.”
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27. Cont…
3. She said to me, “What a beautiful jewelry
you are wearing!”
4. You said to me, “How sober your suit is!”
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28. E. Imperative Sentences
Starts from 1st
form of verb
order Said to…ordered
Please, Kindly request Said to… requested
Do not, Never Forbade Said to… forbade
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29. Cont…
• “….. To (i. when two verbs are used in 1
sentence, use “to” before the second verb
• He forbade me to waste my time.
Verb 1 verb 2
ii. use 1st form after “to”
Delete words kindly, please, do not, never.
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30. Examples of Imperative Sentences
1. The boss said to me, “Write a letter to
CDA chairman now.”
The boss ordered me to write a letter to CDA
chairman then.
2. My maid said to me, “ Please give me
your cell phone to call my children.”
My maid requested me to give her my cell
phone to call her children.
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31. Cont…
3. My uncle said to me, “Never adopt bad
company.”
My uncle forbade me to adopt bad company.
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32. Exercise
1. She said to me, “Kindly pick my luggage
to the platform.”
2. They said to us, “Leave this area because
of you should not become a victim of
bomb blast.”
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33. Cont…
3. My aunt said to me, “Do not interfere in
my matters to save your self respect.”
4. He said to her, “Please write an article on
your laptop for me .”
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34. F. Optative Sentences
• Prayers and wishes
• Sign of exclamation is marked.
• Delete “May”, “would that”, “!”.
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May…! Prayer Said to…prayed
Said to me…prayed for me
May…might
Would
that…!
wish Said to…wished

35. Order of All Sentences in Indirect
1. All indirect sentences should be in Assertive Form
(Positive sentence/ Typical Sentence Structure/
Sytnactic Pattern
Subject+Auxiliary Verb+Verb+Object+Place+Time
2. You have to arrange this coloured order in
Interrogative, Optative, Exclamatory
(surprise/wonder) types of sentences. Other types
already follow this sequence.
3. All indirect sentences will have full stop in the
end.
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36. Examples of Optative Sentences
1. My mother said to me, “ May you succeed in all
exams!”
My mother prayed for me that I might succeed in
all exams.
2. My father said, “May you get Canadian
immigration soon!”
My father prayed that I might get Canadian
immigration soon.
Note: If object is not given consider “to me” there.
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37. Cont…
3. He said, “Would that I were born in UK!”
He wished that he had been born in UK.
4. You said to me, “Would that I were prime
minister of Pakistan!”
You wished that you had been prime
minister of Pakistan.
Note: i. “Would that” Urdu meaning is KAASH
ii. “were” is used with singular for supposition. It is opposite
to the normal rule.
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38. Exercise
1. Mother said to her daughter, “May you
lead your happy life in your in laws!”
2. He said, “Would that I become a rich
pharmacist soon!”
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39. G. Interrogative Sentences
• Said to…… asked
• Wh Question word (what, when, where,
why, how, which) will remain same
• In Wh questions, “…x
• Auxiliary verb word Questions, “… if
• Arrange sentence as an Assertive
sentence (Subject+Auxiliary Verb+Verb+
Object+Place+Time)
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40. Examples
1. He said to me, “Why are you wasting my
time now?”
• He asked me why I was wasting his time
then.
2. She said to him, “Did you hunt a deer with
my gun yesterday?
She asked him if he had hunted a deer with
her gun the previous day.
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41. Exercise
1. They said to us, “Why do you delay our
project?”
2. She said to me, “Did you take money from
my wallet?”
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42. Cont…
3. He said to me, “ Where do you live these
days?”
4. You said to her, “Have you called me?
5. I said to him, “will you come to my
birthday party tomorrow?
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43. If Object is missing, add “to me”
He said, “ You are composing a symphony
on my piano.”
Issue: 2nd person changes into object but
object is missing. What is the solution?
Suppose “to me” is present at the place of
object. Change with the supposed object.
Solution: He said that I was composing a
symphony on his piano.
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44. Practice makes a man perfect.
• First solve on copy, then tally your
answers. Give marks to yourself.
• https://www.englishpractice.com/grammar/
direct-indirect-speech-exercise/
• https://www.englishgrammar.org/direct-
indirect-speech-exercise-4/
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45. Thanks
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46. Question Answers
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