1) The document presented on the impact of soil properties on carbon sequestration. It discussed topics like carbon pools in soil, ways carbon can be sequestered, role of soil properties like texture and biological activity, and management practices to enhance sequestration. 2) Case studies were presented showing higher carbon levels under no-till and residue retention practices compared to conventional tillage. Planting of shrub species also led to higher soil organic carbon and carbon sequestration rates. 3) Proper soil management through practices like reduced tillage, cover cropping, and organic matter addition can help boost carbon sequestration and mitigate climate change by storing atmospheric carbon in soil.

2. Doctoral Seminar- I
On
Impact of soil properties on Carbon Sequestration
Presented by
Miss. Mahadule Payal Arun
Reg. No. PhD/018/19
::- Course Teacher -::
Dr. B.D. Bhakare
Head of Dept.
Department of Soil science and Agricultural Chemistry,
PGI, M.P.K.V., Rahuri.

3. Outline of presentation
 Introduction
 Todays Scenerio in Agriculture
 What is Carbon Sequestration
 Ways That Carbon Can be Sequestered
 Pools of Carbon
 Soil Properties That Affect Carbon Sequestration
 How Clay Play Important Role in C Sequestration
 Management Practices for C Sequestration
 Case Studies
 Conclusion
 Future Research Prospect

4.  Global climate change resulting from greenhouse gas emission is
becoming a concern in all regions of the world.
 The atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) has
increased globally by 40% from 278 ppm in the pre industrial era
to the current value of 410 ppm
 Soil organic carbon (SOC) is one of the largest pools of organic
carbon (OC).
 Plays a primary role in global C balance and also soil functioning.
 The terrestrial agroecosystems might play an important role in
fixing the atmospheric CO2 problem through alleviating the
harmful level of CO2 in the atmosphere
INTRODUCTION

5. • Soil C is found in both inorganic and organic forms
• The organic form (SOC) is derived from the activities and
subsequent decomposition of dead bodies of animals,
microorganisms, and plant materials
• While the main sources of inorganic forms are mostly
carbonates of alkaline soil cations
• Hence a good understanding of all processes which sequester
or release C from soil is required for accurate predictions of
the C cycle in relation to global climate change and for the
development of management practices which will enable
more C to be sequestered in soil

6. Global Temperature and Carbon dioxide

7. Long Term Effect of Greenhouse Gases
on Temperature
Year Temperature
2020 1.4±0.30C
2050 2.5±0.40C
2080 3.8 ±0.80C
Source: IPCC, 2001

8. GHG Emissions by Sector

9. Causes of Today’s Challenges
Industrialization
Degradation
DeforestationUrbanization
MechanizationResidue burning

10. Todays’ Scenario in Agriculture
• Continued degradation of natural resources under intensive
agriculture to attain goals of food sufficiency is one of the
reasons for the declining factor productivity and stagnation in
food grains production in the country.
• The health of our soils has been impaired due to emergence
of multinutrient deficiencies and falling of organic carbon
levels.
• The soils are, generally, not replenished adequately with
nutrients removed by crops, particularly micro and secondary
nutrients.
• The wider fertilizer consumption ratios for many states
corroborate nutrient imbalance in soils. The soils are,
presently, operating on a negative nutrient balance of about
10 million tonnes per annum..

11. Relationship between Agriculture and
climate change

12. Carbon stock in Indian soil (Order-wise)
Soil Order Soil Depth(m)
Carbon Stock (Pg)
SOC SIC TC
Entisols
0-0.3 0.62 0.89 1.51
0-1.5 2.56 2.86 5.42
Vertisols
0-0.3 2.59 1.07 3.66
0-1.5 8.77 6.14 14.90
Inceptisols
0-0.3 2.17 0.62 2.79
0-1.5 5.81 7.04 12.85
Aridisols
0-0.3 0.74 1.40 2.14
0-1.5 2.02 13.40 15.42
Conti…19 (Bhattacharyya et al., 2000)

13. Soil Order Soil Depth (m) SOC SIC TC
Mollisols 0-0.3 0.09 00 0.09
0-1.5 0.49 0.07 0.56
Alfisols 0-0.3 3.14 0.16 3.30
0-1.5 9.72 4.48 14.20
Ultisols 0-0.3 0.20 0.0 0.20
0-1.5 0.55 0.0 0.55
Total 0-0.3 9.55 4.14 13.69
0-1.5 63.929.92 33.98
(Bhattacharyya et al., 2000) 20

14. Bioclimatic
systems
Coverage
(Mha)
SOC Stock
(Pg)
SIC Stock
(Pg)
Total Carbon
Stock (Pg)
Arid cold 15.2 0.6 0.7 1.3
Arid hot 36.8 0.4 1.0 1.4
Semi-arid 116.4 2.9 1.9 4.8
Subhumid 105 2.5 0.3 2.8
Humid to per
humid
34.9 2.1 0.04 2.14
Coastal 20.4 1.3 0.07 1.37
Ranges in rainfall; arid= <550mm; semi-arid= 550-1000mm;
subhumid=1000-
1500mm; humid to per humid= 1200-3200mm;
(Bhattacharyya et al., 2008)
Soil carbon stocks in different bioclimatic
systems in India

15. What is carbon sequestration?
 Carbon sequestration is an important global phenomenon that
plays a significant role in maintaining a balanced global carbon
cycle and sustainable crop production.
 Carbon Sequestration is the placement of CO2 into a depository in
such way that it remains safely and not released back to the
atmosphere.
 Sequestration means something that is locked away for safe
keeping. The trapping of a chemical in the atmosphere or
environment and its isolation in a natural or artificial storage area.
 The soil C sequestration is solely dependent on the balance
between input and output of C in soil

16. Principles of Soil Carbon
Sequestration
 Two main processes which affect the sequestration of C in soil
 The supply of biomass to the soils.
 Decomposition of added organic materials
Kane (2015) established four pillars for managing soil C dynamics
 Reducing soil disturbance through tillage to ensure the physical
shelter of C in soil aggregates
 Enhancing the quantity and quality of plant and animal biomass
input in to the soil strata
 Improving the diversity, abundance and functionaries of
beneficial soil microbes
 Maintaining continuous vegetative cover on soil surface.

17. In soils, organic matter (OM) can be stabilized via
three mechanisms:
 Its biochemical recalcitrance
 Formation of organomineral complexes through
chemical interactions with minerals and metal ions
 Physical protection owing to occlusion within soil
aggregates

18. Soil carbon sequestration

19. Sources and Sink of Carbon
Batjes et al. 1996

20. A wide range of processes and technological
options for C sequestration in agricultural,
industrial and natural ecosystems

21. Ways that carbon can be sequestered
Geological sequestration : Underground
Ocean Sequestration : Deep in ocean
Terrestrial Sequestration : In plants and
soil

22. Geological sequestration
 This involves capture, liquefaction,
transport and injection of industrial
CO2 into deep geological strata. The
CO2 may be injected in coal seams,
old oil wells (to increase yield), stable
rock strata or saline
 Saline aquifers are underground
strata of very porous sediments filled
with brackish (saline) water.
 Industrial CO2 can be pumped into
the aquifer, where it is sequestered
hydrodynamically and by reacting
with other dissolved salts to form
carbonates.

23. Ocean Sequestration
Injection of a pure CO2
stream deep in the ocean
CO2 is injected below
1000 m from a manifold
lying at the ocean floor,
and being lighter than
water.
The oceanic sink
capacity for CO2
sequestration is estimated
at 5000–10 000 Pg C.

24. Terrestrial Sequestration
 Transfer of atmospheric CO2 into biotic
and pedologic C pools is called terrestrial
C sequestration.
 Terrestrial ecosystems constitute a major
C sink owing to the photosynthesis and
storage of CO2 in live and dead organic
matter. Owing to its numerous ancillary
benefits (e.g. improved soil and water
quality, restoration of degraded
ecosystems, increased crop yield),
 It offers multiple benefits even without
the threat of global climate change. There
are three principal components of
terrestrial C sequestration: forests, soils
and wetlands.

25. Pools of carbon

26. Relative study of Soil Organic Pools:
Particulars Active pool Intermediate pool Passive pool
Colour Green Brown Black
Availability Labile Slow Stable
Turnover time 1-5 years 20-40 years 200-1000 years
C:N Ratio High Medium Low
Components Starch, Sugar, Protein Cellulose,
Hemicellulose
Lignin and humus
Microbial action Susceptible Medium Resistant
Chemical
composition
Chloroform labile,
Amino
compounds,phospholipi
ds
Glycoproteins,
mobile humic acid
Aliphatic
macromolecules,
lignin, charcoal, high
molecular weight
SOM (Humin and
humic acid), non-
hydralysable SOM,

27. A schematic representation of the holistic
interrelationships among various major groups
of factors that affect soil carbon sequestration

28. Climate and Atmospheric Chemistry

29. Carbon Sequestration in
Agricultural Soil

30. Soil Properties
Physical properties
 Texture
 Bulk Density
 Aggregation
 Depth
 Weathering of rocks
 Aeration (no and size of pores)
Chemical properties
 PH
 EC
 CEC
 Mineral composition

31. Biological properties
Types of microbes
Enzyme
Root exudates

32. SOC Distribution Within the Soil Profile
The distribution of SOC across the four different aggregate
size classes reveals three patterns:
 The total amount of SOC declines with depth in all
soils;
 The proportion of SOC associated with large and small
macro-aggregates declines with depth in all soils;
 Larger proportion of the SOC is associated with micro-
aggregates and silt plus clay fractions in soils affected
by clay illuviation

33. How clay play important role in c
sequestration
Organic carbon content of
different texture soil

34. Reactions of iron species with organic acids (OA)
at clay interfaces in a ternary system.

35. Direct and indirect mechanisms of
SOC stabilization by weathered rock
minerals

36. How Aggregates are formed

37. Role of soil microbes in carbon
sequestration

38. Conceptual diagram depicts our current understanding of the
microbial contribution to C sequestration in agroecosystems

39. Carbon compounds released by roots
into Rhizosphere
Amino acid
Organic
acids
Sugars Vitamins
Purines/
nucleoside
s
Enzymes
Gaseous
molecule
a-Alanine Citric Glucose Biotin Adenine
Acid/alkalin
e
phosphatase
HCO–3
Threonine Oxalic Fructose Thiamin Guanine Invertase OH–
Asparagine Malic Galactose Niacin Cytidine Amylase H
Aspartate
Cystine
Fumaric
Acetic
Maltose
Xylose
Pantothenat
e
Uridine CO2
Glutamate Butyric Rhamnose
Glycine Valeric Arabinose
Leucine Piscidic
Deoxyribos
e
Lysine Formic
Oligosacch
arides

40. Schematic representation of the main
processes resulting in the specific
protection of root C in soil

41. Management practices for
c sequestration

42. Relationship between climate‐smart
management practices and soil processes

43. Case Studies

44. Case study -1 The capacity of soils to preserve organic C
and N by their association with clay and silt particles
Hassink et al. (1997)
Location
Treatment
C in fraction
Total C
< 20 µm >20 µm
Tynaarlo
Grassland 7.5 34.2 43.8
Arable 7.4 14.4 23.8
Cranendonck
0-10 cm grass 3.6
12.2 15.0
30–40 cm grass 3.4 7.5 12.1
60–80 cm grass 3.4 6.4 9.7
0–10 cm maize 3.6 5.9 9.3
30–40 cm maize 3.5 3.3 7.1
60–80 cm maize 3.1 2.6 7.2

45. Case study 2 Soil Aggregate Stability and Aggregate-Associated Carbon Under
Different Tillage Systems in the North China Plain
Soil depth
(cm)
Soil organic C concentration (g kg-1)
MP-R MP+R RT NT
0-5 10.26±0.19 b 11.35±0.42 b 13.59±0.18 a 14.33±0.62 a
5-10 10.84±0.30 c 10.83±0.34 c 13.57±0.05a 12.31±0.48 b
10-20 10.41±0.26 ab 10.72±0.38 a 9.70±0.17 bc 9.03±0.37 c
20-30 7.46±0.12 a 7.84±0.07 a 7.15±0.14 a 7.09±0.42 b
Zhang-liu1 et al. (2013)
MP-R, moldboard plow without residue; MP+R, moldboard plow with
residue; RT, rotary tillage with residue; NT, no-till with residue
Case study – 2 Soil Aggregate Stability and Aggregate-
Associated Carbon Under Different Tillage Systems in the
North China Plain

46. Case study -3 The Effect of Soil Organic Matter, Electrical
Conductivity on the Soil’s Carbon Sequestration Ability Via
Two Species of Tamarisk (Tamarix Spp.)
Plant
Sd
(cm)
EC
(mS/cm)
pH
SP
%
OC
%
OM
%
Cs
(T/ha)
T. kotschyi
0–15 4.35b 8.63a 59.36bc 4.09a 7.06a 81.32a
15–30 5.01b 8.47b 59.29bc 1.28b 2.2b 22.75b
T. aphylla
0–15 5.18b 8.48b 51.16bc 2.14ab 3.69ab 39.81b
15–30 4.76b 8.5b 48.98c 0.86b 1.49b 16.89b
Control
0–15 6.93a 8.3c 61.51b 0.99b 1.71b 18.01b
15–30 5.6ab 8.47b 83.64 a 0.78b 1.36b 15.37b
Iranmanesh et al. (2019)

47. Tr. N P2O5 K2O CH4 N2O
SOC
sequestration
Total GHG
emissions
CK 0 29 44 2105 90 515 4027
N75 561 29 44 3155 113 558 5618
N150 1122 29 44
3347
394 730 6481
N225 1684 29 44 3871 421 880 7442
N300 2244 29 44 3527 500 856 7763
N375 2805 29 44 3181 536 825 8044
Case study -4 Effect of nitrogen fertilizer rates on carbon
footprint and ecosystem service of carbon sequestration in
rice production
Zhenhui Jiang et al.(2019)

48. Treat
ment
s
Fixed C in
biomass
(kg CO2-
eq/ha/crop
season)
CO a
(kg CO2-
eq/ha/crop
Net direct CO fixed
season) (kg
CO2-eq/ha/crop
season)
GHG
emissionsa
(kg CO2-
eq/ha/crop
season)b
N0 23,287 13,433 9854 4027
N75 28,224 18,934 9290 5618
N150 28,553 20,942 7611 6481
N225 30,811 19,293 11,528 7442
N300 31,643 21,828 9815 7763
N375 29,760 24,758 5002 8044
Zhenhui Jiang et al.(2019)

49. Case study - 5 Effect of nutrient management on soil organic carbon
sequestration, fertility, and productivity under rice-wheat cropping
system in semi-reclaimed sodic soils of North India
Choudhury et al. (2018)

50. Case study-6 Bacterial and Fungal Contributions to
Carbon Sequestration in Agroecosystems
Study Study Fungi
g microbial-C g-1 metabolized C
Laboratory cultures
Waksman, 1929† 0.20-0.40 0.30-0.50
Payne, 1970 0.56-0.68 0.61
Payne and Wiebe, 1978‡ 0.04-0.85
Schrickx et al., 1993 0.53-0.62
Baroglio et al., 2000 0.05-0.57
Aquatic systems
del Giorgio and Cole, 1998 0.01-0.60
Suberkropp, 1991 0.15-0.23
Sterile soil inoculated with a single organism
Anderson et al., 1981 0.60
Elliott et al., 1983 0.61
Six et al. (2006)

51. Aliasgharzad et al.(2016)
Treatments
Shoot DW g
pot-1
Root DW g
pot-1 Chlorophyll
P0
NM 3.77g 2.39e 6.68d
Rc 9.11e 5.47bc 8.65a
Ri 7.85f 4.66d 8.28b
P20
NM 14.80b 5.89b 5.40g
Rc 19.48a 8.99a 6.43e
Ri 18.60a 8.32a 6.17f
P40
NM 12.53c 5.71b 7.39c
Rc 12.62c 5.15bcd 7.47c
Ri 11.49d 4.74cd 7.50c
Case study -7 Carbon Sequestration by Glomeral Fungi in Soil is
Influenced by Phosphorus and Nitrogen Fertilization

52. Case Study- 8 Soil organic carbon stocks in relation to
elevation gradients in volcanic ash soils of Taiwan
Tsui a et al.(2013)
elevation
(m)
n
elevation
mean
0-30 cm soc
stock
0-50 cm soc stock
0-100 cm soc
stock
Mean Mean Mean
m kg m−2 kg m−2 kg m−2
> 1000 5 1047 (45) 12.6 (2.65) 16.4 (3.96) 23.1 (5.75)
900–1000 7 950 (28) 10.4 (2.65) 13.0 (2.48) 16.7 (3.46)
800–900 15 845 (28) 10.1 (1.84) 12.6 (3.24) 17.2 (6.05)
700–800 16 766 (24) 9.20 (3.36) 12.5 (3.39) 17.3 (4.44)
600–700 6 657 (28) 9.07 (2.65) 11.2 (2.79) 14.6 (4.26)
500–600 3 556 (34) 7.09 (1.54) 8.29 (1.89) 9.63 (2.88)
400–500 6 440 (36) 5.92 (1.82) 7.94 (2.61) 10.4 (2.83)
300–400 2 363 (40) 4.75 (4.21) 6.70 (0.29) 11.6 (1.07)

53. Conclusions
 Recent studies have improved the overall understanding of biotic and abiotic
mechanisms involved in soil organic C stabilisation/destabilisation
 Belowground plant contributions have a major role in soil C storage
 Plant residues supply intermediate and labile soil C pools, and, through
their chemical composition, control their dynamics.
 They also indirectly act on the stable C pool by promoting aggregate
formation through roots and mycorrhizal associations
 Microbes metabolic activity produces CO2 and CH4 (destocking) when they
consume applied (exogenous) and native (endogenous) OM. However, the
action of soil organisms is generally considered to produce secondary
compounds that ultimately contribute to soil C stabilisation,
 All of these co-benefits tend to indicate that soils with high biological activity
have a higher C storage potential.
 Recent studies have also highlighted the central role of mineral phases and
aggregate distribution in protecting OM.

54. Future Research Prospect
 The effects of OM stabilisation mechanisms must be studied throughout
the soil profile, including deep soil horizons (up to parent material), since
plant root systems have a very high impact.
 C dynamics models should therefore not be limited to the soil surface
since deep soils are also impacted by agricultural practices and land-use
patterns.
 Improve fundamental understanding of clay minerals by developing state-
of-the-art techniques to identify and quantify various soil clay minerals,
especially in relation to microaggregate formation and mineral– organic
matter interactions.
 Impact of soil microbes on soil structure should take into account the
allocation of carbon inputs that fuel these biological processes.

55.  Improve understanding of the mechanisms of clay minerals–SOC
interactions by conducting investigations at the nanoscale under
in situ conditions using advanced spectroscopic techniques, e.g.,
X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), synchrotron-based
infrared (IR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), time-of-
flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), etc.,
 Develop feasible and economic mineral application and enhanced
rock weathering technologies for improving soil carbon
sequestration (both SOC and SIC) under suitable agroclimatic and
soil environmental conditions
 Identify the management practices which augment the SOC
stabilization soil.